CHAPTER 9 HEAT 热能

9.1 Relationship 关系 between Temperature 温度 and Heat

1. Heat is a form of energy that causes 导致 an object 物体 to become hot.
2. The SI unit 国际单位 of heat is joule 焦耳 (J).
3. Heat is transferred 传 from hot to cold areas 地方.
4. Heat energy is also known as the thermal energy 热能.
5. Heat supplied 供应 to an object causes：
(a) temperature 温度 of the object rise 提高
(b) size 体积 of the object increase
(c) object feel 感觉 hot
6. The Sun 太阳 is the primary 主要 source 来源 of energy. The Sun is extremely 极度 hot as nuclear 原
子核 reactions 反应 occur in the Sun to give out 释放出 heat energy 热能.. The Sun releases 释放 light and
heat energy to the Earth.
7. Temperature is the degree 程 度 of hotness 热 度 or coldness 冷 度 of an object. The hotter an object
(body), the higher the temperature.
8. Temperature can be measured in degree Celsius 摄氏 (°C) but the SI unit for temperature is kelvin 开尔文
(K).
9. Heat and temperature are related 有关系 but they are not the same.

Table 9.1 The differences between heat and temperature

Heat Temperature
A form energy that warms 暖和 an object Measurement of the degree of hotness or coldness of an
object .
Measured in unit of joule (J)焦耳 Measured in unit of degree Celsius (°C) or kelvin (K)

An object becomes hot when absorbing 吸收 A hotter object has a higher heat energy than a cooler
heat and becomes cold when losing 消失 heat object
Heat flows from a hot area 热地区 to a cold area Temperature increases when an object is heated and
冷地区 decreases when an object is cooled

10. The quantity 量 or amount of heat in an object depends on 有赖于 the：

(a) Type of material 材料
Different objects of different materials have different quantity of heat.
(b) Mass 质量 or volume 容量 of material
An object with a bigger mass or volume has higher amount of heat than an object with a smaller mass
although both objects have the same temperature.
(c) Temperature
The higher the temperature of an object, the higher its heat content 热含量.
11. Although the water in both beakers have the same temperature, the heat energy in 100 ml of hot water is
higher than 50 ml of hot water because beaker Y has more volume of water.

QUICK FACTS
James Joule (1818 - 1889), a scientist discovered 发现 that heat is a form of energy. The unit of measuring
heat, joule (J), was named after him.

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 Activity 1 To show that heat and temperature are different
Apparatus and materials Procedure
• 2 iron blocks (50 g and 100 g) 1. Lower the 50 g and 100 g iron blocks into a beaker of
• 3 beakers boiling water for 10 minutes.
• 2 thermometers 2. Pour 50 ml of tap water into beakers P and Q.
• Bunsen burner 3. Record the initial temperature of water in beakers P
• Wire gauze and Q.
4. Transfer the 50 g iron block into beaker P and the 100
g iron block into beaker Q.
5. Then, record the maximum temperature of water in
beakers P and Q.
Observation
The temperature of water in beaker Q is
higher than the temperature of water in
beaker P.
Explanation
1. Both blocks of iron have the same temperature but
have different amount of heat as they have different
mass.
2. The 100 g block of iron has more heat than the 50 g
block of iron.
3. This shows that two objects with the same
temperature do not necessarily 不 一 定 have the same
amount of heat.
Conclusion
Heat and temperature are not the same.

9.2 Heat Flow 热流 and Thermal Equilibrium 热平衡

Heat Flow
1 Heat transfer 传送 occurs between two substances that are in contact 接触.
2 During heat transfer, heat flows 流 from a substance 物质 with a high temperature to a substance with a
low
temperature.
3. Heat flow occurs 发生 until the heat equilibrium or thermal equilibrium is reached 达到. Thermal
equilibrium is reached when both substances that are in contact have the same temperature.
4 The rate 率 of heat flow depends on the difference of temperature between the two objects. The greater
the difference in the temperature, the faster the heat flows through the matter.
5 Heat is transferred in three ways: Conduction 传导, convection 对流 and radiation.辐射

Conduction
1. Conduction 传 导 is a process of heat transfer from hot to cold areas through solid substances by
vibrating 振动的 particles 颗粒.
2. It occurs when there is a difference of heat along a piece of metal.金属

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3 (a) If you hold 握住 the end of a metal rod 杵 in a flame 火焰, the end that you are holding will quickly
become hot. Heat is conducted through the metal rod.
(b)The particles at the end of the rod gain 获取 heat energy. The particles vibrate 振动 faster and move
further apart 远离.
(c)The increasing vibration causes the particles to collide 碰撞 with each other. Heat energy is transferred
from one particle to another particle along the rod,
4 Metals are good 好的 heat conductors.导热体
5 Non-metals are poor 不良 heat conductors and known as heat insulators.绝热体
6 Different materials have different races of heat conduction.
7 Metals 金属 have high rate of heat conduction.
9 Non-metals 非金属 have low rate of heat conduction.
10. As there are no particles in a vacuum 真空, conduction cannot take place 发生 in a vacuum.

Experiment 1 Heat transfer through a solid

Problem statement
How is heat transferred through a solid?

Hypothesis
Heat is transferred from a hot end to a cold
end of a metal rod (solid).
Variables
1. Controlled variable： Thumbtacks 图钉
2. Manipulated variable ： Distance
between the thumbtacks and the heat
source Observation
3. Responding variable ： Time taken by 1. It is observed that thumbtack K drops 跌 下
the thumbtack to drop from the metal rod first, followed by thumbtacks L, M and finally,
N.
Apparatus and materials 2. The meal rod is hot when it is touched 碰触.
Thumbtacks, metal rod, wax, asbestos
piece, Bunsen burner
Procedure
1. Stick thumbtacks K, L, M and N to the
metal rod by using wax and place them as Conclusion
shown in the diagram. Heat is transferred from the hot end, P, to the
2. Place asbestos piece as a barrier to cold end, Q, through conduction. The
prevent the heat from flowing directly to hypothesis is accepted.
the thumbtacks through radiation.
3. Observe the thumbtacks when the rod is
heated at P.

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 Activity 2 The rate of heat conduction in different solids
Problem statement
Does the rate of heat conduction varies in
different solids?

Hypothesis
The rate of heat conduction vari different
solids.
Variables
1. Controlled variables： Source of heat,
length of rod
2. Manipulated variable： Types of rods
3. Responding variable： Time taken by the
thumbtacks to drop
Apparatus and materials
Glass rod, iron rod, copper rod, aluminium
rod, thumbtacks, wax, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner
Procedure
1. Stick a thumbtack at the end of four
different rod by
aiiierent rod Dy using wax.
2. Then, heat the free ends of the rods at the
same time as shown in the diagram.
3. Observe what happen to the thumbtacks.
Observation
The thumbtacks dropped one by one, starting
from the one attached to the copper rod,
followed by the aluminium rod, the iron rod
and finally, the glass rod.
Conclusion
1. The copper rod is the best conductor of
heat followed by the aluminium and iron
rods. The glass rod is the weakest conductor
of heat.
2. Different solids conduct heat at different
rates. The hypothesis is accepted.

Convection 传送 / 对流
1. Convection is a process of heat transfer in fluids 流 体 (liquids 液 体 and gases 气 体 ). A fluid is a
substance that can flow.
2. Heat is transferred in the fluid from hotter to colder areas.
3. Hot fluid has a lower density 密度 and rises upwards 向上.
4. Colder fluid has a higher density and descends 向下 to the bottom to fill 填入 the empty 空的 space 空
间 left by the hot fluid that had risen up 升.
4 Convection is the transfer of heat when hot fluid flows up and cold fluid flows down to replace 代替 the
hot fluid.
5 This movement of fluids is known as convection current.对流
6 Particles in a fluid move freely 自由地 and transfer heat from a hotter area to a colder area.
7. Convection cannot occur in solids because the solid particles cannot move freely from one place to
another

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 Activity 3 Heat flow in water
Problem statement
How does heat flow in water?

Hypothesis
Heat flows from hot to cold areas of water
through convention.

Variables
1. Controlled variable： Volume of water in
a beaker Observation
2. Manipulated variables ： Temperature of The purple-coloured stream 流 of water rises
water, presence of potassium permanganate from the crystal and descends 下来 again (as
crystal 结晶 shown in the diagram) in a circular 圆 形 的
3. Responding variable ： Changes in the motion 运动.
water when the beaker is heated.
Conclusion
Apparatus and materials 1. The hot water (less dense) rises to the top
Beaker, glass tube, potassium permanganate while the cold water (denser) descends to the
crystal, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire bottom.
gauze, water 2. Heat flows in water through convection.
The hypothesis is accepted.
Procedure
1. Put a piece of purple-coloured potassium
permanganate crystal into the bottom of a
beaker.
2. Heat the water and observe what happen.
Radiation 放射
1. Radiation is a process of heat transfer through an empty space or vacuum 真空 without any medium 媒
介 or matter.
2. Particles cannot transfer heat energy from one place to another place because radiation occurs without
involving particles.
3. The heat that flows through radiation is called the radiated heat 辐射热.
4. The radiated heat from the Sun flows through a vacuum in space to the surface of the Earth through
radiation.
5. Radiated heat is able to：
(a) move through a vacuum
(b) be absorbed 吸收 or reflected 反射
(c) move with the same speed 速度 as light
(d) move in a straight line in the form of waves 波
(e ) made up of infrared 红外线 waves.

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 Activity 4 Heat flow in air
Problem statement
How does heat flow in air?

Hypothesis
Heat can flow in the air through radiation.

Variables
1. Controlled variable： Volume of water in
a beaker
2. Manipulated variables ： Heat from the
Bunsen burner Observation
3. Responding variable ： Formation of air Air bubbles 泡 are released from the glass tube into the
bubbles in water water after the flask is heated for several minutes.
Apparatus and materials Explanation
Retort stand, water, round-bottomed The air in the flask expands when it is heated by the
flask, beaker, Bunsen burner flame 火 焰 of the Bunsen burner and causing air
bubbles to be released.
Procedure
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the Conclusion
diagram. Heat flows from the Bunsen burner to the flask through
2. Place the flame of the Bunsen burner near radiation. The hypothesis is accepted.
the flask without touching it.
3. Observe what happens.

The comparison 比较 of conduction, convection and radiation is shown in the table.

Aspect Conduction Convection Radiation

Method of heat Heat is transferred Heat is transferred Heat is transferred
transfer through vibration of through particles without any medium
the particles and moving from hot to
collisions with cold areas
Neighboring 邻近
particles
Medium 媒介物 Occurs in solids 固体 Occurs in fluids 流体 Does not need a
of transfer (liquids and gases) medium 媒介
Vacuum Cannot take place in a Cannot take place in a Can take place in a
condition vacuum vacuum vacuum
Rate A slow process A fast process A very fast process

HOT TIPS
• Convection: Transfer of heat through liquids and gases
• Conduction: Transfer of heat through solids
• Radiation: Transfer of heat through vocuum

Heat Flow in Natural 自然 Phenomena 现象

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Land 陆地 Breeze 微风

1. During the night, the land loses heat faster than the
sea. Therefore, the land is colder than the sea.
2. The hot air on the surface of the sea rises and is
replaced 替代 by the cold air coming from the land.
3. This movement of air from the land to the sea
forms the land breeze.

Sea Breeze 海风

1 During the day, the land becomes hot faster than

the sea. Therefore, the sea is colder than the land.
2. The hot air on the land which has a lower density
rises upwards. The cold air from the sea moves to the
land to replace the hot air.
3. The movement of air from the sea to the land
forms the sea breeze.

Warming of the Earth by the Sun

1 The heat from the Sun travels 传播 through outer space 外太空 (vacuum) and reaches the Earth via 透过
radiation.
2 The Sun radiates 散发光 in the form of waves 波 that move in a straight line 直线.

Heat Conductors 热导体 and Heat Insulators 热绝缘体

Conductors Insulators
A material that can conduct 传导 heat well 好. A material that cannot conduct heat well.
Allows heat to flow through it quickly Allows heat to flow through it slowly
A good heat conductor heats or cools quickly An insulator heats or cools slowly
Generally 一 般 地 , all metals 金 属 are good Generally, non-metals 非金属 are good insulators of
conductors of heat. heat.

Examples of good conductors of heat are mercury 水 Examples of good insulators of heat are air, cork 软
银, silver 银, copper 铜, aluminium 铝, zinc 锌, iron 木, water, glass, asbestos 石棉, cotton 棉, plastic and
铁 and lead.铅 polystyrene.

Uses of heat conductor in daily life

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1 Pots 锅, pans 平锅 and kettles 水壶 are made of good conductors such as copper 铜, aluminium 铝 and
steel 钢铁 that conduct heat quickly.
2 Mercury 水银 is used in thermometers 温度计 because mercury expands 膨胀 and contracts 收缩
quickly even with only a small change 小的变化 in temperature. 丨
3 A car radiator 汽车散热器 is made of copper. Copper conducts heat from the hot water in the radiator to
the environment quickly.
4 Cooling fins 散热片 in motorcycles engine are made of aluminium so that heat can flow to the
environment quickly.
5 Pipe systems in refrigerators 冰箱 are made of copper to conduct heat from the fridge 冰箱 to the
surrounding quickly.

soldering 焊接 iron

Uses of heat insulator in daily life

1 Cooking utensil 厨房用具 holders 把柄 are made of wood or plastic so that not be hot when touched.
2 Tablecloths 桌布, asbestos sheets or tiles 瓦 are used as heat insulator to prevent the surface of the table
from being burned by hot kitchen utensils.
3 Igloos 冰屋 are built from ice. Ice prevents the loss of heat from parts of the igloo through conduction.
4 Sleeping bags 睡袋 are made of thick cotton 棉花. Cotton and air in the bag are good heat insulators.
5 Cotton clothes trap 留住 air pockets 气袋 that always keep the body warm.
6 Walls of ovens 烤炉 are made up of double-sided fibreglass 玻璃纤维 that reduces the loss of heat from
the oven through conduction.
7 Saw dusts 锯末 are used to cover 覆盖 ice blocks 冰块 in order to 以便 slow down the melting 溶化
process of ice.
8 House roofs 屋顶 are covered with tiles 瓦片 and ceilings 天花板 that are made of soft boards 软板 which
can trap air.
9 Feather blankets 与毛毯 consist of a layer of trapped air inside prevents loss of heat from the body.

sleeping bag
Igloo

Principle 原理 of Expansion 膨胀 and Contraction 收缩 of Matter 物质

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1 Solids, liquids and gases expand 膨胀 when heated 加热 and contract 收缩 when cooled.冷却

cooling heating

• Volume 容量 of • Volume of object

object Increases 增加
Decreases 减少 • Object expands 膨胀
• Object contracts 收缩

Activity 2 To show the expansion and contraction of solids

Apparatus and materials
• A metal ball and a ring Observation
• Bunsen burner 1. The metal ball cannot go through 穿过去 the
Procedure ring 环 after it is heated.
1. Put the ball through the ring. 2. The metal ball can go through the ring after it
is cooled.

Conclusion
The metal ball expands when it is heated and
contracts when it is cooled.

2. Take the ball out through the ring.

3. Use a Bunsen burner to heat the ball for 5
minutes. Put the ball through the ring.
4. Allow the ball to cool down for 5 minutes. Put
the ball through the ring again.

Activity 3 To show the expansion and contraction of liquids

Apparatus and materials Observation
• Beaker 1. The mercury 水 银 column in the thermometer
• Thermometer expands and rises 升高 when the water becomes hot.
• Bunsen burner 2. The mercury column in the thermometer contracts
• Tripod stand and falls 下降 when the water is allowed to cool.
• Wire gauze
• Water
Procedure
1. Fill the beaker with water. Record the
temperature of the water.
2. Heat the water for 5 minutes.
3. Observe the movement of mercury in the
thermometer.
4. Record the highest temperature.
5. Turn off the Bunsen burner allow the
water to cool down. Conclusion
6. Observe the movement of mercury in the A liquid such as mercury expands when it is heated
thermometer. and contracts when it is cooled.
7. Record the temperature of the water after 5
minutes.

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 Activity 4 To show the expansion and contraction of gases

Apparatus and materials Observation

• Cork • Beaker 1. When the flask is held by warm hands, air bubbles
• Retort stand • Water escape 逃出 from the glass tube into the water.
• Glass tube • Round-bottomed flask

Procedure
1. Rub your hands together.
2. Hold the round-bottomed flask 长 颈 瓶
with your warm 温热的 hands.
3. Remove them from the flask.

2. When the hands are removed, water rises into the glass
tubes.

Conclusion
Gases expand when heated and contract when cooled

QUICK FACTS
If there is the same increase in temperature, gases expand more than liquids and liquids expand more than
solids.

Application of Expansion and Contraction of Matter

Thermometer 温度计
1. When the surrounding 周围 temperature rises, the mercury in the thermometer expands and the mercury
column 柱 rises.
2.When the surrounding temperature drops, the mercury in the thermometer contracts and the mercury
column drops.下跌

Bimetallic 双金属 thermometers 温度计

1. Bimetallic thermometers consist of two types of metals which are brass 黄铜 and iron 铁 that are tied 系
在 together, locked and wrapped into a helical 螺旋 strip 条、带. The bimetallic strip will open or become
tight 紧 depending on 有赖于 the change in surrounding 周围 temperature.
2. Different metals expand at different rates when heated. Brass expands more than iron.
When the temperature rises, the scrip will be coiled 蜷缩 tighter to deflect 偏转 the needle.

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Thermostat 温控器
Most electrical appliances 电具 such as electric irons 电熨斗, air-conditioners 空调, ovens 电炉 and
refrigerators use a thermostat as an automatic switch 开关 to maintain 保持 a stable 稳定 temperature.

Bimetallic strip
Meral A, for example iron, expands/contracts lesser than metal B, for example brass, when it is heated /
cooled.

3. On the other hand， if the bimetallic strip is

heated, metal B expands more than meral A,
and the bimetallic strip will bend towards A.

2. If the bimetallic scrip is cooled, metal B will contract more than

metal A, causing the strip to bend towards 弯向 B.

Electric Iron

• The iron is set up at certain temperature.

• When the iron becomes too hot the bimetallic strip
expands and curves upwards 向上弯, which is away
离开 from the screw.螺旋
• This cuts off 切断 the electric circuit 电流 and
blocks 阻止 the flow of electric current 电流 to the
iron.

(a) When iron is heated

• When the bimetallic strip cools 冷却, it contracts

and goes back to its original 原本 position,
• This completes 完整 the electric circuit and current
电流 flows through the iron again.

(b) When iron becomes cool

Fire Alarm 火警

• An automatic fire alarm uses a bimetallic strip that

acts as a thermostat.
• Heat causes the bimetallic strip to expand and
curves in the of contact point 接触点.
• The bending completes the electric circuit and the
alarm will ring

Rivet 铆钉

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A rivet is a steel bolt used to hold two pieces of metals together.

1 A rivet is heated in a strong flame.

2 Then, the rivet is placed into the holes of metal pieces and knocked 敲打 with a hammer 铁锤.
3 When the rivet is cooled, it contracts and holds 抓住 both metal pieces together tightly 紧紧的.

Wheel 轮 and axle 轴

The diameter of the hole on the wheel is slightly 轻微 smaller than the diameter of the axle.
1. Wheel axle is cooled in
nitrogen liquid at -90 °C. 3. When the temperature of the
axle returns back 倒回 to the
room temperature, the axle
2. This causes the axle to expands and holds the wheel hub
contract until it can be fitted 合 枢纽 tightly.
身 into the hole of the wheel.

Uses of the Principles of Expansion and Contraction of Matter to Solve Simple Problems

Railway tracks 铁路轨道

The spaces between the connectors 连接器 of

railway track allow the track to expand during hot
weather. It prevents the track from curving 弯曲.

Electric cables 电线 and telephone wire

• Electric cables and telephone wires are set up slackly 松
弛 to allow contraction.
• During the day (hot weather), the electric cables expand
and become slack.松弛
• At night (cool weather), the electric cables contract and
become taut 拉紧. Electric cables and telephone wires are
set up in this way to prevent the wires or cables from
becoming too taut and disconnect 不连接 during the
night.

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Steel bridges
One end of the bridge has rollers to enable the bridge
to expand on a hot day. This can prevent the walls
the of bridge from breaking.断

Surface of concrete roads 混凝土路

• The surface of concrete roads and sidewalks 人行道 has
spaces or gaps 缝 to allow the road to expand during hot
days.
• These spaces are normally filled with soft materials.
• This also prevents cracking 开裂 of concrete roads and
sidewalks.

Hot water pipes

Hot water pipes are normally coiled and has curved 弯曲
connectors to allow expansion and contraction.
This prevents the pipes from being damaged.毁坏

Relationship between Types of Surface of Object, and Heat Absorption and Emission

Rate of heat absorption and radiation of an object depends on the:

Surrounding temperature of the object Type and colour of surface

• The hotter the object, the more heat is • An object with a dull 钝 surface absorbs and
radiated. radiates heat faster than an object with a shiny
• The cooler the object, the more heat is 光亮的 surface
absorbed. • An object with a dark surface absorbs and
• When an object radiates heat, its radiates heat faster than an object with a white
temperature drops. surface.

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To study how a dull and dark object absorbs heat better than a bright and shiny object
Variables
Manipulated : Type of surface
Responding : Increase in temperature
Constant : Surface area of object that is
exposed to heat, distance from the heat
source

Hypothesis
Dull 钝 and dark 黑暗 objects absorb heat
better than bright and shiny objects.

Results
The air temperature in the black conical flask is higher than the air temperature in the aluminium conical
flask.
Conclusion
Dull and dark objects absorb heat better than bright and shiny objects. The hypothesis is accepted.

To study how a dull and dark object radiates heat better than a bright and shiny object
Variables
Manipulated : Type of surface
Responding : Decrease in temperature
Constant : Surface area of objects, volume of
hot water

Hypothesis
Dull and dark objects are better heat radiator than
shiny and bright objects.

Results
The final water temperature in the black painted 油漆 conical flask is lower than the final water temperature
in the aluminium painted conical flask.

Conclusion
Dull and dark objects radiate heat better than shiny and bright objects. The hypothesis is accepted.

Heat Concept 概念 in Daily Life

Heat transmission through Heat transmission through Heat transmission through

conduction convection radiation

• is applied 用在 in electric • is applied in the convection • used to dry clothes and

irons and toasters 烤机 of an oven preserve 保存 food
• used in cooking • allows air circulation 循环 • coming from the Sun to the
and ventilation 通风 in Earth
houses

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Maintaining comfortable temperatures in buildings
Cool air enters a house through Ceiling tiles have air Hot air in a house flows up
a window or opening near to the bubbles to reduce the through ventilation holes
grounds. entrance 进去 of heat. above.

Double-glazed 双层玻璃 windows have a layer of air trapped Concrete walls (heat insulator)
between them. Heat from the outside cannot be conducted and small gaps between the
easily through the window because air and gases are good bricks of the wall prevent the
heat insulators. surrounding heat from entering
the house.

1 In cold weather countries, heaters 电暖器 are placed on 放在 the floor because hot air will flow up and
move throughout 流通整个 the room.
2 Air-conditioners are placed 放在 near the ceiling 天花板 because cool air will flow down 流下来.

Green building 绿色建筑

1 Table 9.3 shows the characteristics and building materials used in a green building.

Table 9.3
Characteristics Building materials
• Energy and water are used wisely 广泛使用 • Rainwater 雨水 storage tank
• Materials and resources 资源 are used sustainably • Light sensors 光传感器
可持续的 • Double-glazed glass
• Eco-friendly 环保的 in its construction • Heat reflector paint 热发射涂料
• Has innovative 创新的 elements • Natural lighting
• Has a safe internal and external environment • Photovoltaics 光伏发电

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