CHAPTER 9: HEAT

9.1 Relationship between Temperature and Heat

1. Heat is a form of energy obtained from various sources such as the Sun and fossil
fuels
2. Heat flows from hotter region to colder region
3. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object
4. Temperature increases in a hot environment and decreases in a cold environment
5. Temperature is measured using a thermometer

6. The differences between heat and temperature

Heat Temperature
A form of energy The degree of hotness and coldness of
an object
Measured in Joule (J) Measured in degrees Celcius ( ͦC) or
Kelvin (K) [ 0 ͦ C = 273.15 K]
The amount of heat depends on the Temperature depends on the degree of
type of material, quantity of material movement of the particles in a matter
and temperature

9.2 Heat Flow and Thermal Equilibrium

1. Heat flows from a hot object to a cold object
2. Heat flow happens in 3 different ways:
(a) Conduction (b) Convection (c) Radiation

3. Conduction
 The process of heat transfer from hotter regions to colder regions through a solid
medium
 The particles that receive heat energy will vibrate and collide with one another
more frequently and transfer the heat to the whole medium

Explaination:
i. When one end of a metal rod is heated by a Bunsen flame, the particles of
the metal rod near the flame get extra heat energy from the flame.
ii. The particles vibrate more vigorously, knocking into neighbours particles
and transferring energy to them
iii. The neighbouring particles, in turn, knock their neighbours and pass energy
to them.

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 iv. Thumbtack K drops first followed by thumbtack L and thumbtack M.
v. This shows that heat is carried along the Copper rod from hot end to the
cold end.

4. Convection
 The process of heat transferred by the movement of fluid (liquid and gas) from
hotter regions to colder regions

Explaination:

 The part of the fluid that receives heat will expand, become less dense and rise.
 The colder and more dense fluid moves downwards.
 The circulating stream that rises and falls continuously is known as convection
current
 The purple particles of Potassium permanganate that receive heat will expand,
become less dense and rise.

5. Radiation
 The process of transferring heat without any medium
 Heat can propagate through an empty space or vacuum
 The types of surface, temperature and total surface area of an object will
influence the rate of heat flow
 Example: warming of the Earth by the Sun

Explaination:

 Air in the bell jar has been removed and the bell jar has become a vacuum
 Eventhough the bell jar has become a vacuum, heat can be felt when you
touched the bell jar

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  This shows that heat can be transferred through vacuum.

6. The differences between Conduction, Convection and Radiation

7. Heat flow in Natural Phenomena

A. SEA BREEZE

1. Sea breeze blow during the day

2. During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea
3. As a result, the air on land becomes less dense and rises
4. The cooler air over the sea which is denser (cooler) flows in to take lace of
the warm air, causing what is known as sea breeze

B. LAND BREEZE

1. Land breeze blows during the night from land to sea

2. During night time, the land cools faster than the sea

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 3. The warmer air above the sea becomes less dense and rises
4. Cool air from the land moves in to take its place
5. The convection current that forms is known as land breeze

8. Heat conductors and Heat Insulators

Heat conductors Heat Insulators

Definition Heat conductors are materials Heat insulators are materials that
that allow heat to flow through prevent heat to flow through
them them

Importanc  The base of iron is made of  Oven gloves are heat

e metal that enable it to
conduct heat so that clothes
can be ironed quickly
 Mercury in thermometers
is a good conductor and
can detect changes in
temperature very quickly
insulators that prevent your
hands from getting burned
 Cooking utensils made of
wood are capable of
preventing heat from
flowing to the hand while
cooking

9. Thermal equilibrium
i) Two objects which are in thermal contact can transfer heat energy
between them.
ii) The heat energy is transferred from the object with higher temperature to
the object with lower temperature
iii) When there is no net transfer of heat energy between objects, the objects
are said to be in thermal equilibrium.
iv) Two objects that are in thermal equilibrium has the same temperature

9.3 Principle of Expansion and Contraction of Matter

1. Expansion of solid
 The particles in a solid vibrate at a fixed position.

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  When the solid is heated, the particles vibrate faster and move further
apart from one another
 This causes the volume of the solid to increase because the solid
expands

2. Contraction of solid
 When solid is cooled, the particles vibrate slower and move closer to
one another
 This causes the volume of solid to decrease because the solid
contracts

3. Expansion of liquid and gas

 Particles in liquid and gas move freely.
 When the liquid and gas are heated, the particles move faster and
randomly.
 The distance between particles also increases
 This causes the volume of the liquid and gas to increase because liquid
and gas expand

4. Contraction of liquid and gas

 When the liquid and gas are cooled, the particles move slower and
closer to one another
 This causes the volume of the liquid and the gas to decrease because the
liquid and the gas contract

The uses of expansion and Contraction in Daily Life

1. Mercury in glass thermometer
 A mercury in glass thermometer works on the expansion and contraction of
mercury in the bulb of the thermometer
 When the thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a hot object, the
mercury in the bulb expands and forces the mercury in the glass tube to go up
 When the thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a cold object, the
mercury in the bulb contracts and the mercury in the glass tube goes down

2. Bimetallic Strip in Fire Alarm

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  A bimetallic strip is made of two different metal strip such as copper and iron
 Copper expands faster than iron when heated
 The forces that arise due to an equal expansion of the two metals cause the
bimetallic strip to bend
 Bimetallic strips are used as automated switches in fire alarms and as
thermostats in electrical appliances such as iron, air conditioner, rice cookers
and refrigerators to keep the temperature in these appliances constant.

3. Gaps in railway tracks

 Gaps are left between sections of rails to allow for the expansion of the rails
during hot weather
 Concrete roads are built with expansion gaps
to allow for the expansion of the concrete
during hot weather

4. Rollers in concrete and steel bridges

 Concrete bridges and steel bridges have rollers
on one end to allow for expansion on hot days
and cold days

5. Opening a tight cap

 The cap can be removed easily by dipping it into hot water for a few minutes.
This is because the cap expands when it is heated by the hot water and became
loose.

9.4 Relationship between types of surface of object, and heat absorption and emission

 The ability of an object to absorb and radiate heat depends on the type and
colour of its surface.
 When an object absorbs heat, its temperature increase
 However, when object radiates heat, its temperature decreases

1. Dark and dull objects:

a) Absorbs heat better than white, shiny objects
b) Give out (transmit) heat better that white shiny objects

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2. White and shiny objects:
a) Poor absorber and poor radiator of heat
b) Reflects heat better than dark and dull object

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