CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the procedure and methods adopted and used by the

researchers in planning, analyzing, and designing this project. It includes the people

involved, the period rendered, and the coverage of this project. The researchers will visit

the area where the proposed 2.3 km concrete seawall would be designed.

Planning Phase

The objective of this study is to provide a suitable design of a concrete seawall

that will be based on the procedures and stability criteria for use in the stability analysis

of concrete seawalls. The planning phase usually involves functional general engineering

judgment, the establishment of the functional requirements of the proposed structure, the

general layout and dimension of the structure, consideration of the possible types of

structure (e.g. rigid structure) that may be feasible, and the type of materials to be used.

Construction Procedure

The researchers will focus on the assumption to be used in the analysis. The basis

for critical assumptions such as allowable stresses, shear strengths, and loading

conditions should be carefully examined. The supplemental information must

assumptions such justify the data maintained for these different offices like the Planning

Department of the city and the Department of Public works and Highways and may base

on the internet or books.

 In the environmental site analysis, the researcher will use the General Zoning

Map and General Land Use Map of Brgy. Baybay Roxas City, Capiz to determine the

most suitable site for the proposed 2.3 km concrete seawall at Brgy. Baybay.

The topographical details of the location of the study, such as elevation and soil

type, will be based on books, the internet, and other reliable sources related to the topic.

The specifications for the working plans of the project will be based on the

National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP) and will be drafted using Computer-

Aided Design (CAD).

The construction materials mostly conform American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM), these materials include:

a) Concrete-conforms ASTM C150

b) Concrete Masonry- conforms to ASTM A90

c) Mortar- conforms to ASTM C270

d) Plaster - conforms ASTM C926

e) Reinforcing Steel - conforms ASTM A441 grade steel

f) Other Materials to be used conform to commercial/industry standards and will be

identified in the working plans and specifications.

Properties of Materials

To determine the suitable materials to be used in designing the 2.3 km seawall,

the researchers will utilize books and the internet. The specifications of these materials

will include their name, type, usage, strength, capacity, weight, and other given

information from the book and web page.

Design Criteria

General Requirements

The design of the reinforced concrete structures will be based on the ultimate

strength design (USD) analysis and the specifications shall be following the NSCP, 6th

Edition, 2010. Allowable stresses will be following the applicable codes and

specifications.

According section to section 206.6, Retaining walls (Under 206 Other Minimum

Loads, shall be designed to resist loads due to the lateral pressure of retained material in

accordance with accepted engineering practice. Walls retaining drained soil, where the

surface of the retained soil level, shall be designed for a load, H (lateral load), any

surcharge shall be in addition to the equivalent fluid pressure.

Dead Loads

The unit weight of concrete will be assumed to be 23.54 Kn/m³. In the

determination of the dead loads, it is considered and will include the weights of the

concrete and the backfill material.

Hydrostatic loads

Although the weight of water varies slightly with temperature, the unit weight of

seawater will be taken at 10.05 KN/m³. A linear distribution of the static water pressure

acting normally on the surface of the seawall will be applied.

Backfill pressure
 In most cases, backfill pressure at rest will be assumed. The rigidity of the

foundation and the character of the backfill, along with the design sequence, may affect

the assumption. For seawalls, the backfill must be permeable enough to decrease the

pressure exerted by the water wall.

Structural Analysis

Method of Analysis

Selection for the type of method of analysis will be governed by the type of

structure being considered. The gravity method will generally be sufficient for the

analysis of most structures.

Gravity Method

The gravity method will assume that the structure is a dimensional rigid block.

The foundation pressure distribution will be assumed to be linear. In most cases, if

gravity analysis indicates that the structure is stable, no further analyses need to be done.

Stability Safety Factors

Factor of safety against sliding

For retaining wall resisting lateral forces factor of safety against sliding will be >

2.0

Factor of safety against overturning

For retaining wall resisting lateral forces factor of safety against overturning will

be > 2.0
Analysis of Loads

Analysis for Vertical Loads

1. Draw the structure and determine all the loads applied.

2. Determine whether there are live loads and dead loads applied on the structure.

3. For the backfill determine its weight using W = YsV then,

Where:

Ys = unit weight of soil

V = volume of the backfill

4. Calculate the weight of the structure

W 1=Y C V 1; W 2=Y C V 2; W 3 =Y C V 3

Where:

Y C =unit weight of concrete

V =volume of concrete

W = weight of concrete

5. After determining all the vertical loads applied, draw the structure with

corresponding weight.

Analysis for Lateral Loads

Wind Load Analysis for Wall

1. Use the maximum wind speed V of Super Typhoon Yolanda and wind

directionality factor K d shall be determine in accordance with table 207-2

respectively.
 2. An important factor I w shall be determined in accordance with Section 207.5.5, to

table 207-3 based on the building and structure categories listed in table 103-1.

3. An exposure category and velocity exposure coefficient K 2 or K h , applicable,

shall be determined for each wind direction in accordance with Section 207.5.6.6

(refer to table 207-4 of NSP).

4. A topographic factor K ht shall be determined in according with Section 207.5.7.

5. A gust effect factor G or Gf as applicable shall be determined in accordance with

Section 207.5.8.

6. An enclosure classification shall be determined in accordance with Section

207.5.9.

7. Internal pressure coefficient GC pi shall be determined in accordance with section

207.5.11.1.

8. External pressure coefficients C p or GC p fs or force coefficients, as applicable,

shall be determined in accordance with Section 207.5.11.2 or 207.5.11.3

respectively.

9. Velocity pressure q z or q h as applicable, shall be determined in accordance with

Section 207.5.10.

10. Designed with load p or F shall be determined in accordance with Section

207.5.12, 207.5.13, 205.14, and 207.5.15 as applicable.

Analysis of hydrostatic pressure

1. Analyze the structure using the concept of hydraulic jump.

2. Determine the ideal flow using Bernoulli’s principle.

 2 2
V 1 P1 v 2 P2
+ + Z 1+ + + Z 2
2g Yw 2g Y w

Where:

V 1= velocity at point 1

V 2= velocity at point 2

g= acceleration due to gravity

P1= pressure at point 1

P2= pressure at point 2

Y w = unit weight of water

Z1 = dept at point 1

Z2 = dept at point 2

3. Determine the discharge of the flow

Q=AV

Where:

Q = discharge

A = area

V = velocity

4. Determine the velocity of the flow

Q
v=
A

5. Determine the Hydrostatic Force

 F= yhA

Where:

F = hydrostatic force

y = unit weight of water

h = height of the water

A = area of the wall

6. Determine the wind force

F w =PA

Where:

F w = wind force

P = pressure of wind

A = area of the wall considering a 1m strip

7. Solve for resultant (R) that the wall must resist

Structural Design Analysis

Design procedure of seawall:

1. Consider 1.0 m strip of the wall.

2. Determine all the forces acting on the wall.

A.) Vertical Load

Weight of the concrete wall

W 1=Y C V 1; W 2=Y C V 2; W 3 =Y C V 3

Where:
 Y C =unit weight of concrete

V =volume of concrete

W = weight of concrete

B.) Horizontal Forces

Weight of backfill

Wb=Yb ( h ) (length)(1 m)

Where:

W b =weight of backfill

Y b =unit weight of backfill

h = height of backfill

3. Determing the thickness of the base of the stem.

Assume temporary thickness of base 0.12H

A. Calculate for the factored Moment = Mu = M(1.6)

Where:

M = moment

Mu = ultimate moment capacity

B. Calculate for effective dept of base

Assume pb = 0.5 pb , pmax = 0.75 pb

'
0.85 fc ß(600)
Pb =
fy( 600+fy)

Where:

Pb = steel ratio balance

 fc’ = compressive strength of concrete

ß = coefficient reduction factor

fy = yield strength of steel

Then solve for the value of “p”

Then solve for “w”

Wherein, w = pfy / fc’

P = steel ratio

fy = yield strength of steel

fc’= compressive strength of concrete

Then use Mu = øfc’bd 2w(1-0.59w) solve for effective depth “d”

Where:

Mu = ultimate moment

ø = reduction factor

fc’ = compressive strength

b = base

d = depth

4. Check for thickness of stem at the top, with a batter of 20 mm per meter.

Thickness of the top = d – (20 mm) ( h of the wall)

 The Minimum thickness of the stem on the top is 0.3 m.

A. Calculate vertical reinforcement at the rear face of the wall

As = Pbbd

Where:

As = area of steel

b = base

d = depth

B. Using 28 mm diameter vertical bar, calculate for spacing

S = (1000/As)( π/4)d 2

Where:

S = spacing of bars

As = area of steel

d = diameter of steel

C. Solve for shear capacity of the stem (x) by similar triangle

D. Calculate for the total depth at critical section for shear

0.12H = x

Where:

H = total height of the wall including footing

x = total depth of critical section for shear

Note: Calculate the effective depth at critical section for shear. Total depth

at critical section for shear – concrete cover.

5. Check if the shearing force is safe

Use Vu = ( F 1) 1.6
 Where F 1forces in pressure diagram

Use øVc = 0.85 1/6 (fc’ )0.5bd

øVc > Vu (safe)

6. Calculate the dimension of base

Length of base = (0.5H – 0.6H)

Calculate the weight in the back side of the wall

Calculate factored loads

Calculate for the depth (d)

Calculate for the total depth of base = d + 75 mm covering

Note: If the assumed depth is lower, it failed. Revise the thickness of the base

7. Neglecting the soil pressure calculate for maximum moment occurs at toe.

Solve the factored load

Mu = W 1 ( L of heel)/ (2)(1.6) + W 2 (L of heel)/ (2)(1.2)

+ W 3 (L of heel)/ (2)(1.6)

Solve for effective depth (d) = revised thicknes – 75mm

Solve for Mu = øfc’ bd 2 w(1 – 0.59w)

Solve for w then,

Solve for p,

w = pfy/fc’

Solve for Pmin = 1.4/fy

Pmin < p; use Pmin

8. Calculate reinforcement at the heel of the base

As = pbd
 Using 28 mm diameter bars solve for spacing

π d2
S = (1000/As)( )
4

Note: For 12 mm diameter temperature bars, spacing of reinforcement shall not be

5 times apar of the thickness of base or 450 mm.

9. Reinforcement for stem

Solve for earth pressure using pressure diagram using factored loads solve for

Mu.

Then solve for w using ultimate moment capacity.

The solve for p using 28 mm diameter bars, solve for spacing.

2
πd
As = p bd, and spacing = (1000/As) ( )
4

For horizontal reinforcement stems:

As = 0.002 bt (see section 414.4.3 NSCP 2010 specs)

Top of the stem and bottom of the stem

Compute the average value of As

As 1( topof the stem )+ As (bottom of the stem)

As 2

Note: For walls more than 250 mm thick, use 1/3 of As in the rear face and 2/3 of

As in the front face since the front face of the wall is subjected to larger

temperature changes than the rear face, which is covered by soil. See section

414.4.4 NSCP 2010.

10. Horizontal bars at the front face of the steam

As = (2/3) As

Use 12 mm diameter horizontal bars

 2
πd
S = (1000/As) ( )
4

A. Horizontal bars for the rear face (covered with soil)

As = (1/3)(As)
2
πd
S = (1000/As)( ( )
4

B. Solve for the vertical reinforcement at the front face of the stem

As = 0.002 bt (see section 414.4.3 NSCP 2010)

Use 12 mm diameter bars at the front of the stem

π d2
S = (1000/As)( ( )
4

11. Reinforcement at the toe

Solve for earth pressure using pressure diagram.

Compute all the weight in the structure and get the total weight (Wt)

Check for factor of safety against sliding, should be > 2.0

uWt
F.S = )
H1

Where:

u = coefficient of friction between the foundation and the soil

W t = total weight

H t = backfill pressure

Check for factor of safety against overturning

 F.S = R.M/ O.M > 2.0 (safe)

Where:

R.M = resisting moment

O.M = overturning moment

Calculate the resisting moment = W 1 X 1 + W 2 X 2 + W 3 X 3 …

Calculate the overturning moment = H 1(H/2) +…

1. Calculate max. pressure at the toe

R . M −O . M
X̄ =
Wt

e = B/2 - X̄

Where:

e = the location of vertical reaction from the center of the base

B = base

X̄ = location of vertical reaction from the end of toe

fmax = (Rv/B)(1 + 6e/B) (actual max. bearing stress)

fmin = (Rv/B)(1 – 6e/B)

Solve for pressure 1, pressure 2, and pressure 3.

2. Using factored loads U = 0.9D + 1.6H

Mu = [ P1( X 1 ) + P2( X 2 )] 1.6 – [(0.90) P3( X 1 ) ( X 2 )]

 Compute (w) in Mu = øfc’bd 2w(1-0.59w)

Solve for p using w = pfy/fc’

Pmin = 1.4/fy

As = pbd
2
πd
Calculate for spacing S = (1000/As) )( ( )
4

12. Draw the final figure with details.

Cost Analysis

The researchers will use the method presented in the Simplified Construction

Estimate by Max B. Fajardo Jr. to estimate the quantity of materials needed in the project.

The direct cost of the project will include the cost of materials and labor cost. The

cost per quantity of each material will be based on commercial prices within the locality

of Capiz. Labor cost on the other hand will be forty percent (40%) of the total cost of

materials in each item of activities.

Duration of the Project

The method that will be used to estimate the most probable completion duration

of the project is the Program Evaluation Review Technique- Critical Path Method

(PERT- CPM). This will include the time-scaled network diagram of the construction of

the Proposed 2.3 km concrete seawall at Brgy. Baybay Roxas City, Capiz.

Site Exploration

Soil type
 In this study, the soil type shall be determined using the soil map of Capiz.

Figure --: Soil Map of Capiz

Source:Major Soil Series of Capiz, Philippines and their Suitable Crops (2018)

Type of Soil 3
γ sat (kN /m )
3
γ d (kN / m )

Gravel 20-22 15-17

Sand 18-20 13-16

Silt 18-20 14-18

Clay 16-22 14-21

Source: geotechnical-engineering/unit-weights-and-densities-soil

Site Location
The proposed project shall be located at Brgy. Baybay, Roxas City, Capiz.
 The researchers utilized the Google Map and Google Earth to lay-out the
proposed concrete seawall in this area.