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FITOPATOLOGIJA Tuzla, juni 2021. godine

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FITOPATOLOGIJA

Tuzla, juni 2021. godine

 Autori
Dr.sci. Emir Imširović, docent
Dr.sci. Besim Salkić, vanr.prof.
Enes Smajlović, dipl. ing. agr.
Salkić Ahmed, MA - ekol.poljop.
Salkić Ensar, MA- ekol.poljop.
Izdavač:
PRINTAS d.o.o. Srebrenik
Za izdavača:
Almir Selimović
Lektor
Mr. sci. Sanela Tučić, prof.
Recenzenti
dr.sci. Ferenc Bagi, red. prof. Univerzitet u Novom Sadu,
Poljoprivredni fakultet
dr.sci. Ivana Stanković, red. prof. Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet
dr.sci. Jelena Latinović, vanr.prof. Univerzitet Crne Gore,
Biotehnički fakultet
dr.sci. Vojislav Trkulja, red. prof. Univerzitet u Banja Luci, Poljoprivredni fakultet
CIP – Katalogizacija u publikaciji
Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka
Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo
581.2
FITOPATOLOGIJA / Emir Imširović... [et al.]. – Srebrenik: Printas,2021.247 str.
Bibliografija: str.235-241. – Registar.
ISBN 978-9958-547-43-0
1. Imširović, Emir
COBISS.BH-ID 44642054
............................................

Zabranjeno je bilo kakvo kopiranje, reproduciranje, umnožavanjei bilo kakvo širenje u komercijalne svrhe
bez pismenog dopuštenja izdavača ili autora.
SADRŽAJ

PREDGOVOR ................................................................................................................. 11
UVOD.............................................................................................................................. 13
1. POVIJEST PATOLOGIJE BILJAKA ......................................................................... 15
2. KLASIFIKACIJA BILJNIH BOLESTI...................................................................... 17
3. CIKLUS BOLESTI U BILJNOJ PATOLOGIJI ......................................................... 20
4. MEĐUODNOS PATOGENA I DOMAĆINA NAKON INFEKCIJE ....................... 27
5. UTICAJ FAKTORA ŽIVOTNE SREDINE NA RAZVOJ BOLESTI ....................... 29
6. OTPORNOST NA BOLESTI I MEHANIZMI ODBRANE BILJAKA ..................... 32
7. OPSTANAK (PREŽIVLJAVANJE) BILJNIH PATOGENA .................................... 34
8. EPIDEMIOLOGIJA BILJNIH BOLESTI .................................................................. 37
9. ŠIRENJE BILJNIH PATOGENA .............................................................................. 39
10. PROGNOZIRANJE I UPRAVLJANJE BILJNIM BOLESTIMA ........................... 42
11. NEPARAZITNI UZROCI BILJNIH BOLESTI ........................................................ 48
12. CVIJETNE PARAZITNE BILJKE ........................................................................... 51
13. FITOPATOGENE GLJIVE ....................................................................................... 55
14. FITOPATOGENE BAKTERIJE ............................................................................... 60
15. SPECIJALIZACIJA PATOGENA ............................................................................ 66
15.1. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI KROMPIRA................................................................. 67
15.1.1. Krompirova plijesan / Plamenjača krompira – uzročnik:
Phytophthora infestans................................................................................................ 67
15.1.2. Koncentrična pjegavost krompira - uzročnik: Alternaria solani .................... 69
15.1.3. Prašna krastavost krompira – uzročnik: Spongospora subterreanea ............... 70
15.1.4. Rak krompira – uzročnik: Synchytrium endobioticum .................................... 71
15.2. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI PARADAJZA .............................................................. 72
15.2.1. Bijela trulež paradajza i drugih biljaka – uzročnik: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . 72
15.2.2. Siva plijesan paradajza i drugih biljaka – uzročnik: Botrytis cinerea.............. 73
15.2.3. Trulež korijena paradajza i drugih biljaka – uzročnik:
Phytophthora nicotianae ............................................................................................ 74
15.2.4. Plamenjača paradajza – uzročnik: Phytophthora infestans ............................. 76
15.2.5. Koncentrična pjegavost paradajza – uzročnik: Alternaria solani.................... 77
15.2.6. Fuzarijsko vehnuće paradajza – uzročnik:
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ....................................................................... 79
15.3. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI PAPRIKE I PATLIDŽANA......................................... 80
15.3.1. Gangrena korijenovog vrata paprike – uzročnik: Phytophthora capsici ......... 80
15.3.2. Zeleno vehnuće – uzročnik: Verticillium dahliae........................................... 81
15.3.3. Koncentrična pjegavost – uzročnik: Alternaria spp ........................................ 82
15.3.4. Pepelnica paprike – uzročnik: Leveillula taurica ........................................... 83
15.3.5. Trulež plodova patlidžana – uzročnik: Phomopsis vexans .............................. 84
15.4. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI KRASTAVACA, DINJE I LUBENICE.................... 85
15.4.1. Fuzarijsko vehnuće - uzročnik: Fusarium oxysporum..................................... 85
15.4.2. Zeleno vehnuće – uzročnici: Verticillium dahliae ........................................... 86
15.4.3. Bijela trulež – uzročnik: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum........................................... 88
15.4.4. Pepelnica – uzročnik: Erysiphe cichoracearum .............................................. 89
15.4.5. Antraknoza – uzročnik: Colletotrichum lagenarium ....................................... 90
15.4.6. Krastavost plodova krastavca – uzročnik: Cladosporium cucumerium ........... 91
15.5. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI KUPUSNJAČA ............................................................ 93
15.5.1. Kupusna kila – uzročnik: Plasmodiophora brassicae ..................................... 93
 15.5.2. Plamenjača kupusa – uzročnik: Peronospora parasitica ................................ 95
15.5.3. Bijela hrđa – uzročnik: Albugo candida ......................................................... 96
15.5.4. Pjegavost kupusnjača – uzročnik: Alternaria spp. .......................................... 97
15.5.5. Mumifikacija glave kupusa – uzročnik: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ................... 99
15.6. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI SALATE, ENDIVIJE I RADIČA .............................. 100
15.6.1. Bijela trulež – uzročnik: Sclerotinia spp ....................................................... 100
15.6.2. Plamenjača – uzročnik: Bremia lactucae ...................................................... 101
15.6.3. Siva plijesan – uzročnik: Botrytis cinerea ..................................................... 102
15.7. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI ŠPINATA I BLITVE ................................................. 103
15.7.1. Plamenjača – uzročnik: Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae Byford
Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae Byford ................................................................. 103
15.7.2. Pjegavost lišća blitve – uzročnik: Cercospora beticola................................. 104
15.8. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI GRAHA ..................................................................... 105
15.8.1. Hrđa graha – uzročnik: Uromyces appendiculatus........................................ 105
15.8.2. Smeđa pjegavost ili antraknoza graha – uzročnik:
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum................................................................................ 106
15.9. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI GRAŠKA ................................................................... 107
15.9.1. Palež graška, antraknoza – uzročnik: Ascohyta pisi ...................................... 107
15.9.2. Plamenjača graška - uzročnik: Peronospora viciae....................................... 108
15.10. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI LUKA....................................................................... 109
15.10.1. Plamenjača luka – uzročnik: Peronospora destructor................................. 109
15.10.2. Hrđa luka – uzročnik: Puccinia allii ........................................................... 110
15.10.3. Snijet luka – uzročnik: Urocystis cepulae ................................................... 111
15.11. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI MRKVE I CELERA................................................. 112
15.11.1. Crna trulež korijena mrkve – uzročnik: Alternaria radicina ....................... 112
15.11.2. Pepelnica mrkve – uzročnik: Erysiphe heraclei .......................................... 113
15.12. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI SOJE......................................................................... 115
15.12.1. Plamenjača soje – uzročnik: Peronospora manshurica............................... 115
15.13. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI PŠENICE ................................................................. 116
15.13.1. Pepelnica pšenice – uzročnik: Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici ..................... 116
15.13.2. Crna žitna hrđa – uzročnik: Puccinia graminis ........................................... 117
15.13.3. Sušenje listova ili smeđa pjegavost lišća – uzročnik:
Mycosphaerella graminicola..................................................................................... 118
15.13.4. Smrdljiva snijet – uzročnik: Tilletia tritici .................................................. 119
15.13.5. Prašna snijet – uzročnik: Ustilago nuda f. sp. tritici ................................... 120
15.14. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI JEČMA..................................................................... 121
15.14.1. Tvrda snijet – uzročnik: Ustilago hordei..................................................... 121
15.14.2. Prašna snijet – Ustilago nuda ...................................................................... 122
15.14.3. Pepelnica ječma – uzročnik: Blumeria graminis f. spp. hordei ................... 123
15.15. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI RAŽI ........................................................................ 123
15.15.1. Glavnica raži – uzročnik: Claviceps purpurea ............................................ 123
15.15.2. Pepelnica raži – uzročnik: Blumeria graminis f. sp. secalis ........................ 124
15.16. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI KUKURUZA ........................................................... 125
 15.16.1. Fuzarioze kukuruza – uzročnik: Fusarium graminearum ........................... 125
15.16.2. Mjehurasta snijet kukuruza – uzročnik: Ustilago maydis ............................ 127
15.17. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI ŠEĆERNE REPE ..................................................... 128
15.17.1. Plamenjača šećerne repe – uzročnik: Peronospora farinosa ...................... 128
15.17.2. Siva pjegavost lista šećerne repe – uzročnik: Ramularia beticola............... 129
15.17.3. Pjegavost lista – uzročnik: Cercospora beticola ......................................... 130
15.18. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI DUHANA ................................................................ 131
15.18.1. Plamenjača duhana – Peronospora tabacina .............................................. 131
15.18.2. Trulež stabljike duhana – uzročnik:
Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica ............................................................... 132
15.18.3. Bakterijska palež – uzročnik: Pseudomonas tabaci .................................... 133
15.19. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI SUNCOKRETA ...................................................... 134
15.19.1. Plamenjača suncokreta – uzročnik: Plasmopara helianthi .......................... 134
15.19.2. Bijela trulež – uzročnik: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum...................................... 135
15.19.3. Siva plijesan – uzročnik: Botrytis cinerea ................................................... 136
15.19.4. Tamna pjegavost – uzročnik: Alternaria helianthii ..................................... 137
15.19.5. Siva pjegavost suncokreta – uzročnik: Diaporthe helianthi ........................ 138
15.20. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI VINOVE LOZE ....................................................... 140
15.20.1. Plamenjača vinove loze – uzročnik: Plasmopara viticola ........................... 140
15.20.2. Crvena palež vinove loze – uzročnik: Pseudopeziza tracheiphila............... 141
15.20.3. Siva plijesan vinove loze i drugih biljaka – uzročnik:
Botryotinia fuckeliana .......................................................................................... 142
15.20.4. Pepelnica vinove loze – uzročnik: Erysiphe necator ................................... 143
15.20.5. Crna pjegavost vinove loze – uzročnik: Phomopsis viticola ....................... 144
15.21. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI JABUKE ................................................................... 146
15.21.1. Čađava pjegavosti lista i krastavost plodova jabuke – uzročnik:
Venturia inaequalis ................................................................................................... 146
15.21.2. Pepelnica jabuke – uzročnik: Podosphaera leucotricha............................. 148
15.21.3. Smeđa trulež ploda jabuke – uzročnik: Monilinia fructigena...................... 150
15.21.4. Rak kore jabuke – uzročnik: Nectria galligena ........................................... 152
15.21.5. Vlažna trulež korijenova vrata jabuke – uzročnik: Phytophthora cactorum153
15.22. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI KRUŠKE .................................................................. 155
15.22.1. Bakterijska palež krušaka i jabuka „fire blight“– uzročnik:
Erwinia amylovora.................................................................................................... 155
15.22.2. Krastavost kruške – uzročnik: Venturia pyrina ........................................... 161
15.22.3. Siva pjegavost lista – uzročnik: Mycosphaerella sentina ............................ 162
15.22.4. Kruškin pikac, kruškina hrđa – uzročnik: Gymnosporangium fuscum ........ 163
15.23. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI ŠLJIVE ..................................................................... 166
15.23.1. Plamenjača šljive – uzročnik: Polystigma rubrum ...................................... 166
15.23.2. Rogač šljive – uzročnik: Taphrina pruni..................................................... 167
15.23.3. Sušenje cvjetova i grančica – uzročnik: Monilinia laxa .............................. 168
15.23.4. Šupljikavost lišća koštičavih voćaka – uzročnik: Stigmina carpophila....... 170
15.23.5. Hrđa šljive – uzročnik: Tranzschelia pruni spinosae .................................. 171
15.24. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI BRESKVE ............................................................... 173
15.24.1. Kovrčavost lista breskve – uzročnik: Taphrina deformans ......................... 173
15.24.2. Krastavost breskve – uzročnik: Venturia carpophila .................................. 175
15.24.3. Pepelnica breskve – uzročnik: Sphaerotheca pannosa var. persicae .......... 176
15.24.4. Hrđa breskve – uzročnik: Tranzschelia pruni - spinosae var. discolor ....... 177
15.25. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI TREŠNJE I VIŠNJE................................................. 178
15.25.1. Šupljikavost lista – uzročnik: Clasterosporium carpophilum ..................... 178
15.25.2. Gorka trulež ploda – uzročnik: Glomerella cingulata ................................. 179
15.25.3. Kozičavost višnje – uzročnik: Blumeriella jaapii ....................................... 180
15.26. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI KAJSIJE ................................................................... 181
15.26.1. Apopleksija kajsije ...................................................................................... 181
15.27. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI JAGODE .................................................................. 184
15.27.1. Obična pjegavost lista – uzročnik: Mycosphaerella fragariae .................... 184
15.27.2. Pepelnica jagode – uzročnik: Podosphaera aphanis ................................... 186
15.27.3. Siva plijesan plodova jagode – uzročnik: Botryotinia fuckeliana ............... 187
15.27.4. Trulež korijena, korijenovog vrata i podzemnog stabla jagode – uzročnik:
Phytophthora cactorum............................................................................................ 188
15.27.5. Crvena trulež korijena jagode – uzročnik: Phytophthora fragariae ............ 189
15.28. ZNAČAJNIJE BOLESTI MALINE .................................................................. 190
15.28.1. Kestenjasta pjegavost izdanka maline – uzročnik: Didymella applanata.... 190
15.28.2. Sušenje mladica maline – uzročnik: Leptosphaeria coniothyrium .............. 192
15.28.3. Siva plijesan maline – uzročnik: Botryotinia fuckeliana ............................. 193
16. BILJNA VIRUSOLOGIJA ..................................................................................... 195
16.1. ZNAČAJNIJE VIROZE POVRĆA ..................................................................... 201
16.1.1. X virus krompira (Potato virus X, PVX) ...................................................... 201
16.1.2. Virus mozaika tikve (Squash mosaic virus, SqMV)...................................... 201
16.1.3. Virus žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV) ........ 202
16.1.4. Virus prstenaste pjegavosti paradajza (Tomato ringspot virus, ToRSV)....... 203
16.1.5. Virus žute kovrdžavosti lista paradajza (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,
TYLCV) .................................................................................................................... 204
16.1.6. Pepino mozaik virus (Pepino mosaic virus, PepMV).................................... 204
16.1.7. Virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) ........................... 205
16.1.8. Virus crtičastog mozaika krompira – Y virus krompira
(Potato virus Y, PVY) ............................................................................................. 206
16.1.9. Virus običnog mozaika graha (Bean common mosaic virus, BCMV) ........... 207
16.1.10. Virus žute patuljavosti crnog luka (Onion yellow dwarf virus OYDV) ...... 208
16.1.11. Virus mozaika lubenice (Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV)....................... 209
16.1.12. Virus šarenila mrkve (Carrot mottle virus, CMoV) .................................... 209
16.1.13. Virus zelenog šarenila krastavca (Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,
CGMMV)................................................................................................................. 210
16.1.14. Virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus,
TSWV) ..................................................................................................................... 211
16.2. ZNAČAJNIJE VIROZE RATARSKIH KULTURA ........................................... 212
16.2.1. Virus mozaika lucerke (Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV) .................................... 212
 16.2.2. Kompleks vrsta virusa žute patuljavosti ječma (Barley yellow dwarf virus,
BYDV) ...................................................................................................................... 213
16.2.3. Virus hrapave patuljavosti kukuruza (Maize rough dwarf virus, MRDV) .... 214
16.2.4. Virus nekrotičnog žutila nerava repe (Beet necrotic yellow vein virus,
BNYVV) ................................................................................................................... 214
16.2.5. Virus žutice šećerne repe (Beet yellows virus, BYV) .................................... 215
16.2.6. Virus mozaika šećerne repe (Beet mosaic virus, BtMV)............................... 216
16.2.7. Virus mozaične kržljavosti kukuruza (Maize dwarf mosaic virus, MDMV). 217
16.2.8. Virus crtičastog mozaika pšenice (Wheat streak mosaic virus, WSMV) ...... 217
16.2.9. Virus prugastog mozaika ječma (Barley stripe mosaic virus, BSMV).......... 218
16.2.10. Virus mozaika duhana (Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)................................ 219
16.3. ZNAČAJNIJE VIROZE VOĆA .......................................................................... 220
16.3.1. Virus brazdavosti stabla jabuke (Apple stem grooving virus, ASGV)........... 220
16.3.2. Virus jamičavosti stabla jabuke (Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) ............... 221
16.3.3. Virus hlorotične lisne pjegavosti jabuke (Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,
ACLSV) ................................................................................................................... 222
16.3.4. Virus naboranosti borovnice (Blueberry scorch virus, BlScV) ..................... 222
16.3.5. Virus šarenila lista trešnje (Cherry mottle leaf virus, CMLV) ...................... 223
16.3.6. Virus mozaika breskve (Peach mosaic virus, PcMV) ................................... 223
16.3.7. A virus vinove loze (Grapevine virus A, GVA) ............................................ 224
16.3.8. Virus infektivne degeneracije vinove loze (Grapevine fanleaf virus,
GFLV) ...................................................................................................................... 224
16.3.9. Kompleks vrsta virusa uvijenosti vinove loze
(Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-es) .................................................................. 225
16.3.10. Virus mrljavosti vinove loze (Grapevine fleck virus, GFkV) ...................... 226
16.3.11. Virus prstenaste pjegavosti maline (Raspberry ringspot virus, RpRSV) .... 226
16.3.12. Virus šarenila lista borovnice (Blueberry leaf mottle virus, BLMoV) ........ 227
16.3.13. Virus uvijenosti lišća trešnje (Cherry leaf roll virus, CLRV) ..................... 228
16.3.14. Virus kržljavosti šljive (Prune dwarf virus, PDV) ...................................... 228
16.3.15. Virus mozaika jabuke (Apple mosaic virus, ApMV)................................... 229
16.3.16. Virus nekrotične prstenaste pjegavosti koštičavih voćaka
(Prunus necrotic ring spot virus, PNRSV)............................................................... 230
16.3.17. Virus šarke šljive (Plum pox virus, PPV) ...................................................230
LITERATURA .............................................................................................................. 234
POPIS SLIKA................................................................................................................ 241
KAZALO POJMOVA ................................................................................................... 245
PREDGOVOR

U savremenoj poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji izazivači bolesti biljaka prave razne štete na usjevima u polju,
u zaštićenim prostorima, u voćnjacima i vinogradima kao i skladištima, uzrokujući različite gubitke.

Prevencija bolesti i suzbijanje patogena sa sve izražajnijim klimatskim promjenama postaje sve
zahtjevnija.

Knjiga je namijenjenja prije svega studentima diplomskog studija „Biljna proizvodnja“, sa ciljem što
lakšeg shvatanja nastanka biljnih bolesti i provođenja pravovremene prevencije.

Knjiga „Fitopatologija“ želi upoznati i približiti studente sa značajnijim bolestima biljaka u povrtlarstvu,
ratarstvu i voćarstvu.

Na jednostavan način knjiga pruža dosta praktičnih savjeta koji mogu poslužiti ne samo studentima nego i
početnicima u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji a i stručnjacima u zaštiti poljoprivrednih kultura.

U pisanju knjige korišten je veći broj literaturnih referenci (97), kao i vlastita iskustva autora.

Knjiga sa većim brojem slika (116) obogaćuje tekst sa simpto-matologijom bolesti.

Posebna zahvalnost ide recenzentima knjige koji su na nesebičan način pomogli da ova knjiga ugleda
svjetlo dana.

Autori
LITERATURA

1. Agrios, G. N. (1997). Plant Pathology. Specific Plant Diseases. Academic Press, NewYork.

2. Abe, H., Tamada, T. (1986). Association of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus with isolates of
Polymyxa betae Keskin. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 52, 235-247.

3. Agbas, B. and Degirmenci, K. (2009). Incidence and natural spread of Apple mosaic virus on
hazelnut in the West Black Sea coast of Turkey and its effect on yield. Journal of Plant
Pathology, 91, 767-771

4. Alayasa, N., Al Rwahnih, M., Myrta, A., Herranz, M.C., Minafra, A., Boscia, D., Castellano,
M.A. and Pallás, V. (2003). Identification and characterization of an American plum line pattern
virus isolate from Palestine. Journal of Plant Pathology, 85, 3-7.

5. Alfaro-Fernández, A., Córdoba-Sellés, C., Cebrián, M.C., Herrera-Vásquez, J.A., Sánchez-

Navarro, J.A., Juárez, M., Espino, A., Martín, R., Jordá, C. (2008). First report of Tomato torrado
virus on weed hosts in Spain. Plant Disease, 92, 831.

6. Anonimus (2013). Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Begomovirus, Geminiviridae. Virus
koji predstavlja potencijalnu opasnost za paradajz. Poljoprivredni fakultet, Beograd-Zemun,
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