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Statistical references
ment composite indices
elopment Index and its components
elopment Index trends, 1990–2021
djusted Human Development Index
elopment Index
uality Index
onal Poverty Index: developing countries
essures-adjusted Human Development Index
Back Table 1. Human Development Index and its components
Human
Development
Index (HDI)
HDI rank Country Value
2021
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Switzerland 0.962
2 Norway 0.961
3 Iceland 0.959
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.952
5 Australia 0.951
6 Denmark 0.948
7 Sweden 0.947
8 Ireland 0.945
9 Germany 0.942
10 Netherlands 0.941
11 Finland 0.940
12 Singapore 0.939
13 Belgium 0.937
13 New Zealand 0.937
15 Canada 0.936
16 Liechtenstein 0.935
17 Luxembourg 0.930
18 United Kingdom 0.929
19 Japan 0.925
19 Korea (Republic of) 0.925
21 United States 0.921
22 Israel 0.919
23 Malta 0.918
23 Slovenia 0.918
25 Austria 0.916
26 United Arab Emirates 0.911
27 Spain 0.905
28 France 0.903
29 Cyprus 0.896
30 Italy 0.895
31 Estonia 0.890
32 Czechia 0.889
33 Greece 0.887
34 Poland 0.876
35 Bahrain 0.875
Indicator Min Max
Dimension Life expect 20 85
SDG3 SDG4.3 Health Expected ye 0 18
Education Mean years 0 15
2021 2021 a
Health in Exp schoo
Mean scho
Regions
Arab States 0.708
East Asia and the Pacific 0.749
66.1 11.2 0.708803 0.623943 0.295019
59.8 10.8 0.612631 0.598149 0.286986
62.7 10.1 u 0.656997 0.563882 0.382063
53.1 12.0 e 0.508646 0.668938 0.400679
62.9 12.7 e
0.660068 0.704388 0.299313
67.1 9.0 0.724502 0.497986 0.195863
62.3 7.4 e 0.650845 0.412943 0.273333
65.3 7.9 e
0.696411 0.441399 0.254667
64.5 10.1 e 0.684389 0.563055 0.341365
62.1 9.4 u 0.647431 0.523257 0.309166
65.0 9.7 e 0.69192 0.536171 0.213435
66.5 8.1 e
0.715935 0.448029 0.325816
59.7 10.6 m
0.610035 0.589615 0.238915
60.7 10.4 0.62688 0.578933 0.3388
59.2 9.8 e
0.602969 0.545437 0.467913
62.0 10.3 e
0.645883 0.570214 0.199005
60.1 9.6 m
0.616345 0.531855 0.305072
58.9 9.8 e
0.598342 0.544739 0.146808
63.8 9.1 0.673129 0.505484 0.213333
59.3 9.1 0.604148 0.507894 0.140997
59.3 10.2 e
0.604995 0.567731 0.213176
58.9 7.4 e
0.599098 0.412391 0.154
61.7 10.7 e
0.640965 0.595707 0.208618
53.9 8.0 e
0.521457 0.446676 0.288933
61.6 7.0 e
0.639635 0.386506 0.141114
52.5 8.0 e
0.500391 0.44644 0.171585
55.0 5.5 e
0.53808 0.307917 0.381743
-0.307692 0 0
73.3 10.8 p 0.819762 0.599065 #VALUE!
85.9 .. 1.014558 #VALUE! #VALUE!
63.6 11.7 e
0.671031 0.649468 #VALUE!
55.3 .. 0.542774 #VALUE! #VALUE!
78.5 16.5
74.7 14.2
67.4 11.9
61.3 9.5
69.9 12.3
70.9 12.4
75.6 13.8
0.459481 0.467591 0.534015 0.534
0.442567 0.533075 0.524794 0.525
0.472972 0.46564 0.524988 0.525
0.534808 0.497879 0.513546 0.514
0.501851 0.405566 0.512163 0.512
0.346924 0.530182 0.510779 0.511
0.343138 0.591687 0.509346 0.509
0.348033 0.540266 0.507806 0.508
0.45221 0.407398 0.501442 0.501
0.416211 0.464999 0.500403 0.500
0.374803 0.477593 0.49847 0.498
0.386922 0.430506 0.49222 0.492
0.414265 0.445428 0.48284 0.483
0.458866 0.386137 0.480696 0.481
0.506675 0.358897 0.478628 0.479
0.384609 0.438624 0.477627 0.478
0.418464 0.420833 0.477013 0.477
0.345774 0.48507 0.46471 0.465
0.359409 0.389099 0.4549 0.455
0.324446 0.461176 0.448798 0.449
0.390453 0.375117 0.445823 0.446
0.283195 0.462222 0.428034 0.428
0.402162 0.300649 0.426349 0.426
0.367805 0.342603 0.40353 0.404
0.26381 0.380296 0.400358 0.400
0.309012 0.394728 0.393726 0.394
0.34483 0.307903 0.385143 0.385
0 Err:502 Err:502
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.782141 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.350509 #VALUE!
Europe and Central Asia 0.796
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.754
South Asia 0.632
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.547
World 0.732
Notes
a. Data refer to 2021 or the most recent year available.
b. Based on countries for which a Human Development Index value is calculated.
c. In calculating the HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
d. In calculating the HDI value, life expectancy at birth is capped at 85 years.
e. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
f. In calculating the HDI value, GNI per capita is capped at $75,000.
g. Updated by HDRO based on data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Developme
h. Estimated using the purchasing power parity (PPP) rate and projected growth rate of Switzerland.
i. Updated by HDRO based on data from OECD (2022) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
j. Based on data from the national statistical office.
k. Estimated using the PPP rate of Spain.
l. Based on cross-country regression.
m. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and United Nations
n. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (
o. Updated by HDRO based on data from CEDLAS and World Bank (2022) and UNESCO Institute for
p. Updated by HDRO based on data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orga
q. HDRO estimate based on cross-country regression and the projected growth rate from UNDESA (2
r. Updated by HDRO using projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
s. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years
t. IMF (2021) and UNDESA (2022b).
u. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various ye
v. Based on projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
w. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various ye
x. HDRO estimate based on data from UNDESA (2022b), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) an
y. HDRO estimate based on cross-country regression and data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (
z. HDRO estimate based on data from IMF (2022), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and Worl
aa. HDRO estimate based on data from IMF (2022) and United Nations Statistics Division (2022).
Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basi
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can
Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and ol
Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income of an economy generated by its produc
GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank: Difference in ranking by GNI per capita and by HDI value. A ne
HDI rank for 2020: Ranking by HDI value for 2020, calculated using the same most recently revised d
72.9 15.4
72.1 14.8
67.9 11.6
60.1 10.3
64.2 10.2
70.3 12.4
79.0 16.5
71.4 12.8
value is calculated.
capped at 18 years.
ed at 85 years.
or Statistics (2022).
for Statistics (2022) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years.
8) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
d Bank (2022) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics for various years.
projected growth rate from UNDESA (2022b).
aphic and Health Surveys for various years and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
uring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a dec
could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infa
that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throug
ation received by people ages 25 and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each leve
of an economy generated by its production and its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of
by GNI per capita and by HDI value. A negative value means that the country is better ranked by GNI than by HDI value.
d using the same most recently revised data available in 2022 that were used to calculate HDI values for 2020.
veys for various years.
y life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_tec
e same throughout the infant’s life.
rolment rates persist throughout the child’s life.
ficial durations of each level.
ncomes paid for the use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using PPP
GNI than by HDI value.
lues for 2020.
rg/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.
ographic and Health Surveys, UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
d Health Surveys, OECD (2022), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
istics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022).
d Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022).
Regions
Arab States 0.555 0.618 0.676
East Asia and the Pacific 0.507 0.592 0.684
Europe and Central Asia 0.664 0.681 0.746
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.633 0.689 0.733
South Asia 0.442 0.500 0.576
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.407 b
0.430 0.503
Notes
For HDI values that are comparable across years and countries, use this table or the interpolated data a
a. A positive value indicates an improvement in rank.
b. Value reported with relaxed aggregation rules. For details on aggregation rules, see Reader’s guide.
Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic
Average annual HDI growth: A smoothed annualized growth of the HDI in a given period, calculated a
Main data sources
Columns 1-8: HDRO calculations based on data from Barro and Lee (2018), IMF (2022), UNDESA (202
Column 9: Calculated based on data in columns 4 and 8.
Columns 10-13: Calculated based on data in columns 1, 2, 3 and 8.
Change in
Human Development Index (HDI) Average annual H
HDI rank
Value (%)
2015 2018 2019 2020 2021 2015-2021 a
1990-2000
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
table or the interpolated data at https://hdr.undp.org/data-center, which present trends using consistent data.
ge achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard o
I in a given period, calculated as the annual compound growth rate.
18), IMF (2022), UNDESA (2022a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World
Average annual HDI growth
(%)
2000-2010 2010-2021 1990-2021
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
onsistent data.
Human
Development Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
Index (HDI)
Difference
Overall
Value Value from HDI
loss (%)
rank
Regions
Arab States 0.708 0.534 24.6 —
East Asia and the Pacific 0.749 0.630 15.9 —
Europe and Central Asia 0.796 0.714 10.3 —
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.754 0.601 20.3 —
South Asia 0.632 0.476 24.7 —
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.547 0.383 30.0 —
Notes
a. See https://hdr.undp.org/inequality-adjusted-human-development-index for the list of surveys used to es
b. Based on countries for which an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index value is calculated.
c. Calculated by HDRO based on data from period life tables from UNDESA (2022a).
d. Data refer to 2021 or the most recent year available.
e. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
f. Refers to 2020.
g. Refers to 2009.
h. Refers to 2008.
Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dim
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI): HDI value adjusted for inequalities in the three basic dimensions of huma
Overall loss: Percentage difference between the IHDI value and the HDI value.
Difference from HDI rank: Difference in ranks on the IHDI and the HDI, calculated only for countries for w
Coefficient of human inequality: Average inequality in the three basic dimensions of human developme
Inequality in life expectancy: Inequality in distribution of expected length of life based on data from life ta
Inequality-adjusted life expectancy index: HDI life expectancy index value adjusted for inequality in dis
Inequality in education: Inequality in distribution of years of schooling based on data from household sur
Inequality-adjusted education index: HDI education index value adjusted for inequality in distribution of
Inequality in income: Inequality in income distribution based on data from household surveys estimated
Inequality-adjusted income index: HDI income index value adjusted for inequality in income distribution
Income shares: Percentage share of income (or consumption) that accrues to the indicated population su
Income share held by richest 1%: Share of pretax national income held by the richest 1 percent of the p
Gini coefficient: Measure of the deviation of the distribution of income among individuals or households i
b
(%) Value (%) Value (%)
2021 2021 c
2021 2021 d
2021 2021 d
.. 11.0 0.730 .. .. ..
.. 3.4 0.966 .. .. ..
.. 13.5 0.581 .. .. ..
.. 38.3 0.335 .. .. 24.4
22), UNDESA (2022a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022)
ed life expectancy index, inequality-adjusted education index and inequality-adjusted income index using the methodology in Te
ctancy index.
or and Social Studies and the World Bank’s Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean; Eurostat’s Europe
SDG10.1
Inequality-
adjusted
Income shares held by (%)
income
index
Poorest Richest Gini
Richest
Value 40 10 coefficien
1 percent
percent percent t
2010- 2010-
2021 e e
2021 2010-2021 e
2021 2021
.. .. .. 14.8 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 19.4 27.3 .. 34.8
0.265 .. .. 12.4 36.8
ata sources.
s accruing to the owners of the production factors, labour and capital before the tax/transfer system is taken into account and a
equality, a value of 100 absolute inequality.
ailable at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf).
bean; Eurostat’s European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions; ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys; the
ical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.
m is taken into account and after the pension system is taken into account.
technical_notes.pdf).
phic and Health Surveys; the Luxembourg Income Study database; United Nations Children’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster S
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; the
n Institute for Statistics; the World Bank’s International Income Distribution Database; and the World Income Inequality Databas
ncome Inequality Database using the methodology in Technical note 2 (available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr202
g/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf).
Back Table 4. Gender Development Index
2021 2021
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Switzerland 0.967 2
2 Norway 0.983 1
3 Iceland 0.976 1
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.976 1
5 Australia 0.968 2
6 Denmark 0.980 1
7 Sweden 0.988 1
8 Ireland 0.987 1
9 Germany 0.978 1
10 Netherlands 0.968 2
11 Finland 0.989 1
12 Singapore 0.992 1
13 Belgium 0.978 1
13 New Zealand 0.975 1
15 Canada 0.988 1
16 Liechtenstein .. ..
17 Luxembourg 0.993 1
18 United Kingdom 0.987 1
19 Japan 0.970 2
19 Korea (Republic of) 0.944 3
21 United States 1.001 1
22 Israel 0.992 1
23 Malta 0.980 1
23 Slovenia 0.999 1
25 Austria 0.980 1
26 United Arab Emirates 0.953 2
27 Spain 0.986 1
28 France 0.990 1
29 Cyprus 0.972 2
30 Italy 0.970 2
31 Estonia 1.021 1
32 Czechia 0.989 1
33 Greece 0.969 2
34 Poland 1.008 1
35 Bahrain 0.927 3
SDG3
2021 2021 c
2021 c
2021
i
14.3 i
46,150 63,143
12.8 46,301 65,778
12.7 41,698 57,394
12.3 75,094 j
105,348 d
i
13.3 i
34,960 48,126
12.4 30,282 46,821
12.8 33,038 46,386
12.6 43,414 64,148
12.8 28,921 77,318 d
10.7 .. ..
13.0 24,849 36,813
12.4 25,909 40,262
i
10.9 i
15,581 26,376
9.4 19,079 42,929
i
12.6 i
15,935 26,001
i
6.9 i
28,086 68,827
l
9.2 47,579 80,261 d
k
12.8 k
21,857 33,288
11.6 24,554 35,874
11.4 7,169 39,717
i
12.6 i
25,897 35,495
i
12.3 i
18,976 29,305
i
11.5 i
16,794 30,166
8.7 16,568 23,376
8.7 17,125 25,680
12.1 15,158 23,165
10.3 23,380 30,531
10.7 20,672 32,380
12.8 11,285 18,472
i
10.9 i
15,016 29,221
11.8 15,306 23,270
8.8 15,457 18,694
i
10.9 i
11,637 16,630
11.3 18,109 28,357
.. .. ..
o
9.1 o
10,235 14,555
.. .. ..
10.4 .. ..
10.8 7,005 18,573
11.4 10,709 19,917
.. .. ..
i
10.7 i
3,767 22,041
o
10.7 o
10,370 16,605
10.8 11,147 20,716
79 China 0.984 1
80 Dominican Republic 1.014 1
80 Moldova (Republic of) 1.010 1
80 Palau .. ..
83 Cuba 0.961 2
84 Peru 0.950 2
85 Armenia 1.001 1
86 Mexico 0.989 1
87 Brazil 0.994 1
88 Colombia 0.984 1
89 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.970 2
90 Maldives 0.925 3
91 Algeria 0.880 5
91 Azerbaijan 0.974 2
91 Tonga 0.965 2
91 Turkmenistan 0.956 2
95 Ecuador 0.980 1
96 Mongolia 1.031 2
97 Egypt 0.882 5
97 Tunisia 0.931 3
99 Fiji 0.931 3
99 Suriname 1.001 1
101 Uzbekistan 0.944 3
102 Dominica .. ..
102 Jordan 0.887 5
104 Libya 0.975 1
105 Paraguay 0.990 1
106 Palestine, State of 0.891 5
106 Saint Lucia 1.011 1
108 Guyana 0.978 1
109 South Africa 0.944 3
110 Jamaica 0.990 1
111 Samoa 0.957 2
112 Gabon 0.908 4
112 Lebanon 0.882 5
114 Indonesia 0.941 3
115 Viet Nam 1.002 1
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
116 Philippines 0.990 1
117 Botswana 0.981 1
118 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.964 2
118 Kyrgyzstan 0.966 2
120 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.983 1
121 Iraq 0.803 5
122 Tajikistan 0.909 4
0.761 0.773 81.2
0.772 0.761 76.3
0.771 0.763 73.5
.. .. 70.6
0.745 0.775 76.4
0.742 0.781 74.7
0.757 0.756 77.4
0.753 0.761 74.9
0.750 0.755 76.0
0.744 0.756 76.4
0.739 0.761 72.4
0.709 0.766 81.0
0.680 0.773 78.0
0.734 0.753 73.3
0.728 0.754 73.7
0.726 0.760 72.7
0.731 0.745 77.5
0.749 0.726 75.7
0.666 0.755 72.6
0.697 0.748 77.1
0.698 0.750 68.9
0.728 0.727 73.6
0.703 0.744 73.4
.. .. 76.3
0.663 0.748 76.8
0.708 0.726 74.4
0.713 0.720 73.4
0.655 0.735 75.9
0.719 0.711 74.7
0.704 0.720 69.1
0.686 0.727 65.0
0.704 0.711 72.5
0.685 0.716 75.5
0.667 0.735 68.5
0.650 0.737 77.3
0.681 0.723 69.7
0.704 0.702 78.2
i
6.9 i
2,247 3,092
5.0 1,569 7,620
o
6.8 o
1,885 2,446
6.8 2,408 3,295
w
8.2 w
3,759 5,800
165 Rwanda 0.954 2
166 Benin 0.880 5
166 Uganda 0.927 3
168 Lesotho 0.985 1
169 Malawi 0.968 2
170 Senegal 0.874 5
171 Djibouti .. ..
172 Sudan 0.870 5
173 Madagascar 0.956 2
174 Gambia 0.924 4
175 Ethiopia 0.921 4
176 Eritrea .. ..
177 Guinea-Bissau 0.867 5
178 Liberia 0.871 5
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.885 5
180 Afghanistan 0.681 5
181 Sierra Leone 0.893 5
182 Guinea 0.850 5
183 Yemen 0.496 5
184 Burkina Faso 0.903 4
185 Mozambique 0.922 4
186 Mali 0.887 5
187 Burundi 0.935 3
188 Central African Republic 0.810 5
189 Niger 0.835 5
190 Chad 0.770 5
191 South Sudan 0.843 5
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. ..
Monaco .. ..
Nauru .. ..
Somalia .. ..
Regions
Arab States 0.871 —
East Asia and the Pacific 0.978 —
0.521 0.547 68.2
0.491 0.558 61.4
0.505 0.545 64.9
0.511 0.519 55.9
0.502 0.519 66.5
0.475 0.543 69.3
.. .. 65.0
0.466 0.535 67.9
0.490 0.512 66.9
0.481 0.520 63.5
0.478 0.519 68.3
.. .. 68.7
0.448 0.517 61.8
0.447 0.513 62.1
0.449 0.507 61.5
0.365 0.536 65.3
0.452 0.506 61.4
0.426 0.501 60.1
0.263 0.529 67.1
0.425 0.471 61.0
0.428 0.464 62.4
0.399 0.450 60.3
0.412 0.441 63.6
0.359 0.443 56.3
0.364 0.436 62.8
0.339 0.441 54.3
0.348 0.413 56.5
.. .. 75.7
.. .. 87.7 g
.. .. 67.3
.. .. 57.4
70.8 10.4 t
11.1 t
..
84.3 h
.. .. ..
60.3 13.1 i
10.4 i
..
53.2 .. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. 545 1,489
World 0.958 —
Notes
a. Because disaggregated income data are not available, data are crudely estimated. See Definitions
b. Countries are divided into five groups by absolute deviation from gender parity in HDI values.
c. Data refer to 2021 or the most recent year available.
d. In calculating the male HDI value, estimated gross national income per capita is capped at $75,000
e. In calculating the female HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
f. In calculating the male HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
g. In calculating the female HDI value, life expectancy at birth is capped at 87.5 years.
h. In calculating the male HDI value, life expectancy at birth is capped at 82.5 years.
i. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
j. In calculating the female HDI value, estimated gross national income per capita is capped at $75,00
k. Updated by HDRO based on data from OECD (2022) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
l. HDRO estimate based on data from Robert Barro and Jong-Wha Lee, ICF Macro Demographic and
m. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multip
n. Updated by HDRO based on data from CEDLAS and World Bank (2022) and UNESCO Institute for
o. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (
p. Based on data from the national statistical office.
q. Based on cross-country regression.
r. Updated by HDRO using projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
s. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and ICF Macro Demographic and He
t. Updated by HDRO based on data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orga
u. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various year
v. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various ye
w. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various ye
x. Based on projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
Definitions
Index:groups:
Gender Development Index Ratio of Countries
female to male HDI values.
are divided See
into five Technical
groups note 3 at
by absolute http://hdr.u
deviation fro
achievements between women and men (absolute deviation of 2.5–5 percent), group 3 comprises cou
deviationDevelopment
Human of 7.5–10 percent)
Indexand group
(HDI): 5 comprises
A composite countries
index with average
measuring low equality in HDI achievements
achievement in three basib
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can
Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and ol
Estimated gross national income per capita: Derived from the ratio of female to male wages, fema
ta is capped at $75,000.
at 18 years.
ical
by note 3 at
absolute http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf
deviation from gender parity in HDI values. Group 1 comprises countries for details on how
with high the Gender
equality Development
in HDI achievements
, group 3 comprises countries with medium equality in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute deviation of 5
yhievement
in HDI achievements
in three basicbetween women
dimensions and men
of human (absolute deviation
development—a long from gender life,
and healthy parity of more than
knowledge and 10 percent).
a decent standard of
ive if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life.
chool entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s
y people ages 25 and older, converted from educational attainment levels using official durations of each level.
ale to male wages, female and male shares of economically active population and gross national income (in 2017 purchasin
69.4 15.3 15.6 10.4
68.8 15.2 14.4 9.0
66.1 11.5 11.6 6.3
58.2 10.0 10.6 5.1
peration and Development, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and the United Nati
df for details
untries on how
with high the Gender
equality Development between
in HDI achievements Index is calculated.
women and men (absolute deviation of less than 2.5 percent), group
ween women and men (absolute deviation of 5–7.5 percent), group 4 comprises countries with medium to low equality in HD
nder parity
lthy life, of more than
knowledge and 10 percent).
a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_t
the same throughout the infant’s life.
enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life.
g official durations of each level.
and gross national income (in 2017 purchasing power parity terms). See Technical note 3 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/defaul
10.8 13,162 25,834
9.0 10,667 18,486
7.3 2,352 10,426
6.9 2,970 4,429
veys and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics.
s than 2.5 percent), group 2 comprises countries with medium to high equality in HDI
ium to low equality in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute
es/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.
and Health Surveys, UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
h Surveys, OECD (2022), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
NDESA (2022a), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022).
(2022), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022).
Value Rank
HDI rank Country
2021 2021
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Switzerland 0.018 3
2 Norway 0.016 2
3 Iceland 0.043 8
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. ..
5 Australia 0.073 19
6 Denmark 0.013 1
7 Sweden 0.023 4
8 Ireland 0.074 21
9 Germany 0.073 19
10 Netherlands 0.025 5
11 Finland 0.033 6
12 Singapore 0.040 7
13 Belgium 0.048 10
13 New Zealand 0.088 25
15 Canada 0.069 17
16 Liechtenstein .. ..
17 Luxembourg 0.044 9
18 United Kingdom 0.098 27
19 Japan 0.083 22
19 Korea (Republic of) 0.067 15
21 United States 0.179 44
22 Israel 0.083 22
23 Malta 0.167 42
23 Slovenia 0.071 18
25 Austria 0.053 12
26 United Arab Emirates 0.049 11
27 Spain 0.057 14
28 France 0.083 22
29 Cyprus 0.123 35
30 Italy 0.056 13
31 Estonia 0.100 28
32 Czechia 0.120 34
33 Greece 0.119 32
34 Poland 0.109 31
35 Bahrain 0.181 46
35 Lithuania 0.105 30
35 Saudi Arabia 0.247 59
SDG3.1 SDG3.7 SDG5.5 SDG4.4
Maternal mortality Adolescent birth Share of seats in Population with at least some se
ratio rate parliament education
(% ages 25 and older)
(deaths per 100,000 live (births per 1,000 women
(% held by women)
births) ages 15–19) Female
b
2021 b
2021 2021
f
93.0 d
50.7 66.2
96.5 49.1 62.6
.. .. ..
d
86.0 d
56.1 63.7
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
84.2 30.9 68.5
94.0 32.3 52.4
.. .. ..
c
76.0 c
14.4 68.1
d
95.8 f
48.1 63.6
75.1 42.4 63.4
d
85.4 d
61.6 74.3
c
76.9 c
49.6 75.2
98.0 33.9 43.9
97.3 .. ..
83 Cuba 0.303 73
84 Peru 0.380 90
85 Armenia 0.216 53
86 Mexico 0.309 75
87 Brazil 0.390 94
88 Colombia 0.424 102
89 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.390 94
90 Maldives 0.348 83
91 Algeria 0.499 126
91 Azerbaijan 0.294 70
91 Tonga 0.631 160
91 Turkmenistan 0.177 43
95 Ecuador 0.362 85
96 Mongolia 0.313 76
97 Egypt 0.443 109
97 Tunisia 0.259 61
99 Fiji 0.318 77
99 Suriname 0.427 105
101 Uzbekistan 0.227 56
102 Dominica .. ..
102 Jordan 0.471 118
104 Libya 0.259 61
105 Paraguay 0.445 111
106 Palestine, State of .. ..
106 Saint Lucia 0.381 91
108 Guyana 0.454 114
109 South Africa 0.405 97
110 Jamaica 0.335 80
111 Samoa 0.418 99
112 Gabon 0.541 140
112 Lebanon 0.432 108
114 Indonesia 0.444 110
115 Viet Nam 0.296 71
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
116 Philippines 0.419 101
117 Botswana 0.468 117
118 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.418 99
118 Kyrgyzstan 0.370 87
120 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.492 123
121 Iraq 0.558 145
122 Tajikistan 0.285 68
123 Belize 0.364 86
123 Morocco 0.425 104
125 El Salvador 0.376 88
126 Nicaragua 0.424 102
127 Bhutan 0.415 98
36 48.8 53.4 89.5
88 56.8 40.0 59.3
26 18.5 33.6 96.0
33 54.4 49.8 65.1
60 45.2 14.8 62.4
83 59.0 19.6 58.9
68 47.9 18.2 44.1
53 7.3 4.6 46.4
112 11.7 7.5 46.0
26 40.1 18.2 93.6
52 19.0 0.0 g
93.5
7 21.8 25.0 93.5
59 63.2 39.4 53.0
45 26.7 17.1 79.3
37 44.8 22.9 81.6
43 6.7 26.3 42.9
34 26.8 21.6 90.2
120 56.1 29.4 69.9
29 15.9 28.7 99.9
.. 38.5 34.4 ..
46 25.4 11.8 77.4
72 6.9 16.0 70.5
84 70.3 16.8 52.5
27 43.5 .. 67.9
117 36.9 24.1 49.9
169 66.6 35.7 69.5
119 61.2 46.0 j
68.9
80 32.8 31.0 74.3
43 43.6 7.8 79.1
252 91.2 18.7 67.2
29 20.3 4.7 54.3
177 33.9 21.0 51.0
43 34.6 30.3 61.3
c
19.1 c
79.5 87.1
28.7 20.7 78.1
d
42.3 d
55.5 59.4
41.0 60.7 68.9
q
55.3 q
47.9 59.6
c
16.3 c
82.5 82.2
d
34.4 d
69.3 72.6
36.3 64.2 71.3
f
24.6 f
56.1 71.3
d
28.4 d
71.6 80.0
c
30.9 c
33.5 56.7
.. 17.2 44.1
172 Sudan 0.553 141
173 Madagascar 0.556 143
174 Gambia 0.611 153
175 Ethiopia 0.520 129
176 Eritrea .. ..
177 Guinea-Bissau 0.627 159
178 Liberia 0.648 164
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.601 151
180 Afghanistan 0.678 167
181 Sierra Leone 0.633 162
182 Guinea 0.621 157
183 Yemen 0.820 170
184 Burkina Faso 0.621 157
185 Mozambique 0.537 136
186 Mali 0.613 155
187 Burundi 0.505 127
188 Central African Republic 0.672 166
189 Niger 0.611 153
190 Chad 0.652 165
191 South Sudan 0.587 150
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. ..
Monaco .. ..
Nauru .. ..
Somalia .. ..
Regions
Arab States 0.536 —
East Asia and the Pacific 0.337 —
Europe and Central Asia 0.227 —
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.381 —
South Asia 0.508 —
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.569 —
89 2.3 17.6 ..
.. 7.2 33.3 ..
.. 72.5 10.5 ..
829 118.0 24.6 ..
.. 77.2 86.1
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. 20.9 47.0
Notes
a. Estimates modelled by the International Labour Organization.
b. Data refer to 2021 or the most recent year available.
c. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
d. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (
e. Updated by HDRO based on data from OECD (2022) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
f. HDRO estimate based on data from Robert Barro and Jong-Wha Lee, ICF Macro Demographic and
g. In calculating the Gender Inequality Index, a value of 0.1 percent was used.
h. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multipl
i. Updated by HDRO using projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
j. Excludes the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis.
k. Based on cross-country regression.
l. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and ICF Macro Demographic and Hea
m. Updated by HDRO based on data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Org
n. A special update by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and United Nations Population Div
o. Based on projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
p. Refers to 2019.
q. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various ye
r. Refers to 2018.
s. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various ye
t. Refers to 2020.
Definitions
Gender Inequality Index: A composite measure reflecting inequality in achievement between women
Maternal mortality ratio: Number of deaths due to pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
Adolescent birth rate: Number of births to women ages 15–19 per 1,000 women ages 15–19.
Share of seats in parliament: Proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament expresse
Population with at least some secondary education: Percentage of the population ages 25 and old
Labour force participation rate: Proportion of the working-age population (ages 15 and older) that e
2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years.
alth Surveys for various years and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
hievement between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. See Te
ses per 100,000 live births.
women ages 15–19.
ational parliament expressed as a percentage of total seats. For countries with a bicameral legislative system, the share of s
population ages 25 and older that has reached (but not necessarily completed) a secondary level of education.
(ages 15 and older) that engages in the labour market, either by working or actively looking for work, expressed as a perce
th Surveys, OECD (2022), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
70.3 46.2 71.7
opment, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and the United Nations Educational, S
Cluster Surveys.
ed Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics.
Brazil 2015 N h
0.016 d,g,h
Regions
Arab States — 0.071
East Asia and the Pacific — 0.023
Europe and Central Asia — 0.004
Latin America and the Caribbean — 0.030
South Asia — 0.131
Sub-Saharan Africa — 0.286
Notes
a. Not all indicators were available for all countries, so caution should be used in cross-country comparisons. When
b. D indicates data from Demographic and Health Surveys, M indicates data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
c. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
d. Missing indicator on nutrition.
e. Value is not reported because it is based on a small number of multidimensionally poor people.
f. Missing indicator on child mortality.
g. Considers child deaths that occurred at any time because the survey did not collect the date of child deaths.
h. The methodology was adjusted to account for missing indicator on nutrition and incomplete indicator on child mor
i. Based on the version of data accessed on 7 June 2016.
j. Given the information available in the data, child mortality was constructed based on deaths that occurred between
k. Missing indicator on housing.
l. Missing indicator on cooking fuel.
m. Missing indicator on electricity.
n. Multidimensional Poverty Index estimates are based on the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Estimates
o. Captures only deaths of children under age 5 who died in the last five years and deaths of children ages 12–18 ye
p. Indicator on sanitation follows the national classification in which pit latrine with slab is considered unimproved.
q. Missing indicator on school attendance.
r. Following the national report, latrines are considered an improved source for the sanitation indicator.
s. Because of the high proportion of children excluded from nutrition indicators due to measurements not being take
t. Revised estimate.
Definitions
Multidimensional Poverty Index: Proportion of the population that is multidimensionally poor adjusted by the inten
Multidimensional poverty headcount: Population with a deprivation score of at least 33 percent. It is expressed a
Intensity of deprivation of multidimensional poverty: Average deprivation score experienced by people in multid
Inequality among the poor: Variance of individual deprivation scores of poor people. It is calculated by subtracting
Population in severe multidimensional poverty: Percentage of the population in severe multidimensional poverty
Population vulnerable to multidimensional poverty: Percentage of the population at risk of suffering multiple dep
Contribution of deprivation in dimension to overall multidimensional poverty: Percentage of the Multidimensio
Population living below national poverty line: Percentage of the population living below the national poverty line,
Population living below PPP $1.90 a day: Percentage of the population living below the international poverty line o
55.9 d
48.6 d
19,783 d
0.7 39.1 20
1.4 39.2 594
51.1 55.3 14,740
0.2 t
36.2 t
6 t
3.8 d,g,h
42.5 d,g,h
7,856 d,g,h
75.1 t
54.4 t
8,131 t
19.8 40.5 23
0.4 36.3 25
23.1 47.0 1,604
19.6 l
43.0 l
413 l
0.8 34.4 4
68.3 55.0 13,036
50.6 51.5 2,046
6.6 f
39.0 f
8,097 f
7.3 p
38.8 p
230 p
1.2 39.6 8
6.4 r
42.0 r
2,291 r
54.4 t
47.5 t
6,184 t
11.7 40.9 25
50.8 51.7 8,284
0.1 g,s
38.1 g,s
10 g,s
0.9 l,q
34.2 l,q
1 l,q
0.6 g
36.7 g
402 g
48.3 t
45.9 t
588 t
57.2 t
49.2 t
22,667 t
2.5 f
34.2 f
7 f
37.3 g
46.8 g
256 g
2.2 f
37.9 f
79 f
84.2 t
62.2 t
13,138 t
4.6 g
39.9 g
730 g
5.2 l,t
37.6 l,t
4,737 l,t
20.0 m,t
46.5 m,t
1,727 m,t
4.7 f
38.7 f
135 f
37.5 t
45.6 t
17,502 t
40.9 t
45.2 t
913 t
16.5 t
45.3 t
985 t
91.0 t
66.1 t
16,189 t
1.9 f
37.5 f
3 f
0.6 g
38.0 g
9 g
0.2 d,t
34.4 d,t
111 d,t
4.9 d
39.5 d
4,490 d
48.5 t
50.6 t
12,188 t
21.7 48.6 1,229,179
cross-country comparisons. When an indicator is missing, weights of available indicators are adjusted to total 100 percent. See
m Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, N indicates data from national surveys and P indicates data from Pan Arab Population and
ed on deaths that occurred between surveys- that is, between 2012 and 2014. Child deaths reported by an adult man in the hou
alth and Nutrition Survey. Estimates based on the 2015 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey are 0.010 for Multidimensional Poverty
nd deaths of children ages 12–18 years who died in the last two years.
h slab is considered unimproved.
e sanitation indicator.
ue to measurements not being taken, estimates based on the 2019 Serbia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey should be interprete
nsionally poor adjusted by the intensity of the deprivations. See Technical note 5 at https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents
least 33 percent. It is expressed as a share of the population in the survey year, the number of multidimensionally poor people
ore experienced by people in multidimensional poverty.
ople. It is calculated by subtracting the deprivation score of each multidimensionally poor person from the intensity, squaring th
in severe multidimensional poverty—that is, those with a deprivation score of 50 percent or more.
ation at risk of suffering multiple deprivations—that is, those with a deprivation score of 20–33 percent.
ty: Percentage of the Multidimensional Poverty Index attributed to deprivations in each dimension.
ving below the national poverty line, which is the poverty line deemed appropriate for a country by its authorities. National estim
below the international poverty line of $1.90 (in purchasing power parity [PPP] terms) a day.
Population in severe
Number of poor Inequality among the
multidimensional
(2019) poor
poverty
(thousands) Value (%)
21,269 d
0.020 d
24.9 d
20 .. e
0.1
594 0.007 0.2
16,264 0.024 32.5
6 t
.. e
0.0 t
8,108 d,g,h
0.008 d,g,h
0.9 d,g,h
8,659 t
0.022 t
46.1 t
23 0.006 3.5
25 .. e
0.0
1,654 0.016 9.6
417 l
0.009 l
5.0 l
4 .. e
0.0
13,433 0.022 44.7
2,288 0.019 26.3
8,375 f
0.008 f
1.0 f
234 p
0.004 p
0.8 p
8 .. e
0.1
2,319 r
0.012 r
1.4 r
6,869 t
0.013 t
22.2 t
25 0.007 2.1
8,284 0.019 27.7
10 g,s
.. e
0.0 g,s
1 l,q
.. e
0.0 l,q
402 g
0.003 g
0.0 g
624 t
0.014 t
17.4 t
25,308 t
0.017 t
25.7 t
7 f
.. e
0.0 f
285 g
0.016 g
14.7 g
72 f
0.002 f
0.1 f
17,109 t
0.027 t
65.3 t
795 g
0.007 g
0.8 g
5,259 l,t
0.004 l,t
0.6 l,t
1,948 m,t
0.013 m,t
6.9 m,t
138 f
.. e
0.8 f
19,703 t
0.014 t
12.4 t
1,020 t
0.013 t
13.1 t
1,077 t
0.013 t
5.6 t
21,206 t
0.026 t
76.3 t
4 f
.. e
0.0 f
9 g
.. e
0.1 g
107 d,t
.. e
0.0 d,t
4,722 d
0.010 d
0.7 d
14,134 t
0.021 t
24.3 t
1,287,528 0.017 9.5
cators are adjusted to total 100 percent. See Technical note 5 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/mpi2021_technical_notes
ndicates data from Pan Arab Population and Family Health Surveys (see http://hdr.undp.org/en/mpi-2021-faq for the list of natio
d deaths reported by an adult man in the household were taken into account because the date of death was reported.
urvey are 0.010 for Multidimensional Poverty Index value, 2.6 for multidimensional poverty headcount (%), 3,207,000 for multidi
ndicator Cluster Survey should be interpreted with caution. The unweighted sample size used for the multidimensional poverty
y poor person from the intensity, squaring the differences and dividing the sum of the weighted squares by the number of multi
ercent or more.
e of 20–33 percent.
ach dimension.
r a country by its authorities. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household survey
sted in column 1 using the methodology described in Technical note 5 (available at https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents
a Contribution of deprivation in dimension to overall multidimensional
Population poverty
vulnerable to
multidimensional
poverty
Health Education
(%) (%)
18.1 d
10.0 d
45.0 d
6.2 d,g,h
49.8 d,g,h
22.9 d,g,h
15.8 t
23.8 t
27.2 t
15.5 p
21.1 p
26.8 p
25.8 t
13.6 t
30.5 t
0.4 l,q
66.8 l,q
32.1 l,q
6.1 g
38.3 g
45.1 g
26.8 t
29.3 t
23.1 t
23.6 t
24.0 t
21.6 t
0.5 f
96.0 f
0.7 f
17.7 g
24.2 g
36.6 g
4.1 f
79.7 f
7.2 f
7.2 t
20.5 t
40.4 t
7.6 g
40.4 g
23.6 g
6.1 l,t
40.0 l,t
53.1 l,t
22.2 m,t
19.5 m,t
32.5 m,t
6.4 f
42.1 f
17.5 f
35.8 t
23.5 t
15.0 t
19.2 t
31.6 t
13.9 t
13.4 t
11.5 t
36.2 t
4.9 t
21.4 t
36.7 t
1.6 f
69.5 f
7.5 f
3.7 g
45.5 g
34.0 g
0.4 d,t
60.5 d,t
28.4 d,t
5.6 d
15.2 d
42.6 d
22.3 t
29.0 t
30.4 t
15.2 25.6 29.7
poverty headcount (%), 3,207,000 for multidimensional poverty headcount in year of survey, 3,317,000 for projected multidimen
2009-2019 c
2009-2019 c
45.0 d
54.5 ..
16.7 14.3 1.3
19.5 5.5 0.4
46.8 32.3 49.9
30.1 t
26.4 1.1
45.1 24.3 14.3
39.6 .. ..
42.9 38.5 49.6
49.8 37.2 3.2
53.2 o
19.3 14.5
27.3 d,g,h
.. 4.6
49.0 t
64.9 72.8
47.1 37.5 26
52.0 .. ..
44.3 42.3 38.1
48.5 d
35.7 4.9
56.4 40.9 39.6
57.0 63.9 77.2
18.5 g,l
21 1
40.0 39.5 29.8
50.1 g
.. ..
54.5 23.5 30.8
35.9 48.6 10.3
29.1 g
19.5 3.8
45.9 23.4 12.7
38.7 59.3 8.8
40.3 43.7 36.1
45.8 69.3 68.4
47.7 .. ..
57.0 58.5 24.5
44.8 21.9 22.5
38.5 d
9.4 2.7
6.0 18.9 1.7
9.0 15.7 0.1
6.4 g,t
4.3 0
57.6 .. ..
17.5 20.1 0.6
38.8 18.3 10
60.0 l
49.7 27.2
51.7 50.9 44.4
51.5 70.7 78.8
55.6 t
51.5 69.2
4.2 8.2 0
39.3 42.1 50.3
46.6 31 6
18.2 f
41.9 1.7
52.1 p
28.4 0.5
19.2 24.5 2.5
28.8 r
4.8 0.9
49.2 24.8 1.4
43.0 25.2 15
40.9 40.1 39.1
17.8 21.6 3.4
31.1 24.3 4.4
6.1 29.2 0.8
65.3 d
39.9 38
46.8 23.5 0.9
53.2 20.2 2.2
48.7 d
16.7 2.7
55.9 t
38.2 56.5
44.6 66.7 35.6
30.9 46.7 38.5
29.0 g,s
23.2 5.4
1.1 l,q
25.3 0.5
53.0 56.8 43
47.4 55.5 18.7
43.0 4.1 0.9
35.8 .. ..
25.8 26.3 4.1
55.2 t
26.4 49.4
16.7 g
9.9 0.1
47.6 t
41.8 22
50.9 55.1 51.1
21.1 22.5 1
14.0 15.2 0.2
2.1 l
.. ..
54.5 t
21.4 41.3
53.5 54.4 58.7
59.2 38.3 39.5
3.3 f
.. ..
39.2 g
8.2 1.5
13.1 f
16.9 0.1
39.1 t
41.4 43.8
46.6 17.7 ..
25.6 j,k
0.6 0.5
47.6 42.4 19.1
35.0 d
21 0.6
35.9 g
25 3.6
6.9 l,t
32.5 3.8
41.1 22.8 1.3
52.8 58.9 29.2
46.0 t
33.4 3.4
48.0 m,t
48.3 14.8
40.4 f
19.9 ..
61.5 t
36.1 37.1
12.4 .. ..
48.4 7.3 0
49.9 t
46.1 63.7
54.4 t
17.4 13.8
52.3 t
24.9 3.4
41.8 t
40.8 45.4
23.0 f
25 4.6
46.5 76.4 76.4
49.8 46.5 12.2
10.2 g
.. ..
20.5 g
.. ..
11.2 d,t
1.1 0
42.2 d
6.7 1.8
40.6 t
48.6 18.3
44.7 20.2 14.8
survey, 3,317,000 for projected multidimensional poverty headcount in 2019, 40.2 for intensity of deprivation (%), 0.4 for popu
mns 5 and 6 also use population data from UNDESA (2019).
40.2 for intensity of deprivation (%), 0.4 for population in severe multidimensional poverty (%), 6.1 for population vulnerable to
pulation vulnerable to multidimensional poverty (%), 39.9 for contribution of deprivation in health (%), 23.8 for contribution of dep
23.8 for contribution of deprivation in education (%) and 36.3 for contribution of deprivation in standard of living (%).
living (%).
Back Table 7. Planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index
Human
Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI
Development
(PHDI)
Index (HDI)
Difference
HDI rank Country Value Value from HDI
value (%)
2021 2021 2021
Very high human development
1 Switzerland 0.962 0.796 17.3
2 Norway 0.961 0.734 23.6
3 Iceland 0.959 0.633 34.0
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.952 .. ..
5 Australia 0.951 0.637 33.0
6 Denmark 0.948 0.803 15.3
7 Sweden 0.947 0.803 15.2
8 Ireland 0.945 0.682 27.8
9 Germany 0.942 0.804 14.6
10 Netherlands 0.941 0.745 20.8
11 Finland 0.940 0.731 22.2
12 Singapore 0.939 0.665 29.2
13 Belgium 0.937 0.742 20.8
13 New Zealand 0.937 0.756 19.3
15 Canada 0.936 0.687 26.6
16 Liechtenstein 0.935 .. ..
17 Luxembourg 0.930 0.645 30.6
18 United Kingdom 0.929 0.819 11.8
19 Japan 0.925 0.792 14.4
19 Korea (Republic of) 0.925 0.752 18.7
21 United States 0.921 0.698 24.2
22 Israel 0.919 0.744 19.0
23 Malta 0.918 0.720 21.6
23 Slovenia 0.918 0.769 16.2
25 Austria 0.916 0.766 16.4
26 United Arab Emirates 0.911 0.518 43.1
27 Spain 0.905 0.819 9.5
28 France 0.903 0.803 11.1
29 Cyprus 0.896 0.708 21.0
30 Italy 0.895 0.813 9.2
31 Estonia 0.890 0.684 23.1
32 Czechia 0.889 0.748 15.9
33 Greece 0.887 0.792 10.7
34 Poland 0.876 0.753 14.0
35 Bahrain 0.875 0.647 26.1
35 Lithuania 0.875 0.679 22.4
35 Saudi Arabia 0.875 0.638 27.1
38 Portugal 0.866 0.792 8.5
39 Latvia 0.863 0.716 17.0
40 Andorra 0.858 .. ..
40 Croatia 0.858 0.764 11.0
42 Chile 0.855 0.775 9.4
42 Qatar 0.855 0.491 42.6
44 San Marino 0.853 .. ..
45 Slovakia 0.848 0.738 13.0
46 Hungary 0.846 0.755 10.8
47 Argentina 0.842 0.759 9.9
48 Türkiye 0.838 0.741 11.6
49 Montenegro 0.832 .. ..
50 Kuwait 0.831 0.452 45.6
51 Brunei Darussalam 0.829 0.358 56.8
52 Russian Federation 0.822 0.721 12.3
53 Romania 0.821 0.738 10.1
54 Oman 0.816 0.710 13.0
55 Bahamas 0.812 0.634 21.9
56 Kazakhstan 0.811 0.590 27.3
57 Trinidad and Tobago 0.810 .. ..
58 Costa Rica 0.809 0.746 7.8
58 Uruguay 0.809 0.733 9.4
60 Belarus 0.808 0.751 7.1
61 Panama 0.805 0.740 8.1
62 Malaysia 0.803 0.681 15.2
63 Georgia 0.802 0.749 6.6
63 Mauritius 0.802 .. ..
63 Serbia 0.802 0.715 10.8
66 Thailand 0.800 0.735 8.1
High human development
67 Albania 0.796 0.739 7.2
68 Bulgaria 0.795 0.708 10.9
68 Grenada 0.795 .. ..
70 Barbados 0.790 .. ..
71 Antigua and Barbuda 0.788 .. ..
72 Seychelles 0.785 .. ..
73 Sri Lanka 0.782 0.761 2.7
74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.780 0.691 11.4
75 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.777 .. ..
76 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.774 0.677 12.5
77 Ukraine 0.773 0.703 9.1
78 North Macedonia 0.770 0.707 8.2
79 China 0.768 0.648 15.6
80 Dominican Republic 0.767 0.719 6.3
80 Moldova (Republic of) 0.767 0.748 2.5
80 Palau 0.767 .. ..
83 Cuba 0.764 0.721 5.6
84 Peru 0.762 0.721 5.4
85 Armenia 0.759 0.727 4.2
86 Mexico 0.758 0.704 7.1
87 Brazil 0.754 0.676 10.3
88 Colombia 0.752 0.711 5.5
89 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.751 .. ..
90 Maldives 0.747 .. ..
91 Algeria 0.745 0.687 7.8
91 Azerbaijan 0.745 0.688 7.7
91 Tonga 0.745 .. ..
91 Turkmenistan 0.745 0.632 15.2
95 Ecuador 0.740 0.704 4.9
96 Mongolia 0.739 0.557 24.6
97 Egypt 0.731 0.692 5.3
97 Tunisia 0.731 0.687 6.0
99 Fiji 0.730 .. ..
99 Suriname 0.730 .. ..
101 Uzbekistan 0.727 0.688 5.4
102 Dominica 0.720 .. ..
102 Jordan 0.720 0.683 5.1
104 Libya 0.718 0.626 12.8
105 Paraguay 0.717 0.648 9.6
106 Palestine, State of 0.715 .. ..
106 Saint Lucia 0.715 .. ..
108 Guyana 0.714 .. ..
109 South Africa 0.713 0.648 9.1
110 Jamaica 0.709 0.663 6.5
111 Samoa 0.707 .. ..
112 Gabon 0.706 0.666 5.7
112 Lebanon 0.706 0.646 8.5
114 Indonesia 0.705 0.672 4.7
115 Viet Nam 0.703 0.662 5.8
Medium human development
116 Philippines 0.699 0.664 5.0
117 Botswana 0.693 0.633 8.7
118 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.692 0.647 6.5
118 Kyrgyzstan 0.692 0.658 4.9
120 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.691 0.645 6.7
121 Iraq 0.686 0.622 9.3
122 Tajikistan 0.685 0.662 3.4
123 Belize 0.683 0.637 6.7
123 Morocco 0.683 0.652 4.5
125 El Salvador 0.675 0.652 3.4
126 Nicaragua 0.667 0.647 3.0
127 Bhutan 0.666 0.553 17.0
128 Cabo Verde 0.662 .. ..
129 Bangladesh 0.661 0.649 1.8
130 Tuvalu 0.641 .. ..
131 Marshall Islands 0.639 .. ..
132 India 0.633 0.609 3.8
133 Ghana 0.632 0.618 2.2
134 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.628 .. ..
135 Guatemala 0.627 0.601 4.1
136 Kiribati 0.624 .. ..
137 Honduras 0.621 0.599 3.5
138 Sao Tome and Principe 0.618 .. ..
139 Namibia 0.615 0.574 6.7
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.607 0.559 7.9
140 Timor-Leste 0.607 .. ..
140 Vanuatu 0.607 .. ..
143 Nepal 0.602 0.584 3.0
144 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.597 .. ..
145 Equatorial Guinea 0.596 0.520 12.8
146 Cambodia 0.593 0.573 3.4
146 Zimbabwe 0.593 0.587 1.0
148 Angola 0.586 0.577 1.5
149 Myanmar 0.585 0.577 1.4
150 Syrian Arab Republic 0.577 0.565 2.1
151 Cameroon 0.576 0.569 1.2
152 Kenya 0.575 0.561 2.4
153 Congo 0.571 0.564 1.2
154 Zambia 0.565 0.557 1.4
155 Solomon Islands 0.564 .. ..
156 Comoros 0.558 .. ..
156 Papua New Guinea 0.558 0.541 3.0
158 Mauritania 0.556 0.533 4.1
159 Côte d'Ivoire 0.550 0.540 1.8
Low human development
160 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.549 0.544 0.9
161 Pakistan 0.544 0.531 2.4
162 Togo 0.539 0.528 2.0
163 Haiti 0.535 0.528 1.3
163 Nigeria 0.535 0.524 2.1
165 Rwanda 0.534 0.529 0.9
166 Benin 0.525 0.515 1.9
166 Uganda 0.525 0.520 1.0
168 Lesotho 0.514 .. ..
169 Malawi 0.512 0.508 0.8
170 Senegal 0.511 0.499 2.3
171 Djibouti 0.509 0.470 7.7
172 Sudan 0.508 0.480 5.5
173 Madagascar 0.501 0.497 0.8
174 Gambia 0.500 0.490 2.0
175 Ethiopia 0.498 0.496 0.4
176 Eritrea 0.492 0.483 1.8
177 Guinea-Bissau 0.483 .. ..
178 Liberia 0.481 0.474 1.5
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.479 0.473 1.3
180 Afghanistan 0.478 0.474 0.8
181 Sierra Leone 0.477 0.472 1.0
182 Guinea 0.465 0.454 2.4
183 Yemen 0.455 0.448 1.5
184 Burkina Faso 0.449 0.442 1.6
185 Mozambique 0.446 0.441 1.1
186 Mali 0.428 0.418 2.3
187 Burundi 0.426 0.422 0.9
188 Central African Republic 0.404 0.401 0.7
189 Niger 0.400 0.392 2.0
190 Chad 0.394 0.379 3.8
191 South Sudan 0.385 0.376 2.3
Other countries or territories
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. .. ..
.. Monaco .. .. ..
.. Nauru .. .. ..
.. Somalia .. .. ..
Regions
Arab States 0.708 0.646 8.8
East Asia and the Pacific 0.749 0.657 12.3
Europe and Central Asia 0.796 0.713 10.4
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.754 0.695 7.8
South Asia 0.632 0.609 3.6
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.547 0.536 2.0
Notes
a. Based on countries for which a Planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index value is calcu
Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dim
Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI): HDI value adjusted by the level of carbon dioxide emissions
Difference from HDI value: Percentage difference between the PHDI value and the HDI value.
Difference from HDI rank: Difference in ranks on the PHDI and the HDI, calculated only for countries for
Adjustment factor for planetary pressures: Arithmetic average of the carbon dioxide emissions index a
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (production): Carbon dioxide emissions produced as a conseque
Carbon dioxide emissions (production) index: Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (production-based
Material footprint per capita: The attribution of global material extraction to domestic final demand of a c
Material footprint index: Material footprint per capita expressed as an index with a minimum value of 0 a
Carbon
Carbon
Adjustment dioxide
dioxide Material Material
ssures-adjusted HDI factor for emissions
emissions footprint footprint
(PHDI) planetary per capita
(production) per capita index
pressures (production
index
)
Difference
from HDI Value (tonnes) Value (tonnes) Value
rank
2021 a
2021 2020 2020 2019 2019
ge achievement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard o
vel of carbon dioxide emissions and material footprint per capita to account for excessive human pressure on the planet. It sho
lue and the HDI value.
calculated only for countries for which a PHDI value is calculated.
carbon dioxide emissions index and the material footprint index. A high value implies less pressure on the planet.
missions produced as a consequence of human activities (use of coal, oil and gas for combustion and industrial processes, gas
ons per capita (production-based) expressed as an index with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 68.72 tonnes per
n to domestic final demand of a country, divided by midyear population. Total material footprint is the sum of material footprint f
ndex with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 107.42 tonnes per capita. A high value implies less pressure on the pl
IMF (2022), UNDESA (2022a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Ban
r presented in column 5.
ustrial processes, gas flaring and cement manufacture), divided by midyear population. Values are territorial emissions, meanin
e of 68.72 tonnes per capita. A high value implies less pressure on the planet.
m of material footprint for biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores and nonmetal ores, calculated as the raw material equivalent of impo
ess pressure on the planet.
rritorial emissions, meaning that emissions are attributed to the country in which they physically occur.
material equivalent of imports plus domestic extraction minus raw material equivalents of exports. Material footprint per capita de
erial footprint per capita describes the average material use for final demand.
Back
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