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L. rel.

249
L. rel .293
293 Lynch
 S
FOR -OjDEAS GHNAITH -Gh2015112ge
%MAH-EIREAND
Low the Ax
an Arthan
Munay
CINTRODUCTION
TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE

IRISH LANGUAGE,
AS NOW SPOKEN ;
CONTAINING
A comprehensive Exemplification of the alphabeticSounds, and a com
plete Analysis of the Accidents of the declinable Parts ; with the
Pronunciation of each Irish word employed in Illustration, so far as
Characters ;
could be effected by the Substitution of English
Systematically arranged and methodically disposed, in fourteen short
SYNOPTIC TABLES.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED ,
1.- Examples of the Gaelic or Caledonian Conjugations, and a curious
Specimen of the Erse of the 17th Century : from the Reverend
Alexander Stewart's Gaelic Grammar, 2d Edition Edinb: 1812.
II. - The Lord's Prayerin the original Irish and English Characters ; as
also in the Gaelic of Scotland ; in the Manx; and in the Welsh , being
the only existingsister Dialects of the Language originally spoken
in the Britannic Iles.
III.-T. Franc. O Molloy's Poetical Address to his Countrymer ,
lamenting the neglected State of Irish Literature, & c .

BY PATRICK LYNCH,
SEC. TO THE GAELIC SOCIETYOF DUBLIN , 8c.

bjaran žaojiealz fameay mo BIBLIOTHECA

un dje -chlač nab-klearg 6 -righól, REGIA
brs maje a Fjan bud zaot grjon :
S- zac laoć a trjall fa tuajnJMLONACENSIS

DUBLIN :
PRINTED BY GRAISBERRY AND CAMPBELL, 10 , BACK -LANE ;
and sold by Messrs Gilbert andBooksellers,
Hodges, H.Fitzpatrick,
Dublin.
Cummins, Watson, & c.
1815.
 Now preparing for Press, and speedily will be published in one large
octavo volume, price to subscribers £1 . 2s. 9d.
А

BIOGRAPHICAL and HISTORICAL DICTION.RY, OF

ILLUSTRIOUS IRISH CHARACTERS, BY

MR. LYNCH ,
SECRETARY TO THE GAELIC SOCIETY OF DUBLIN, &c.
THE work will comprehend accurate Memoirs of such among the natives of
Ireland as have been celebrated either for their Genius , Talents, and Virtues ; or for
their errors, eccentricities, and vices ; with a particular account and analysis of the
Literary Productions of the most eminent Irish writers from the earliest periods of
our history to the present time.
Oi this work, which, though long a desideratum in Irish Literature, is the first of the
kind ever attempted for our countrymen , the author has resolved to limit the number to be
printed to no more copies than are actually subscribed for : it is therefore requested that
such as wish to encourage the undertaking and favor him with Biographical notices,
will forward the same with their signatures 10 Messrs . Gilbert and Hodges, and to Mr.
Fitzpatrick , booksellers, Dublin ;
Where may be had the following works by Mr. LYNCH :
1. The Poetical Preceptor, containing a concise grammar both philosophical and
practical of the English language. In this comprehensive epitomné, therules and
definitions, are adapted to Murray's Exercises, and composed in familiar verses ; a
mode considered by the learned to be the most efficacious and simple of any hitherto
invented for assisting the memory of Youth, 12mo. Price 35. 3d.
II. Portable Chronoscope or Chronology, in which the precepts and definitions are
rendered into familiar verses, second edition , 12mo. 3s 3d .
III. A concise introduction to Astronomy, with the geometrical and other neces.
sary definitions, familiarly composed in memorative verses. By Mr. Lynch, 12mo .
IV . Lynch's Geography, in which will be found , more notices of the ancient and
modern Topography of Ireland, than in any duodecimo Compend ever offered to the
public.
V. Lynch's improved edition of Wettenhal's Greek Grammar ; containing more
examples of the inflection of nouns, &c. than any larger Grammar hitherto published .
VI . Lynch's proofs of the existence of St. Patrick , and a new English translation
of the ancient Irish hymn of St. Fiech, bishop of Sletty, printed on the collateralpage
with the original in the Irish character ; subjoined to which is the erroneous Latin
translation in Colgan's edition of Trias Thaumaturgus, with critical notes ; as also the
Roman Catholic succession to the four Archiepiscopal sees of Ireland to the present
time. N. B. This work is tbe exclusive property of Mr. Fitzpatrick .
VII. Lynch's life of Columkille. This work having been published in an im
perfect state, contrary to the author's intention, he is now preparing a second
edition, in which the state of society, and progress of religion and civilization in
ਦੇ
Great Britain and Ireland, during the 7th and 8th centuries, will be particularly
illustrated conformably with the Author's original plan , by which the Saint's Life
will be rendered equally interesting and entertaining to every class of readers,
VIII . The remaining numbers of Keating's Ireland, in which the new translation
into English is accompanied on the collateral page with the author's original text ,
in the native Irish Character, and now continued by Mr. Lynch and publishing by
Mr. Barlow .
N. B. The new translation of the first volume of Keating's history, though origi
nally published in Mr. Lynch's name, was begun and nearly completed by the late
William Halliday , Esq. one of the vice -presidents of the Gaelic Society. As an
additional embellishment to the work , he drew up, and delineated an accurate map
of Ireland , with the ancient names engraved in the Irish character .
To tbe Vol. prefixed , a life of Dr. Keating, including an account of the ancient
and modern system of education, and the manner of preparing young priests for
foreign colleges , with a full viudication of Keating's history, & c . compiled and
written by Mr. Lynch , and to be had at Barlow's .
Mr. Lynch continues to prepare copy and correct for the Press, and also to give
instructions to such as wish for a practical knowledge of the Irish language, accordin
ing to the pure dialect used in Thomond , of which he is a native,
>
 ŠOUR

THE
Xoec

IRISH ALPHABET .
DEON

Letters - Irisb English Pronun Hebrew Greek

No.
ius

Figure. Name, Name. ciatioli . Names . Names.

21 a a alm ailim allim aleph alpha 1

E

bbb bejė beith beih beth beta 2

c coll coll kowell kaph kappa 3
od duin duir dhuirr daleth delta 4
E e baja eadha aygha e eta 5
f f petarn fearn farrun phe phi 6
G g Gort gort gurth gimel gamma 7
1 1 i joša iogha eeghya jod jota 8
1 1 luk luis luish Jamed lambda 9
M m m mujn muin muin men ‫ נן‬u 10
N 11 n
n nujn nuin nooinn nun nu 11
o 0 Oir ojñ onn oir, onn ain ( 12

P P Pp peje peith peh pe pi 13

I puf ruis rush resch j'( ) 14
n
of S full suil suil shin sigma 15
С t TEJNE teine tinné thau tau 16
u u Vin uir 00-ir vau u 17
h huac uath ooah heth he 18

The names of theseletters are very ancient, and seem to have been ori,
ginally derived from the NoachicLanguage, from which they were adopted
by the Chaldeans, Egyptians and Canaanites or Phenicians, and by these
introduced into Greece and the S. west of Europe. This has beenthe
opinion of Eupolemus. Eusebius, St. Jerome, St. Augustine and Bellar
mine with most of our modern Philologers.
1 Aleph in Hebrew from Aluph signifies a Prinçe : 2. Beth in Hebrew
and Irish an house ; 3, Coph'a Curve : 4 Daleth in Hebrew and Durruss
in Irish a gate, a door: 9. Lamed ( and Laun in Irish )from Malmad a goad,
spit or Spear: 14. Resch from Rosch a head : 15. Schin in Hebrew a
Tooth : 16. Thau denotes a mark or sign or bounds, being the last cha
racte in the Hebrew Alphabet. The names of these letters are however
deduced from those of Trees, &c. by O'Flaherty, Dr. O'Brien , &c. for
which see the Rev. Paul O'Brien's excellent Irish Grammar, printed by
Fitzpatrick , Dublin, 1809 .
B
2 Irish Orthoepy .
1. TheIrish Alphabet abgite ar na Gaojige.

Small
, a 6c
Capitals. 21 6 CoefGILMNOPRSTUH
b c d e f g 11 m n o p t pe u h
English a b c d e f g i lm n op r s t u h
II. Consonants affected by previous letters, thus,
Asperated ċ li ri j § † Ñ iÏ ¢ buy cc gc nn tt
orwith h2 ch bhmh dh gh th ph ph th by cc gc ñ et
annexed. Sch bh mh dh gh fh ph sh th bf cc go on tt
Pronounced.gh,vor w , y y * fhh w g gnn d
II . Power of the Vowels exemplified .
Vowels, &c. Power, Examples. Pronounced like. Meaning.
as
or a a an an an the
or a aw ban bán bawn white
E or ae de gael gael goél Irish
10 orao je caol caol koél slender
dj or ai 8 M :19ė maith măwh
Mi1jė good
ajor ai aw-i cájl cail kaw-il repute
ore e or ay pie ré ray moon
ca or ea ă geal geal găl white
ed or ea ay méart mear mayor finger
Gjor ei ě
EI gein geir ghỏirr tallow
61 or ei aý dejrc deirc dhayirk alms
CO or eo ŭ Deoc deoch deugh drink
GO oreo óa reol seo ) shoal loom
64 or eu ayú beul beul bayèl mouth
ori i mjn min min meal
1
1 or i ee min min meen fine
ja or ia ee-a flar fiar fee -ar true
jo orio 1 hjor lios Jiss fort
j0orio ee- u fjon fion fee -un white
ju oriu ŭ Ključ fliuch fugh wet
ju oriu ce-u Tujuy triur tree-ur three
 co
The Vowels and Consonants.
Vowels, &c. Power. Examples. Pronounced like. Meaning
0 or o ŭ or
COR or cor curr turn
0 or o ó mor mor more great
dj or oi xe COIN coir
coir quòěrrcrime
Oj or oi óě соју coir quó-irr just
u or u น gul gul gull cry
u or u 00 cú cul COO hound
ua orua ova ruar fuar fwo -ar cold
uy or ui ooi fugl fuil fooil blood
uj orui 661 pril s00-il sóoil eye
adj or aoi ó - ee maojn inaoin moo -een goods
toj or eoi ao - ee peopl seoil shoa -ill drive thou
jaj oriai ce - ě ljais liaigh lee -ay of a doctor
Juj oriui e-oo ciuin ciuin ke-00-ensilent
uaj or uai oo - ee uajs uaigh 00 - a -ee a grave
III . The Power of the dotted or asperated Con
sonants Exemplified .
Consonants. Power. Examples. Pronounced . Meaning.
ć or ch gh as a cor a chos a chuss his foot
b or bh v or w a brat a bhrat a vrath his cover
m or mh v or w a marta mharta varth his beef
• ordh y a vún a dhun a yhoon his fort
or gh y a gort a ghort a yburth hisgarden
ř orfh * a fin · a fhir a irr отап

p or ph f a pog a phog a foag his kiss

or sh h a fuil a shuil a hoo -ill his eye
Ċ or th h a čín a thir a hee - ir his land
Obser vatio ns on the letters of the Irish Alphabet.
In Irish there are many sounds totally unknown to the English and
French ; to shew therefore the exact pronunciation of every word in the
Irish language by means of the English or French Alphabets would be
an ineffectual attempt. What has been aimed at here isto select as many
Irish words of those in common use as comprehend the various sounds of
theVowels and Consonants ; to arrange them in concise tables ; and to
spell them with so many letters selected from the alphabet of these tongues
as nearly correspond with those of the Irish. By thus submitting them
to the student's perusal he will be enabled to pronounce a great many
words withpropriety and to make a native Irishman express such com
binations of lettersshand syllables as cannot be pourtrayed by means of
those of the Engli or French: Thus the student will acquire a more
expeditious ,comprehensive and critical knowledge of the alphabetic sounds
and accidents of the language of Ireland than from any compend of Irish
Grammar ever before published.
4 Irish Orthoepy.
IV. Consonants which in coalescence influence
each other or cause an elision change, &c.*
Cons. Eelipse&. Examples, Irish. Pronounced nearly as Significatlon No..

b by m as ar m -orcon awr murroan our sorrow 1

cbyc as ar c-chan awr graun our tree 2
c by g as an g-cean awr gaun our head 3
oby 11 as ár n -Dújt awr noo -ill our desire 4
by b as an b -xull awr will our blood 5
by d as Doge art darth thy land 6
je by m as M -pajne mawnny my ring 7
fe by t as T -ye anan tarran thy land 8
p by b as an b - port awr burth our bank 9
ř by c as a c-Seagajn a cháw - in o John 10
ř by t as an t-plat an thlath the rod il
ċ by d as an o -te ac awr dach our house 12

2. The Liquids 1I n r (inn) exemplified ,

I. Word . Meaning Feminine. E. Meaning. Pronouncd . M. or S. E. Meaning
lari hand a lari her hand allhauv alam his h . 13
ne art force a neart her force annyarth a neant his .f. 14
nis kirg a 113 her king arrhee bis k . 15
a 115
In r , thick , are nearly like ll in million , middle nn
in minnion and rr in carrion .

3. Double Letters sometimes used.

ce for gas ar cctant ár garth our right 16
ár vowan our tune 17
FX for bf as ar trón
ár braw -in our need 18
pp forr bp as ar pprain ar dinné
TC fo d as ar TEJNE our fire 19
113 nasal · as an M -Grajn ár ngrawin our hate 20
* The Consonants, as is evident from the text, have two sounds, the sim
ple and the adventitious or secondary ; on which account they are proper
ly called mutables. Three of them have the second sound in a less percepti
ble manner, viz the liquid, ,I,l n, r.
r as explained above. This peculiarity of
retaining the radical letters, and designating their variations of sound by
diacritical points, the Irish have, in common with the present Hebrews
and Arabians ; which last have multiplied their letters from 18 to 28 by
a similarprocedure, ofpoints set over or under the radical letters, a peculi.
arity which the Welsh would do well to imitate or adopt.
 Vowels and Consonants. 5

V. Sounds of the more difficult Vowels further exemplified

1 , ea is sounded like a in hat , in
Irish Word . Pronounced. Irish Word . Pronounced . Irish Word . Pronounced .

tać agh 1 Deare dark 4 nearii Dav 7

beać bach 2 leac lacque 5 reare sharq 8
Ce anc kark 3 mear mass 6 TE ar tass 9

a sounded nearly like o in not, cot, or a in what, &c .

bac bock 10 Yad foddh 13 mac mock 16
Cat coth 11 gal goll 14 pac sock 17
Dari day 12 lag logg 15 Tapt tharth 18

2. a before the Liquids 1l nin nr nearly as aw or au.

ball baull 19 keall faull 22 peall pawll 25
clann clann 20 Lann laun 23 pann rawn 26
dall daall 21 mall mawull24 teann tawa 27

3. ao ao sounded nearly as æ or ce, or eu in mæurs

French .

aon @un 28 Gról goeul 31 naori noeuv 34

bron brveun29 kõć loeugh 32 Taon sayur 35
cról koeull 80 mor moeur 33 caob thayuv36
Observations on the Liquids, 13, 14, 15, page 4.
* Each of these as initials has two sounds,the thick
and slender, very difficult to be distinguished ex
cept by long practice, and that in repeating them
after a native Irishman who has good clear organs
for pronunciation. The slender sound is used for the
Masculine Gender, and also for the Vocative Case ;
the thick prevails in the rest.
When Il nn and rp are doubled in the middle or
end of words the preceding vowel is to be pronoun
ced full and strong as Dall blind ceannta mild
barn summit are pronounced Dhanl Kaunsa bawr.
The explanation of the above words according to the figures annexed.
1 a steed . 2 Bee. 3 hen. 4 sight. 5 flat stone. 6 esteem . 7 heaven
8 love. 9 heat 10 hindrance. 11 cat. 18. fat ox . 19. length . 14 blast.
15 weak. 16 son 17 sack or bag. 18 thirst 19 a member 20 children.
21 blind. 22 treachery. 23 lance. 24 slow. 25 palfrey. 26 verse 27 stil .
28 one. 29 drop. 30 slender. 31 Irish. $ 2 champion. 33 steward .
31 saint 35 Wright or Mason. 36 the side.
6 Irish Orthoepy .
4. Words of more difficult Pronunciation.
Irish Name. English Letter. Meaning Pronounced nearly as
avanc adharc horn eye arc
agajo aghaidh face eye
abrao adhradh adore eye -ru
anlajn amhain rirer av vuin
abbar adhbbar cause aw ur

bodan bodhar deaf bowar

boga bogba a boru bow
bragajo braghaid captive breide
bujve an buidhean property buee- an
cabain cabhair succour cow.air
Kašajl taghail to get fow ill
olca folcha covering fullaccha
gabha smith
Gaba gow.
Gjurvie giumhuis fir tree gee-ooish
nóiuga maotlughadh muistening moehoo
loban lobhar leper llowvar
Oireannac oireamhneach fitting errunach
parant ramhar fat rau - war
farlugav samblughadh pattern sawvloo
tajobre taidhbhse thoevshey
apparition
tang tadhg poet thg
5. Words spelt as Monosyllables , but pronounced nearly as
Words of two Syllables like the shevated words in Hebrew .
Irish Words. Pronounced. Meaning. Irish Words. Pronounced . Meaning.
ball balluv stuttering ajam annim name

bolg bollug a belly arm arrim weapons

cealg kallag a sting carn carrun heap
to16 Jolliv sorroro reilb shelliv possessioni
fearg farrag anger fealg shallug mild
6 Other combinations of Vowels and Consonants difficult to be
pronounced by Students.
Words in Irish, In English. Pronounced . No.

ajċifirjað aithisiughadin awhishslioo 1

bajdeacarać baidheachasach baechassach 2

coirii-riie arrġao coimh -mheasughadh covvassoo 3

gniari eačtac gniomh eachtach gneeov- eaghtach 4
laecearnt laetheamhuil laehoo - il 5

* 1 , Blasphemy. 2. Thankful, 3. Comparison. 4. Feat-performing. 5. Day.

 Particles of the Irish and Erse. 7

VI. The Particles of the Irish and Erse.

1. The Simple Prepositions.
Prep . Sounded Engl. Preposition . Sound. Engl. Prep . Sound . Engl.
ag ag at xa ,fú fa , foo under le le with
a a at pój foo -ee under mac mach out
an an in veao fă thro o Ô from
an ar on fuai foo - a among pe re with
ar ass from gan gan without rein rér accdg.
cvim chum for go go to poim riv before
eer
CVige chuige to Jan after tar thar over
de dě yě fromedin eddir 'tween tnjo treed thro
20 dò yo to . 1o11 idder ' tween uaó voo-a from

2. Simple Conjunctions in Irish and Erse.

Conjunc. Pro- Eng. Conjunc- Pro- Eng. Conjunc- Pro Eng
tion. nounced lish. tion . nounced . lish tion nounced . lish .

agu aguss and da dhaw if Mrnu munna if not

af ass and fór foas still na na not

Hy orç iss and CE ŠE ke ghe tho 11 nee not

act aght but giveao gehyéthó niać nach no
ariivit avvul as GO gha till o ó since
arila awla as zur gurr that on ó-ir but
bjoc beeogh tho ma maw if rul sull before

3. Principal simple Adverbs.

Adverbs. Pronounced . English . Adverbs. Pronounced . English .
ang annish now a bror avvuss near

arh arreesh again call thawl. yonder

njani ree- av ever amać amagh outside
cojúce chuighe hever arteać astagh inside
Yearoa fassda afterward toon ee-ghun viz.
fjon sheer constantly joon ee -ghun id est
anarit annav seldom joovn ee-ghun id est
rior sheess downwardsumono umorro moreover
frar 800 - ass upwards umorno umorro moreover
roir sērr eastward #NOCT anoght to night
ruan shee - ar westward anein arrayer last night
*
* By prefixing go to any Adjective, it becomes an Adverb thus,
30 macánta, go makawnta honestly ; go ceanra, gently ; 30
eneayda, mildly , &c. &c.
8 Irish Nouns.

VII. The changes which the Nouns undergo in decli

ning exemplified.
1. With and without an Article.
Singular. A Hill. The Hill , A Foot. The Foot.
Nom . a CNOC un CNOC COT an cor
Gen , of. cnnic an cnnic COITE na colpe
Dat. to . cnoc Do'n cnoc cor do'n cor
Acc . a . CNOC CHOC cor ancos
Voc . o. Ĉnric a conic cor acor
Abl, fromg.cnOC G -CHOC cor ancor
Plural Hills. The Hills . Feet. The Feet.
Nom . Cuvic на спус cofa na cara
Gen. of. G CHOC na G NOC G -cor na g car
Dat. to. 11Vic Dona CnVIC cora do'na cora
Acc . Curic на суіс cora na cara
Voc . 0. Cnoca cnoca a cofa a cora
Ab. with chivic . lelr 110 Cnvic cora lelna coraor
Dat. Ab.cnocajö leir na cali corajli leina cofajl
2. Nouns with Articles exemplified.
Sing. The Bow. Leader . Architect. Bird .

N. an boğa toleac raor Can

G. an boğa Tólfeas T -faoin Eajn
1 ) . Do'n boğa Toivent Traon can
A. an boğa taolreac raor C- 641
V. a boga čaolis Yaoir tajn
A. anboğa taoleac laor tan
Plur. The Bows. Chieftain . Architects. Birds.

N. na boj ajo Taoinis faoin h- bajnt

m- ean
T taoireć
G. na m -bošajó t- raor
D. bogajo Cao15 raoin h tajn
A. na bosaji taolis faoin h -Fajn
V. a boğajó taolis faona tajn
A.* ganna bogajo tóireas
*
raoir fajn
Dat& Abl. boğajb tõifiċjö # radingbt héanvil
*
* boğajli is also spelt bojavajli teanlaća is also said .
ftaolicjb is spelt taolfeácil andfingo raorajb .
The two first scarcely to be met with, except in Grammars
or in our licentious Poets.
 Substantives Declined . 9

3. Masculine Nouns of common Use .

Singular, the Tree. Head . Loom . Spit. or Spit . Lough .
Nom . an crann ceann peol bin birt loc
Gen. anćnoinn ĉjun TCr- eolt bébeaanpaa bir loca
Dat. do'n cranncéann T - scol bir bin 1.0c
Abl. o'ng -Crann g -ceañpcot m bir bijn loc
ni-bjpt
Plural . The Trees. The Heads. The Looms. Spits. 8pits. Loughs.
Nom .. na croinn cinn feoil
eojt beanna bing loca
Gen: mag-craī g.ceañseol m -bean mein loc
Dat loo'nacpajnncfnn réola bearna biñn loca
Ab. İcrannajo ceánajbfcotaju bearajo birjo ločajo
Cloth . Day. Cow .
Singular. King. Poet.
cadać lá bo
Nom . R15 Yjle
Gen. R15 Filio cadas lõi lae bo
cadać la bojn
D & A.R15 File
Clethes . Days. Cows.
Plural. Kings. Poets .
Nom. Nište 43110 h- eadajú lagjeet ba
Gen. 115 @xiljö n-éadaig laojie mbo
LOCE be or
Dat.or Míšte Viljoe headais
Ab . ríščili miljóib h -eadaćaji lao'rib buajti
4. Feminines in common use declined .

Hand . End . Pig, Mouth .

5 Sing. Woman . Daughter.
N. ingean lančnjoć mrc
an tean mj
G. Ma mnah ingine lajme cnjcte myice mora .
* , D. Do'n niini ingin lajm
ไ enjoč rinic ring
m
Hands. Ends . Pigs. Mouths,
Plural Women . Daughters.
N. Ma mna ingeana lamt crjoča mrca mora
G. na m -ban h-ingin lant g-crjoc muc mora
D. do na mna h-jnšin lana enjoča muca mjaft
A.or mnajb jnišjnjoi larita cnjočajb mr- mjor
-caji -ajbi
* In Munster, &c. instead of doncof, gani cor,
donlari, gan lar , don y peal,don Šnjan they say don
Colf, lajm ( pejt, don Šreja, &c.
t. The usual plural of lá, law , is laočanca, Laohantha
days. с
10 Irish Nouns .

5. More Examples of the Feminine Gender.

Sing. The Fish. Rock. Wave . Scythe. Sun.
N.ant.jarc canna13 TONN rpeal zrian
G. na h -evice carraige TOjNnE FPEJLE grejne
D. Don1: capraig TONN rpejl GREIN
A. ô'n jarc G-carraig T-toñ peji n -grejn
Plur. The Fishes. Rocks. Waves. Scythes . Suns .

N. na h - jarca carraigió tonna peala gnjana

G. na n -jare g-canraig
- tс - tonn ppeal 11-Gnian
D , dona h -järcacajnrigjó ton -na fpeala gnjajn
Aðnah-japcajb cannagajo toñajli ppealab gnjanaji
6. Promiscuous Examples of the Nominative and
Genitive Cases in both numbers.
Singular Number. Plural Number ,
Nominative Meaning, Genitive. Nominative. Genitive. Gender.
clab lip an clajb clajo g-clab m.
pliabi mount ant-plejo plebte Fljali m.
cljač hurdle na clejce cljačaća g cljać f.

pnájće thread an tornajče rnajčise pnáčajóe m .

ináčad needle na fráčájde ináčada na práčad f.
Coga in . war an coga cogajde na z-cogajde
bnerg lie na bneige brerga na m -bnerg f.
abal apple an abaji abalá na n - abalam .
cljan clergy na cleine cleine na g- cljan f.
THEJE tribe na tnejbe Theabnct na d -trejo f.
céim step Ma CEJME CEJMJOE na g -cejm f.
Freani root na prejme réañaća b - freamać f..
ačajn father an acar h -acarća nan-aċar m .
Craob branchna craoibe chõbe na g-crob f.
choć gallows na Crojce Crojčjo na g-choć f.
cloc stone · na cloica cloča na g cloc f.
laos a Calf ankois laoji na laos in.
Maori saint an möjrini nãojnih na nori m.
luć mouse na Ivice lrća na luč f.
narujo foe annarinio
un najriide na narirom .
cul neck an'cril cula na g -evil m .
clým feather ancimin clrajnie na g -clýrim .
glýn knee Ha Glving glvine na 1 -glýn f.
carýn hammer ančarvin Caprir na g -carūpm
M. for Masculine, and F. for Feminine.
 Substantives Declined . 11

Singular Number. Plural Numbir .

Nominative . Meaning. Genitive . Nominative . Genitive.

ravic stream an trroca procar na fruć m .

mallaćt curse an mallajćt mallaćtjš mallaćt m .
taog Thady an tajóg tajög na d -taögin
rgolb scollop an rgojlb rgojlb na rgolb m
calc hardness an čajic cajicis na g -calcf
realg hunt na reilge realza na realg f.
Cyng yoke сүүИ50 cringjo na G -cringe m .
lean child an lejnjoi lejnji na leanab m .
ajum name an ajnme ànimneaca na n ajnm m .
tarbi bull an tajrii tajno na d-tarb m .
plast serpent na PEITTE pjartajo na b - pjant i.
omne .

a person an 'ovine Daojne na 1 -DAOjnem ,

Orój druid an Draoj Orójijo na n -orójcef,
bro quern na brojne brojnte na'm -briójntis
сии nut сило) СИО na g.cn m .
сии hound con, Coin con na G CON m.
Singular Number Plural Number .
Nominative . Genitive. Nominative. Genitive.

OfTOIR 1 Ortóra Ortoin15 11-0ftoInJŠE

oftoIn antoftóra na h -ortóiníše na ni ortóinjše
alteoir 2 afteora alteoinſ alfteonji m .

aisteoir ajiteora na h-airteolrig nan aisteoirí

brajitéojpsbrajiteora brajite onić m.brajlteonjše
ceoltoir 4 ceoltora ceoltoiniG g CEOltoinjś m.
1 An Innkeeper. 2. an actor. 3. a Thresher . 4. a Musician ,
N. B. There seem to be only four radical variations
for the inflection of Nouns in the Irish ; at least as the lan
guage is at present spoken : these changes are the nomina.
tive or naming case and the genitive or possessive case
in the singular and plural. As for the termination 16, ibh , or
aiv , added to the dative and ablative plural, after the prepo
sitions do, ua, go, é Vige, gan, ô or xa, le, or pe, & c.
it is seldom employed in colloquial conversation : neither
is it uniformly found in ancient MSS. thus a man would be
laughed at, were he in the country to say tabain féur do
nacajplib or do capallnb,give hayto the horses,instead
of Tabajn keur dona capril. Thowerr féur dona Kop
puill. However year a man, and aa few other monosylla
bic words, are an exception to the above, as we say na
pearajb, of na ye anajb ,do na ye arajb, &c. &c. &c
12 Adjectives declined .
VIII . Variation of Adjectives through the Cases.
Nominative Singular, Genitive Singular. Plural . N& G
Masc . Meaning . Femin , Masc . Femin . Masc . & Femin ,

món great món moin MOINE mora *

VEG small VEG WEIG LEIGE beaga
majć good maji maji majc mata
ag young og 01G DIGE óga or Óg
Dear handsome Dear Delf DELITE Deara
Dearg red Dearg deing DEINGE Dearga
trajnc gay fuairc fuairc quarce quarca
boce poor boca bojci boicte bocca
milif sweet muli iniliy milye milur
* Thus cear món, bean món, G an jin roln ,na mna
moine Plural N. na rin móra na mina móra G. na
berce ar móra na mi-be an móra or mór, &c.
In polysyllables, few distinctions are observable be
tween these changes for determining the genders of
adjectives.
2. Comparison of Adjectives.
Adj, simple. Meaning in Eng. Comparative Degree. Superlative Degree.
ano high njor alnde no ano
boca poor njof bojcte po boct
lag weak 1110f lrige ro lag
OG young njor OIGE ro og
ra11 old njor reine porean
3. Adjectives exemplified without the particle njoy in Phrases .
hard as it cruajó 1
cruaó € na jaran
OF0.

chodu valiantly chodnjše ſ na laoć

1111neać modest if nainise € na bean
cjalniup sensible i celljše 1 na aon -OVINE 4
Hal hospitableix fejle e na.ačajn 5

* | It is harder than Iron. 2. She is more valiant than a champion.

3. He is more shameful than a woman . 4. She is more sensible than any
person . 5. More hospitable is he than his father;
Thus also,

Gheanman merry ni bafuil neaċir gheanrinajre'nae

Not one is more facetious than he.ljonta filled as if
ljonta mo Šlone ri ma i rin . More filled is my glass
than that.
 Comparisons of Adjectives. 1s

4.The following Adjectives are irregular as well in Irish as

in most other Languages, both ancient and modern .
Simple. Meaning. Comparative, or Comparative. Superlative.
beag little lrga or njof trga or lrgajde ro beag
mont great mo or njof 116 Mojde по мот
majc go od reappe or njof te ang vejrde no majo
olc bad meafa or njoj ricara caride ro olc
furrf easy frra ornjar xufa erfalde no furrr
Thus by prefixing to the Adjective njof, ( more) for the
Comparative and ro (very) for the Superlative, it is siin
ply varied for denoting excessor diminution. The Super
lative is also expressed by prefixing the Adverbs fjr, upt
or an denoting “ very ” often, par " exceedingly,"” &c.
as for macánta ; par encarta very honest, ex
ceedingly mild.
N.B.Respecting ihese two words, it is curious to observe
that while in Munster, Leinster, and most parts of Ulster,
the word macánta signifies honest, and cneafta mildl ;
in Connaught their acceptation is quite the contrary.
as among the people of that Province macánta signifies
mild , macántact mildness and charta, Cnartace,
honest, honesty, &c .
IX . Variation of Pronouns exemplified .
Primitive or Simple . Possessive or Compound ,
Singular 1 . Thou . He She . My. Thy. His.

Nom , me Tr TEC 11,1 110 DO a

Gen. mo DO ů a mo DO a
dis

Dat. dom o'rit DO D'om d'od da

Abl. D'jom rajt rag raóci ó m OD onar
Plural We, us, Ye, you. tley , they. Our, your, their .
Nom . rin rib riad jad ant rn ū
Gen. an vn a a an rn a
Dat. d'rin ojbi dojb dojbi d'an o'rni vajb
Abl. rajn uaibi rača raóca rajn raje ojob
2.Emphatic Forms of Persoual Pronouns.
mire Trfa Erin He fine rose JAD 1111
misshể thussa eshin isshë shinne shibhshë eеdsiu
myself thyself himself herself oursel. yourselv, themsls.
SO YEJN own as me- Ejn Tr . En C - 8111
used for Emphasis to denotemyselfalone thyself only, &c.
 2

14 Variation of Pronouns.
3. Personal Pronouns coalesce with Prepositions in the
following Manner.
Preposition . Pronoun . Are formed . Compounds. Meaning
from ag with and me me aga -me or agam with me
from ag with and tr thee aga -tr or agro with thee
from ag with and e him age or aige with him
from ag with and ther ag-1 or aJCE with her
from ag with and in us ag - vin or agrin with us
from ag with and fib ye 15.jb or agajb with you
from ag with and fjadthey ag -ajd or aca with thein
4. Thus also le with or to
from 16 - me le -tr le -re le -file -jn le-16 le -jad
come ljom lem le at lewf lejce 1jи 1jb
ljn leo
5. The following combirrations have been also formed from
the coalition of the Prepositions faoj or fa under, ar
over criše towards, de from , ap out of, rag from ,
tap through, &c. with the Personal Pronouns; as,
Compd . Meaning in Compd . Meaning in Compd. Meaning in
1 Person . English . 2 Person , English. 3 Person . English.
cúm under me tÝc under thee it) under her, & c.
Orm upon me ort upon thee an
а oin upon him, & c .
èrgamto me ergad to thee Ĉrige to him , &c.
cum to me cvit to thee crig to him , &c.
Djam from me vjot from thee OE from him , &c.
aram out of meaçadout of thee algte out of her, & c .
ram from me uajt from thee rang froin him , & c.
torm over me copt over thee Colnce over her, && c..
Dom to me 'Ont to thee VODI to him her,& c.
6. Pronouns Demonstrative exemplified.
po this (or these) persons or things present pronounced sho
jin thatorthese persons or thingsspoken ofpronounced shin
fro that or those personsor things remote pronouncd shood
a who, which or that, those, them , thou ,& c. pronounced ă
noch noća signifying who which whom pronounced nogha
nać signifies also who which including a negation as
111-bxri aripry nac year macánta e poi. e,
“ not a is doubt but man honest he here ; or there is not
a doubt but this is an honest man .",
 Pronouns Inflected. 15

7. Interrogative Pronouns.
Coalescing with Adverbs, &c.
carojn when from ca and ra what time
cajoe wherefore from ca and Fać what cause
Ca
cate
čarr whence from ca and ar what from
ca - ajt where from ca and ajt what place
caada how long from ca and pada what long
cajné what thing from cja and pod what thing
cjonar how from cja and not what mode

Pronouns of the indefinite kind are an, pe, or ante , the

he or he that, an tj she that, cach each, gach every , ejle
other nile the whole all , &c.

8. Some Pronouns in composition admit the Noun between

them for greater Emphasis .
Thus mo lam fa a lariga alarga ap lajri -ne
English my hand his hand her hand our hands own
Instead ofmy own hand,hisown hand,her own hand ,our own hands,
Thus mo be an kein anmna yen a mna xejn i.e.
my woman own our wom . own their wom . own
for my own woman our own woman their own woman
pa or po sa or so, means this here, this my hand , this or
my hand here, or my very hand, my own hand, & c.
X. Inflexion of Verbs in Irish and Erse.
First of the Conjugation of the Substantive Verbs which
connect and determine the signification of the Adjective
These Verbs are
Verbs in their several inodifications.
irregular in most languages.
1 Indicative Mode.
Present definite affirmative Tense .
Şimple Form . Contracted Form . English verbally . Common English .)
and
CO
29

I
en

W-ME or -ME it is me or am

wrotu or per it is thou or Thou ' art

27-6 or potve it is he or he is
Ir- un or Y - 11 it is we or we are 4
W-16 or 7-16 it is ye or ye are 5
6
w jad or rad it is they or they are
 16 Verbs Conjugated .
2-ta- me or atajı or tajm Conjugatesl.

C
Present Definite.
Si atu me

O
Tajm * 1 an 1
2 ata er Tátr Thou art

le
2 atain táin thou art 3
3 atare táre he is 4
3 att tú he is
Platamojo Tamo10 we are 6
I atá -fin Talin we are 7
1 acum tüm WE are 8

2 atayili tarib ye are 9

3 atatadi Tatadi ye are 10
3 atajd or Tajo they are 11
S ata rad Tajo they are 12
Pro . Thaw-im , thaw , Thaw -um , Thaw - id , &c.
Simple Form .
Imperative Mode of biš be.
Contracted Form . Meaninn in English .
2 bjóri S. bj.tr or
bi bet thou 1
3 bjor bjad -re or bjoc be he or it 2
I bjómojo P bjórin bjom be we or us 3
2 björib bjoorjoi bjgear
av be ye or you 4
3 bjočijad bíd - 1 bjo be they, &c. 5
or let you be, let him or her be let us be, & c.
Indicative Mode of bjó or bejė.
Present , Indefinite, Consuetudinal or Habitual Mode.
Simple Form . Contracted Form . Meaning in English .
1. bjon-me S. bjójm or vým I do be 1
2 bjon-tr bjów or bin thou dost be 2
3 bjon -re bjo fe or bjor he, it does be 3
3 bjon.fi bjóri or bj011 she does be 4
i bjovmojo P bjon - finor bjom we do be 5
2 bjon716 bjace or bjnegli ye do be 6

3 bjon fiad bjord or bjd they do be 7

* Every Proposition or Phrase includes two separate ideas or terms. That

of which some thing is affirmed or denied, is called the subjector agent,
stiled by grammarians the nominative or preceding Case ; the other term ,
denoting what is afirmatively or negatively asserted of the subject, is cal
led the Attribute. There isanother word , employed to connect these two
ideas, denominated a Copula or Verb. In various languages there is,
strictly speaking, but one Verb for designating this mental affirmation viz.
isandthe inflections ofam, was, bė, All other Verbs express not an ict
of themind, but so far as they severally include the substantive Verb is,
into which all adjective Verbs may be ultimately resolved ; thus Patrick,
loves, reads, walks, are of equal import with the phrases. Patrick love-is,
read -is, walk-is, or, as logicians make it, is loving, is reading, is walking,
vide Lynch's English Grammar, in Verse and Prose, pag. 33, 34. In
 bejė, &c. Conjugated. 17

Past Indefinite Time of bjó

Simple Forms. Contracted Forms. Pronounced Meaning in English.
1 do 10 - me or do bjor *
vees * I w'as
2 do bjer or do bir veesh thou wast
3 do 15-re or do 17 Vee he, it was
1 do b'jomvir or do lirin veeshin we were
2 do bjó vin or do b1 -rib veesib ye were
33 do bjó pad or do bjodan veedar they were
Future indefinite Time.
Simple Form . Contracted Form . English Meaning
* will be
1 bejė -ME 1
bej -m I
2 bejo.tr bein thou wilt be
3 bejO -re BEJD he will be
1 bejo -mojo bejorin we will be
2 bejo -pili beir16 ye will be
3 bijóriad VEID They will be
* Pronounced beim běr beid bessheen, &c.
Subjunctive or Conditional Mode.
Present Indefinite.
Simple Form . Contracted Form . Pronounced . Meaning.
1 ma ljójn-me mabjm veem If I be
2 ma l'fon -tr ma bin veeir if thou be
3 ma bſn ye ma bjon vee- in if he be
3 ma bjon ry ma blon vee- an if she be
1 ma bſmaoja ma bjoni veeam if we be
2 ma bjon fib ma biſnyjb veenshe b. if ye be
8 ma bjo riad ma bjójd veed if they be
Subjunctive Past Indefinite bejojn vigh - ěn.
Contracted .
Simple . Meaning .
1 da m -beje met or da m - bejojn $ If I were
2 da m -bejć tu or da m bejora if thou were
3 da m -besc pe or da m bejo if he were
3 Da m- bejc ri or da m - VEJO if she were
I da m -bejdaoir or da m -bejörin if we were
2 da m -beić ryb or da m -bejOĆI if ye were
-

3 da m - bejc fiad or da m- beldir if they were

+ Pronounce, daw, mech , mé, or I daw, meyěn, &c.
English and Latin the substantive verb est, is, serves for this affirma
tion. But in Irish we have two substantive verbs for designating it :
and though is-me and ataim may, to some, appear to be ofaa similar
import, yetthey are notin reality so, nor can the one be substituted for
the other. The radical Verb is (or iss ) me secmsto have been originally
invented for simply shewing, that the subject of discourse barely is or exits
D
18 Verbs Conjugated.
Subjunctive or Conditional, Future, Indefinite.
Simple Form .
1 go m - LEJS - ME that I might be
2 go m -bejg -TT that thou mightest be
that he might be
3 go 11 - beJS -PE that we night be
1 go m ·bejś madjo that ye lie
2 gom-bejg -PIC might
3 GO m- VE15 - f1ad that they might be
till they may be
3 go m - bejo
This is also spelt with a j as go mbejö me till I shall
or will be, &c .
Participial Modes .
Present a bejc at being or do bejė to be
Past jan-i-beji after being or having been
Future ar tj beIC on design of being , &c. &c.
But these all depend on the Particles prefixed whiclt
restrict the verbal modifications.
priljm I am Conjugated .
Am I , thou , he , & c ? I, thou , & c. am , not.
1 a bril-me or byrilim ng
111 b -xril-me or viſlim
11111m
2 a b-vil-tu or bxrl jr ni boxnl
111 - vil- ar nilir
3 a b-vil-re or B- VIL ni l -ifril- re nil
I a b-uril-maojd or b- fviljom ni b - fviljom njljom
2 a b - fril- fjbor b - mljo níni b - yili-jo nítrib
3 a b -fril- rjad or b Frilio ni boxviljad nýljo
Here'a is prefixed instead of an then1 being generally
omitted in common practice.
2.17 e me or (me ni je me ni-me. It is meor I , it is not
me or I , exemplified İnterrogatively and Negatively,
Interrogative Form . Negative Form .
Whether is it I thou , &c. Not is for not is me.

1 an me from an-je-me 111.me from ni je me

2 an er from 011-ye -TT n1 tr
Tr from 11 je tr
3 an E from an- re nj je from ni re &
1 anrin from an -read ni fin from ni re Inne
2.an fjb from anijb ni rib from ni re jbe
3 an jajd from an -jjad nj rjadfrom 111 řa-10
while atá-me or 'tain denotes existence with reference to its state or
locality, thus modifying the affirmation of simple being or essence by
determining its condition place or time; as is me ata ann . It is me (or I )
that am there. This with many other peculiarities in our Irish Verbs seems
to require further investigation.
 Regular Verbs exemplified. 19

3. Past Indefinite of rajl was

Interrogatively used.
Imperfect Tense. Meaning in Engl . Pronounced .
la najb -me or rabar + was I + ruvvass
2 a najb-tu or rabais Mast thou ruvvaish
3 a najb - re or rajo was be raiv
I a nabamuin or najbrın were We raivsbib
2 a nababrini or najbrib were ye rovshiad
3 a rabadan or rajb - rjad were ihey lovshiad
+ Also pronounced a rouass, rouajsh , roiv, roumair, rouv
shin , rouivooir, roudar.

XI . Conjugation of Regular Verbs exemplified as spoken

in the various Provinces of Ireland.

Active Voice of Ljon fill, brajl strike and dean do.

Imperative Mode.
Fill thou. Strike thou Make th< 0 . Person . No,

ljon brajl DE UN Thou S2

ljonać buaileac deanać he, she, &c.3
ljonamojo brajle amaojd dea namaqjd we, us PI
ljonam buajleam DE anam we, us 1
ljonajg brajlis DEANNIG ye 2
ljonajdhr brajlidir DEJNidir they 3

Infinitive formed by the Present Participle with ag or do

prefixed.
ag ljona ag brala ag deana or a teanai
at filling at striking at making, or at doing, & c.
In our books, both printed and MS , and also in the Caledonian dialect
of the Irish Language, as may be seen from the Rev. Messrs. Shaw and
Stewart's excellent Grammars of the Gaelic of Scotland, there is another
form for the past time of the Verb bidh bjö, be thou : thus Present oo
:

bað or dobavar, do bajaj , do baomar, do bavar

do raw
dovaria omujn to badan pronounced dovaw or -ass
do var - ish do wawmuir do waw - 00 - ir, or vau - vur do vaw
dar that is, nearly as pronounced in the Text, do reess do ree-ish do vee
muir Iwwas, thou, we, ye, they, were, & c. Instead of initial b they also
often substituted f , upon the above occasion,as fáfaw , was, or were thus
an year ya calma : na mna ya fine the man that was valiant
the women that were older, & c .
20 Verbs Conjugated .
Indicative Mode.
Present, Indefinite, or Consuetudinal.
Fill . Strike. Make. Perso.se

hand
CO
NO
CO
1
S. ljonajm brajlım De anajm I
ljonan -tr vrajlın-tu Teanan.tr thou 2
ljonain brajlin Deanair thou 2
ljonan ve brajlin -re Deanajn te he, it 3
ljonan brajljn DE Anan he, it 3
p . ljonamõid brajlamojo teanamaid we 1
ljonam brajteam Deanam we 1

Coco
ljonan- pji bualjn rjb deanajn rib ye
ljonan-fjad buajlin - jad Deanajn rjad they
ljonajd brailid Сапајт they 3
Past definite.
I filed , I struck I made . Persons.
S do ljon -me do buaji- me do vean-me I 1
Do ljonar do brajlear do Dean.ar thou 1
do ljon or do buail-tr DO oran -tu thou 2
Do ljonair Do buailing do vean -alr thou 3
do ljon- pe do birajl -fe do Dean.re he, &c.3
do ljon do buaji DO Dean he, &c.
Poo ljonamuin to buajleamvindo deanamair we 2
do ljon-rin do brajl - pin DO Deansin ye 1
tjonábuir Do buajléabrin do deanábar ye 2
Doljon f1b do buail-reb DO DEAN -plu ye 2
do ljon-adap do buajleadar do Deanadan ye 4
do ljon paó dobrajlijad do veandjad they4
From the Rev. Father Francis ( 'Molloy's Grammar, the first, that seems
to have been ever printed for the Irish Language, the following, exempli.
fication of a regular verb is extracted .
Indic . Present tense. “ 1. Sgriobhuim 2. Sgriobhair, 3. Sgriobhaidh,
4. Sgriobhamaoid, 5. Sgriobhaoidhe-si, 6. Sgriobhaid -sion .” Pronounced
nearly thus “ 1. Skreevvuim , 2. Skreevurr, 3. Skreevvuy', 4. Skree-va
>>
mooeed , 5. Skreevvee eshee, 6. Skrevvid shin .” In English 1. I write,
2. thou, 8, he, she it writes. 4. we, 5. ye, 6. they write.
Perfect. “ 1. Do Sgriobhas, 2. do Sgriobhais, 3. do sgriobh, 4. do Sgri.
obhamair, 5.do sgriobhamhair. 6.do sgriobhadair," Pronounced nearly thus,
“ 1 do skreevvašs, 2. do skreevvuish , 3 do skreev, 4 do skreevenuir, 5 do
skreevvavvuir, or skree-uis,6 do skreev vaddur, " In English, I wrote, 21 hou,
3. he she it, 4. we, 5. ye, 6. they wrote.
Future “ 1. Sgribheoghad , 2. Syribheodhair, 3. Sgribheoghaidh,
4. Sgribheoghaim-ne, 5. Sgribheoghaidh-sibh, 6. Sgribhenghad," Thus
pronunced, " I Skreevveode, 2. Skreevveo -yr, 3. Skreevveoh -ee, 4. Skreev
vermimne,5 . Skreevveo ee-shiv, 6. Skreevveo -id,''I, thou, he she it, we, ye,
They shall or will write : These in Munster and its conterminous districts,
 Regular Verbs exemplified. 21

Future Indefinite in all its changes.

I will fill . Will strike. Will make Persons.
lionya.me buajiyeav.me De an- kad -me S 1
ljon_a -me buailçe me Dean fa-me 1 1
bjonca me buajiċead me Dean -ca -me I 1
1jon rad buailxead DC41-40 I 1
ljon Čad buajiċead Tean -tad I 1
Dean kad -tr thouz
Lionta -tr buazlyead tu
ljon_aig -tu buajiċig tu Dean -tang -tr thou2
ljontain buail -year de a 1- yarn thou2
ljomca - re buailyê qe Dean -ya - fe he 3
ljonjas buailijo De anxaig be 3
ljončajg buajliig Tean -čajg he 3
110n fama ojd buajtçamadjo Dean-ya -maojo pi
ljon ċamujd buajlceamrjo De an -ca -mjo wel
ljon xam buajiye am Dean -yam we 1
ljon cam buajt ċeam DE an-cam We 1
ljontario buallye - feb Dean -yapib ye 2있
ljonvis buailfige Deanyajše ye 2
ljontaſjad buallyerjad Dean-xa -rjad they s
ljončajgriad buajliig - rjad Deancaisrjad they 3
Ljonyvis budilyjaš Dean xajs they s
As all the above variations in the persons of each Verbs now actually
exist, it would be no easy matter to fix a standard of propriety : yet all
the changes admit of being contracted, as they really are, among the
people, into one general form for each person

we pronounce “ Skreefud or Skreevvud , 2. Skreeffuirr, 3. Skreefu and

Skreevfig, Skreeffum or Skreeffummeed, Skreeffee or Skreeffasib, Skreef
fid or Skreeffuid ."
Imperative “ 1. Sgribh , 2. Sgribheadh, 3. Sgribhmid , 4. Sgribhidhe,"
pronounced, " 1. Skreev, 2. Skriyva, 3. Skreevmid , 4. Sgrivvee,” In
English, 1, writi 2. thou, write he she or it, write 3. we, 1. ye write or
let you, him her it, us, you and them , write .
Infinitive , “ do sgriobhadh" or " dosgreevva to write. Father O'Molly
tells us, there is neither Optative nor subjunctive, but that the indicative
form of the verb with optative or conditional particles prefixed express the
several modifications of those modes. But, continues the same author,
“ Of Irish Verbs, so anomalous and diversified are the inflections that
no general rule can be given for their conjugations, therefore we

must imitate the most approved Authors. Some though permanent as to

their primitive forms, yet undergo a variety of changes in their ultimate
and penult syllables, for designating the different Accidents of number,
person, time and Mood, as in the above Verb ' Sgriobh ,” sce Gram . Latino.
Hibernica Rome. 1677 , pp. 125, 126.
 22 Verbs conjugated.
Subjunctive Present Indefinite .
May or would fill. May or would strike. May or would do or Make,
S ljonçajn + buailyin + veanfajn + I 1
ljončajn buajlčju Orančajn I 1
ljontao buajlxão Deanca thou2
ljonėá · buajlić Deancá thou2
ljonxadre buailyjoré Deanxajoré le 3
ljondaire buajlčické Deancaći he 3
ljontać buailtjoc Deancajc he 3
ljončac buajltjoc Deancajć he 3
Pljonkamõif buajlyam
buail yamsóok
ly veanyamaolf we 1
ljončamcoi buajlčamaoir deančamcoif we i
Ljonçaf ) buajlxjcribi Deanxajorib ye 2
ljoncouri buajlėjocfibi oeancajciib ye 2
ljonyajdu buaji, ajdir deanfaldir theys
ljonċajdii buajlijoin Öcančajdíſ they3
† When to, da, go, & c. are prefixed to l it is pronounced
slender whereas in the other tenses it has its full thick sound .
Thus do lionyrin brilerin do lio : fuin, &c .
Indefinite Past Tense .
If I would fill. Would strike . Would make,

Da licnyain da m buallyin da n -De anxajni 1

Da ljonta m - buajtvá 1 -Deanya 2
da ljon tá m budjica 11 - DE-anta 2
da ljončác m -buijlcác 11-Deancać 2
Daljonyamaour m- buailfam ifao 1 -deanxamír 1
Da ljončamol m - buajicami . 1 -Te antamar 1
da ljončaćrin m -buailtaćrib 11- Teanac.ron 1
da ljònyac - r1b m -buajixac - r10 11-Déanfaérib 2
da ljoncać-fjb m .budjltać ribn - Teanxaérii 2
da ljončać- rib m -buajlčać- fjb 1 - Teancaćrib 2
Du ljontao) in -buajitoj 11- DEANT « o1 2
Da ljonkaćrjad m -buajhyačrjad n -Deançacorjad3
da ljončaćiyjad m-buajlėacriad 1 -Deančacrjad 3
da ljonçajdir m -buailyjowy 1.Deanyajdir 3
da ljončajdin * m- buajitadir 11-Deančajor 3
* The other Tenses are formed from the Indicative
tenses as in Latin and Greek by the Substantive Verb
bejojm (or bejn) I might be da mbejoin ( or mbejn ) if
I would be mabjöjm ( or bejm ) if I usually be zo and
mur , & c. m -bejd until and except, & c. prefixed to the
participle past of the Verbs, ljonta, buajite, teanta , &c.
filled , struck, made, & c.
 Passive Verbs Exemplified. 23

Participles are two,

Present Indefinite as ljona , buala Dea na filling, & c.
Past definite as ljonta buajite Deanta filled , & c.
Froin these are formed the other participial modifications
as ag liona, a ljona at filling and do or da ljona to fill
ar a ljona or jar a ljona upon or after its filling, so
that properly speaking there is no peculiar form for
designating the infinitive nor any participles except the
above two : for jan na bejė Deanta on its being done jar
tí a bejc Deanta with the intent to be done,substituted for
Participles of the past, and future of definite time, are only
composed of an adverb prefixed to the substansive Verb
bejch to be and the past indefinite participle buajite
booailte, beaten , De-anita done, & c.

XII. Passive Voice, formed by the Impersonal part of

the Verbs.

Imperative Mode, whence the rest are formed .

Verbs Imp. be thou , he . we. or us. ye. or
you. they. Meaning.
ljontar me tu & rin or 1jnn rib or jb jad filled
buajitear me tu e vin or jnn fib or jb jad struck
Deantar' me tu e fin or jn rib or jb jad made
Indicative, Present Indefinite.
lontan me tu e 1 rin or jan rib or jb jad
buajitcar me tu E j fin or in pub or jb jad
Deantar me tu € 1 rin or. 11 ryb or jb jad
Indicative, Past, Indefinite Tense.
do ljonaš or ljonao me tu & ron ryb jad
do buajte or brailea ) me tu e fin fjb jat
DO deanas or deanao me tu & fin fjb jad
Indicative, Future, Indefinite.
PPP

ljonçar ME tu E yan rib jad

buailycear me Tu an T16 jad
Deanyar те Tu E ( in rib jad
24 Verbs Conjugated .

Subjunctive Mode.
Present , Indefinite Imperfect
If I be filled , & c . Definite and Future Indefinite .

ma ljontan me tu E, & c. Da ljonyajde me tu, & &c.

ma buajitear me tu e, & c. m -buailfjor me tu E , &c.
ma Ocantar' me tu € , &c. 11-Deancajo me tu € , &&c..
Future Conditional , }

Future Definite . Future Indefinite

ma ljonyan me tu €, &c . ljontar ME TUE , &
ma buaj year me tu e, &c . m buajitear me tu E , &c.
ma peanyair me Tu E, &c. 1 -Deantar ME TU E , & c .
Definite Tenses .
Present. Conditional Future Participle.
Tu me ljonta bejojn or bejome ljanta
ta me buajite bejn or bejome buajite
Tu Me Deanta bejn or bejOME Deanta
If I had been , If thou hadst. If he had been.

S. da mbejoin Dam -bejorad da m -bejö

Da mbejn dam -bejcéad da m - be1c
da mbejn da beje tu da mbejc re
ljonta buajite DGanta
poa m -bejorun da m -béjóryb da m -bejófjad
da m -bejomólf da m-beje ryb de m -bejöhr
da m -bejörib Da m -bejėjó da m - bejo
ljonta buajite DE anta

XIII. Verbs with an initial for a Vowel exemplified

Imperative Mode. käy to grow ol to drink.
Grow . Let bim grow . Grow we. Grow ye . Grow they.
yar rafać xafamio rafalgis xafadir
ol olacre olamacja Olajgió oladin
drink drink he drink we drink ye drink they
Some Gramma riathe
characteristic for ns future, next to of (F)
, say that the letter the term
should beofplathe , as a
cedseco
ination nd
person singular of the Insperative mode ; but from the examples adduced
above; as well as those from O’Molloy it is obvious that ė ( ) is not an
absolutely necessary sign of the future and in some verbs not at all used ,
neither is it employed in the grammars ofthe learned Messrs . Shaw and
Stewart's for the Caledonian dialect ofour Language .
 25
Conjugation of far and ól.
Indicative Mode. Present Indefinite.
Singular. I grow . Plural. we grow, &c. ' Singular, I drink. Plural, we drink
xarajm хасат бjo olajm blamadjo 1
fafan kufan rib blair blanfib 2
rafan xafajo olan blajd 3
Past Indefinite Time.
I grew. we grew . I drank . we drank .
D-xafar Dyuframarr Dólar D- olaman 1
Dorarair o xafabar dolair D- olajbar 2
Doxar D-xafadar D- 01 D -óladari 3
Future Indefinite Time.
I shall grow . we shall grow . I shall drink We shall Drink .
xarxa -me olyamet ólyamaojo 1
xarrom
farran xarxajdejo Olxajn olyajde 2
xarxajg xarxajo olyang ólfajo 3
Subjunctive Mode . Present Conditional.
Singular. Plural . Singular. Plural .
If I grow . If we grow . If I drink : If we drinks
ma čárajm caramagjo ma olajm ólamaojd 1
ma járain jūra
fara ryb ma álain olaangib 2
ma jaran járajo ma olan Olajo 3
Past, or conditional Preter.
If I should grow . If we should grow. If I should drink . If we should drink .
Da 1-fárajn b -kuramois Da n-olajn n- olyam i
- καραό rio da n--olvav n -ólčaoj 2
da b- fártá b-tájao
da bifurcac buxariadír Da n -úlac m -d -óladíp3
The rest of the changes occasioned both by the prefixes
and affixes, & c. are as in the foregoing examples.
† These are generally pronounced without sounding the mid
dle F.(f) ofthe future as fara me fayča me olea me I will grow,
I will drink.

XIII. Of the Irregular Verbs.

1. Indicative of the defective Verb brujl
Present Interrogative. Present Negative.
Am I. That I am. I am not . From Simple.
ab -yullim go b -yrilim najljm n11 b krilim 1
abofrilin go b - Frilir
.

nilir ni burilin 2
ab erit gobril niſl nj b -rivil 3
1
ab -frilmjo go birilmjo nílmid ni boyfrilmjo 1
ab - trilci go b - viltja niltjo
miltid ni buil
b ríb 2
ab -ifriljo go b - Friljo nilio nibenilo 3
E
26 Irregular Verbs exemplified.
Interrogative . Negative.
Past Time. Past Time,
Went thou you, &c . I was not, &c.
appbar or najome ni) pabar or ni Majime
arabajf paj
najli tu . ni piajbi pajūtu
anaji najb se ni najb najbre
anabamvin Majimaju ni najbmvin Pajbren
arababvini raba -rib ni pabalivini paba rib
anabadan najb -rjad ni nabadan najbęjoo
XIV . Other Irregular Verbs, for which as to their variati
ons through the persons, see the regular forms in the
XIIth Section , & c.
Indicative Mode .
Present Indefinite . Past Indefinite . Future Indefinite.
Delnim say Dubajrtme Dearrad 1
najom say do raóme abajrčeome 2
beinin bear do prgar bear'aóme 3
beinum give do trgar beancat
beinum give do crame tabancadme 5
come do čajnig TJOCKAD 6
TIGIM
TEJÖIM go do cravar Maćad 7
fağajm get Do yuarraf Šeabad 8
cisim see do conancar ‫ غ‬1110 9
peacajm look do teacay peacad 10
Subjunctive Verbs.
I would . If I should . Imperative.
Do deančajn say da n-abrajn abajn 1
Goo
OOO

00 najo 4111 say Da n-abrajn abair 2

O

do bearxain bear da m-beinten been 3

or beančajn give da mbejnejn veIn 4

do talirajn give da d -tabrajn Tabarn 5

do čjočxajn come da d -Tjockajn tan 6
Do tjoccjn come da t -tagajn T15 , TJO 7
Do geabajn get dab- tagajn rag 8
do choxin see
da b -peicin рејс 9

Do jÉ a čajn look da bike aćajn Keuć 10

Gin un ginnjm punim gni and 11 denoting to " do

to make ” are but abbreviations of the regular Verb Dean
Dean, &c. shortened in the volubility of oral utterance
for the common convenience of conversation .
 Gaelic Verbs exemplified. 27

Of the Caledonian Gaelic, the following Specimen taken from Mr.

Stewart's Grammar is here suhjoined, for gratifying the curiosity
of Irish Students, and enabling them to see the afinity of both
sister dialects.

Personal Pronouns are,

In English I thou he we
ye they
In Gaelic. mi tu e inn gib rad
In Irish my tau e sinn sibh iad
In Welsh mi ti fe ni chevi haynt
Indicative of tha ta bi bi, am be.
Pres. Ta mi, ta thu, ta e, tá sien, ta sibh, ta iad
I am , thou art, he is, we are, ye are , theyare
Pret. Bha mi , bha thu, bha e, bha sinn, bha shibh bha iad
Fut Bithidh , mi thu se sim sibh iad
Gaelic . Irish. English.
Present Ni bheil mi thu , & c . ni bfuil me thu I am pot
Past Ni robh mi thu, &c. ni rabh me thu I was not
Future Ni bi mi thu, &c. ni bheith me thu I will not

Imperative Mode. Subjunctive Mode,

Be I , thou , &c. I would be If I Shall be. English.
S bitheam bhithin bhitheas me 1
2 bi thusa or bi bhitheadh bhitheas tu thou
3 bitheadh e bhitheadh e bhithease he
P bitheamaid bhitheamaid bhitheas sin we
2 bithibh bhitheadh bhitheas sith ye
3 bitheadh iad bhitheadh bhitheas siad they
Infinitive bith being do bhith to be, a bhith at being.
Compound Tenses.
Present. Past Futu e,
Ta mi iar bith bha mi iar bith bithidh me iar bith
I have been, &c . I had been , &c . I shall have been
Ni bheil mi iar bith Ni robh mi iar bith Ni bi mi iar bith
I have not been , &c . I had not been I shall not have been
Regular Verbs conjugated in Gaelic.
Future.
Imperative. Indicative Past Time,
Buaileam Do bhuail mi bualidh mi 1
buail bhuail thu buailidh tu 2
buaileadh e bhuail e buailidh se 3
buaileamaid bhuail sinn buailidh sian 1
buailibh buail sibh buailidh sibh 2
buaieadh iad bhuail iad buailidh siad
Strike thou , &c. I struck , &c . I will strike , &c .
Subjunctive Mode.
Past . would Strike. Future, shall strike. Infinitive and Participle strikingi
bhuailinn Ma bhualeas mi bualadh
bhuaileadh tu buaileas tu ag bualadh
bhuaileadh e bhuaileas e iar buladh
bhuaileamaid or sinn bhuaileas sinii do bhualadh
bhuaileadh sibh bhuaileas sibh a bhualadh
bhuaileadh iad bhuaileas iad le bualadh, & c.
28 Gaelic Verbs Exemplified.
Compound Tenses. Indicative Mode .
Present . Past or Preter . Future,
Ta me ag bualadh bha mi ag bualadh bithidh mi ag bualadh
I am at striking I was at striking I will be at striking
Ta mi ar bualadh bhaimi iar bualadh bithidh mi iar bualadh
I am upon striking I was after striking I will be after striking
Form of Negative Indications,
Ni bheil mi ag bualadh ni robh mi ag bualadh ni bi mi ag bualadh
I am not at striking I was not at , &c. not be I at, &c.
ni bhed mi iar ni robb ni bi mi iar
I am not after I was not after not be I after
bualadh striking bualadh striking bualadh striking
Subjunctive Mode.
Imperative, Past. Future.
Betheam ag bualadh bithin ag bualadh bhitheas mi ac bualadh
be me at striking would be at will be at striking
bitheam iar bualadh bhithinn iar bualadh bhitheas mi iar bualadh
be me after striking would be upon I will be after striking
Infinitive or Participial Variations.
Do bhith ag bualadh Iar bith ag bualadh do bhith iar bualadh
to be at striking upon having been striking to have been on striking
Passive form used in Gaelic.
Imperative. Past. Future .
buailtear mi thu, &c. do bhuaileadh mi buailear mi
struck be I or struck was I or struck shall be I or
let me be struck I was struck I shall be struck
Subjunctive Mode Passive.
Participle Past. Past Indefinite . Future Indefinite ,
buailte bhuailteadh mi bhuailear mi
struck struck would be I or struck shall be I or
struck I would be struck I shall be struck

Compound Tenses are of various kinds, but all formed with the Sub
stantive Verbstaand bhi; am and be and for the Negative Ni, Cha,
bheil prefixed to the Participles bualadh and buailte, thus,
Passive Voice Exemplified.
Present Definite. Past Definite. Future Definite.
Ta mi buailte bha mi buailte bithidh mi buailte
I am struck I was struck I shall be struck
ni bheil mi buailte ni robh mi buailte ni bith mi buailte
not am I or not was I or not be will I or
I am not struck I was not struck I will not be struck
Ta mi iar mo bhualadh bha mi iar mo bhualadh bithidh mi iar mo bhuala
I have been struck I had been struck I shall have been
Imperative Mode. Subjunctive Mode.
Past. Future,
Bitheam buailte Bithin buailte bhitheas ņi, & c .
let me be struck I would be struck I shall be struck
bitheam iar mo bhuala bhithin iar mo bhuala bitheas mi in
let me have been struck I would have been struck I shall have been str.,
 Specimens of Irish of Gaelic. 29

LORD'S PRAYER.
Irish Character. English Character.
1.211 n -acajn atá an 1. Ar n -athair ata ar
neari, naoričan t -ainm . neamh, Naomhthar t -ainm .
2. Tigea ) do njošnćt 3. 2. Tigeadh do rioghacht.
déantar do coil ar an 3. Deantar do thoil ar an
T-talar mar doceantar d - talamb mar do dheantar
ar neam . 4. Ar n -aran ar neamh . 4. Ar n - aran
laočarajl tabiain óvin laothamhail tabhair dhuin
an-ors. 5. Algur majë an -dbiugh. 5. Agus maith
ornar b.fjaća man dhuin ar b - fiacha mar
majčmid -16 dan b - fja- mhaithmid -ne dar fiathamh
tariinvil xejn .6. Agry na nuibh fein . 6. Agus na
1616 yin c-cačršaó leig sin a c - cathughadh 7.
7. Acpión fino olc : bjoc ach saor sin o olc : bioch mar
man fin . sin ,
Thus pronounced is,
Awr n-ahir thaw ar nav ; naevhur thannin ; thiggy dhů
ree-aght;; Dainthur dho huill ar an dallav mar dho yainthur
ar nav : Awr narran laeb hooill thavvir yoon anee -uv; aguss
mah yoon awr veechaiv 'mur vahmeedny dhaur veehoon
niv fain agguss na laig shin a gah -hoo agh sayur sheen ò
ulk beech mar shin .

II. The Highland LORD'S PRAYER II. The Highland LORD'S PR AYER,
in its original Irish Character accord . as in the New Testament printed at
ing to the Gaelic words in Roman letter Chelsea for the Gavels of Scotland in .
onthe opposite page . 1807 .

2lr 1 -ačajn a ta air Ar 1n --Athair a ta air

ME
meari .. Gu naončajčear
T-ajnm' tigea ) do njoj
acó Deanar do cojl ain
an talar må anjčear air
near . Tabain oun an
dirs an M -aran leaċeji,
Algur maji Duinn ar
waća arruil man
vilajċe ar finne d'ar lu
co viac agus na leig am
buainear rinn, ac faon
finn o olc . Almen.
neamh , Gu naomhaichear
t'ainm . Thigeadh do riogh
achd . Deanar do thoil air
an talamh ma a nithear air
neamh. Tabhair dhuinn an
diugh ar n - aran laitheil.
Agus maith dhuinn ar fiacha
a amhuil mar a mhaitheas
sinne d'ar luchd- fiachtAgus
na leig am buaireadh sinn,
ach saor sinn o olc. Amen .
| Feichneinib
30 Specimens of the Welsh f. Manx.
IV . The LORD'S PRAYER from the
III. The LORD'S PRAYER in the Common Prayer translated into Manx
WELSH Dialect from the Welsh Bible for the Diocese of Map , and Frinted
printed at Oxford in 1803. at Whitehaven in 1778 .

Ein Tad yr hwn wyt yn y, ne Ayr ain , t'ayns niau ; casherick

foedd, Sáncteiddier dy Enw .Deled
dy deyrnas. Gwneler dy ewyllys,
megis yn y nef, felly ar y ddaear
hefyd . Dyro i ni heddyw ein bara
beunyddiol. A maddeu i ni ein
dyledion, fel y maddeuwn ninnau
i'n dyledwyr. Ac nac arwain
ni i brofedigaeth; eithr gwared ni
rhag drwg.
dy row dt_Ennym. Dy jig dty
reeriaght. Dt'aigney dy row jeant
er y thalloo, myr te ayns niau.
Cur dooin nyn arran jiu as gagh
laa . As leih dooin nyo loghtyn ,
myr ta shin leih dauesyn ta jan .
noo loghtyn nyn oi. As ny leeid
shin ayns miolagh ; Agh livrey
shin veih Olk.

The Welsh Lord's I'RAYBR nearly as pronounced, in common English Letters, the
Ilalic t and d are used to represent the double d and the th of the Welsh .
Eyne taud ur hoon oo-it
00 un u nevvoo - ed ; sancteideer du
ennoo ; Del- ed du deeurnass, Goon -eler du e -cv -illuss meggiss un oo
nev vello ar u da - e -ar hevvaud Durro ee nee hed-ee-oo eyne barra
beunnuad -ee -ol. mad - e -ooee nee eyne duil-ed- eeun vel oo mad-ee
oon ninnau-éen duil-edoo-uir. Ac nac arroo-ain nee ee brovvedigaet ;
etur goo -ared ace rhag droo -ag
The following interesting extract, is taken from the Epistle Dedicatory to Bishop
Carsuel's Gaetic translation of the Confession of Faith, &c. used in the reformed
Church of Scotland ; printed in the year 1567. This specimen copied from the
2d Edition of the Rev. Alexander Stewart's Gaelic Grammar, Edinburgh 1812,
incontestibly proves not only the affinity but the very identity of the Albanian
Dialect of the Gaelic both in its Grammatic Iflections and in its Orthography with
that still used in Connaught and Munster as well as that found in our MSS. and
printed Bookssince the year 1600. Does not this unequivocally prove that the Cale
donian Dialect of our Language has been adulterated since it ceased to be written in
its native Eise Characters . From the great abilities of Mr. Alexander Stewart as
aimmediate
Philologerinvestigation
much might be expected , were he to make this the subject of his more
.

Acht ata, ni cheana, is mor an But there is one great disad

leathtrom agas an uireasbhuidh ata
riamh orainde gaoidhil alban &
eireand, tar an gcuid eile don dom-
han, gan ar gcanamhna gaoidheilge
do chur a gclò riamh mar ataid
a gcanamhna & a dteangtha fein
a gclo ag gach uile chinel dhaoine
oile sa domhan & ata uireasbhuidh
is mo ina gach uireasbhuidh oraind,
gan an Biobla naomhtha do bheith
a gclo gaoidheilge againd mar ta
82 a gco laidne agas bherla a-
gas in gach teangaidh eile osin
amach, agas fos gan sean
chus ar sean no ar sindsear do
bleith mar an gcedna agclo againd
riamh : acht ge ta cuid eigin do
vantage, which we the Gaeil of
Scotland and Ireland labour under
beyond the rest of the world, that .
our Gaelic language has never yet
been printed as the language of
every other race ofmen has been :
And we labour under a disadvan.
tage which is still greater than
every other disadvantage, that we
have not the Holy Bible printed
in Gaelic, as it has been printed
in Latin and English, and in every
other language; and also that
we have never yet had. any ac
count printed of the antiquities
of our country, or of our ancestors ;
for though we havesome accounts
 Bp. Carsuel's Complaint.
tseanchus ghaoidheal alban agas
eireand sgriobhtha a leabhruibh,
lamh, agas a dtamhlorgaibh fileadh
&ollamhan agas a sleachtaibh suadh
Ismortsaothair sin re sgriobhadh do
laimh , ag fechain an neithe buail-
tear sa chlo ar aibrisge agas ara ith-
ghiorra bhios gach en ni dha mhed
da chriochnughadh leis. Agas is
mor an doille agas an dorchadas
peacaidh agas aineolais agas ind-
tleachda do lucht deachtaidh agas
sgriobhtha agas chumhdaigh na
gaoidheilge, gurab mo is mian leo
agas gurab mo ghnathuidheas
siad eachtradha dimhaoineacha
buaidheartha breagacha saoghalta
do cumadh ar thuathaibh de
dhanond agas ar mhacaibh mi.
leadh agas curadhaibh
ar na
agas thind mhac cumhaill gona
fhianaibh agas ar mhoran eile
nach airbhim agas nach indisim
andso do chumhdach , agas do
chiomhleasughagh , do chiond
luadhuidheachta dimhaonigh an
tsaoghail dfhaghail doibhfein ina
briathra disleDe agas slighthe foir
fe na firinde do sgriobhadh, agas
dheachtadh, agas do chumhdach,
Father Francis O'Molloy's Address to his Irish Countrymen.
( From his Grammar, Printed in Rome, 1677 )
1 Chrag Daojne an dje | 3N 1Cuig Gaodil gaojó
1
1jcc
Jan ciclove Dyrač
jar
ajusitni
an ajnčear ar lor Do
lan
2ljubұсақ аҫ топ ак по-
pan
2xoola ljudocrajóman anslor
raji
cearta c-cest
C -cjoc.
an agajo rirajó a rin-
jon
.
Nin canonyjdead an
cuinn
yoincideal glan no fog
Irim
31
of theGaeilof Scotland and Ireland ,
contained in Manuscripts,and in the
genealogies of bards and historio
graphers, yet there is great labour
in writing them over with the hand,
whereas the work which is printed,
be it ever so great, is speedily fi
nished. And great is the blindness
and sinful darkness , and ignorance
and evil design of such as teach,
and write, and cultivate the Gae
lic language, that, with the view
of obtaining for themselves the
vain rewards of this world , they
are more desirous, and more ac
customed to compose vain, tempt
ing, lying, worldly histories, con
cerning the Tuathde dannan, and
concerning warriors and cham
pions, and Fingal the son of Cum
hal, with his heroes, and concern
ing many others which I will not
at present enumerate or mention,
in order to maintain or reprove,
than to write and teach and main
tain the faithful words of God and
of the perfect way of truth.
N.B. This translation is also from Mr.
Stewart's Grammar, page 197 .
Ealg rein
Ni labrajd 1 gan соји
aoja
beim
Niléjáid le cagajo coin
Treigjo ' njčašajo onoir
4b6ag a lrai ar na lea
Gruji
Cab .
Ni breji vaond -pjanvil
fajl
21 nagril claon ' DO
congbajt.
 S2 Father Francis O'Mollorj's Address.
slergaö rajun da njanin ro.Criryce ad comaojn api
opna ledc.c -cunn.
Na t - teanga rin nilai- Sar japsmað ojitjl Otr
anda im
Dioniaojn oc ajreapbao bonbagtrejntreargrao
jad na trin .
Deargao na fgot on Ar torg xejne asa rap
rCitja . rujd
6 fill a noſa aor man- 11. Aipte Öcunta duan
ma . 1. dan
Na bi go djan do -garm - Gebie & p go ler jm lea
ca. bran
Sinach cjan o čačaojn. Of tobrajli Rrama na
lof chuinn nat
Gom - bja ant-ačaojbnjor Obair forama an faoc
agrjun. art.
7 blajo na berjene na 12.Sin čugav on m -brac
m - boca ain m -boca
amatt beag brajo ir
Na b - fionta bjajo ban- | Grbean
proča . noct
Curic rna na n -gealjonn le najvil rgol fa
sa fa
sa
nglan rivil
21 b -yeaponn drna deal- Djaran na m -boc m -bro
gan Darvit.
8. bjai an gaojósalg ya 13. Son na 1-gočajoc go
srile af món Grunn.
21n2lc -cljač na b -rleafg Curiaet confan Jac
6-fjonól jejolim .
brö mac a vian bro | Carnirjad bačaj gan
Gaoth ynjun 15гијт
S -gachlaoch agtnjallya | Urd, rgar, cagao
cágai ca
tualnim dvit.
9 Deangka treabać a 14 Do meac na faojte 16
čulča . peal.
Onya gnjan a glaf
glár -ér nia
crpla 07 og 1feata gaojocal
2lor
21
Ni dochan Dheire an Do doli a locrann gan
Teadh Iraó.
Sočar nach edir vaj. | xorlann an njoora Mo
neari. zprag.
FINI S.
‫ܣܐܢ‬