Sampling Designs

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“Sampling is the process of selecting the
representative sample units from the
population to study the characteristics
of the population

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 Homogeneous
Population

Heterogeneous
Population

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Why Sample?
 Frequency of
attending Sto. Nino
Sinulog Novena
mass

And

Economic status
Quality of Life
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• Very difficult to study each and every unit of
the population when population unit are
heterogeneous

• Time constraints

• Resources (time, money) and workload

• Gives results with known accuracy that can be

calculated mathematically
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 Population Versus Sample
Population Sample
The entire group of The population that
people of interest from represents the
whom the researcher characteristics of the
needs to obtain population.
information

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Requirements of a Good Sample
⬡ Goal-oriented ⬡ Economical
⬡ Accurate ⬡ Practical
representative of the ⬡ Actual Information
universe provider
⬡ Proportional
⬡ Random Selection

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Steps in Sampling Design

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Define the Target Population
The target population is the collection of elements or objects that
possess the information sought by the researcher and about which
inferences are to be made. The target population should be defined
in terms of elements, sampling units, extent, and time.

Element – object/ person about which or from which information is

derived e.g. respondents

Sampling Unit - contains the element that is available for selection

Extent – geographical boundaries

Time – period under consideration 11

Selection Bias
⬡ Selection bias is a distortion in a measure of
association (such as a risk ratio) due to a sample
selection that does not accurately reflect the target
population.
⬡ when investigators use improper procedures for
selecting a sample population, but it can also occur as a
result of factors that influence continued participation
of subjects in a study.
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Selection Bias
⬡ the final study population is not representative of the
target population – the overall population for which
the measure of effect is being calculated and from
which study members are selected.

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Selection Bias
⬡ Example
⬡ In a case-control study of smoking and chronic lung disease,
the association of exposure with disease will tend to be
weaker if controls are selected from a hospital population
(because smoking causes many diseases resulting in
hospitalization) than if controls are selected from the
community.

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Sources of Selection Bias
⬡ Selective survival and losses to follow-up

⬡ Volunteer and non-response bias

⬡ Hospital patient bias (Berkson’s Bias)

⬡ Healthy worker effect

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 Sampling Errors and Non-sampling
Errors

⬡ The errors involved in collection, processing and analysis

of the data in survey
⬡ Sampling Errors
· Sampling Errors(1): The error which arises due to
only a sample being used to estimate the population
parameter

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 Sampling Errors and Non-sampling
Errors

⬡ Sampling Errors(2): Sampling error is the error that

arises in a data collection process as a result of taking a
sample from a population rather than using the whole
population.

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 Sources of Sampling Error
⬡ Population Specification Error—This error occurs when
the researcher does not understand who they should
survey.
⬡ Sample Frame Error—A frame error occurs when the
wrong sub-population is used to select a sample.
Republican victory.
⬡ Selection Error—This occurs when respondents self-
select their participation in the study – only those that
are interested respond.
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 Sources of Sampling Error

⬡ Selection Error—This occurs when respondents self-

select their participation in the study – only those that
are interested respond.

⬡ Non-Response—Non-response errors occur when

respondents are different than those who do not respon

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 Sources of Sampling Error

⬡ Non-Response—Non-response errors occur when

respondents are different than those who do not respond.

⬡ Sampling Errors—These errors occur because of

variation in the number or representativeness of the
sample that responds. Sampling errors can be controlled
by (1) careful sample designs, (2) large samples, and (3)
multiple contacts to assure representative response.
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 Sampling Error

⬡ The amount of sampling error decreases with increase in

the sample size but surprisingly it becomes otherwise in
case of non-sampling error.
⬡ The sampling errors are assigned to an estimate because it
is based on a ‘part’ from the ‘whole’ while non-sampling
errors are assigned because there is departure from the
prescribed rules of the survey, such as survey design, field
work, tabulation and analysis of data , etc.
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 How to resolve?

⬡ There is only one way to eliminate this error. This

solution is to eliminate the concept of sample, and to test
the entire population.
⬡ • In most cases this is not possible; consequently, what a
researcher must to do is to minimize sampling process
error. This can be achieved by a proper and unbiased
probability sampling and by using a large sample size.

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 Non-Sampling Error

⬡ Non-sampling error is the error that arises in a data

collection process as a result of factors other than taking
a sample.

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Sources of Non-sampling error

⬡ Group A: Errors resulting from inadequate preparation

(Non-response errors)
⬡ Group B: Errors resulting in the stage of data collection
or taking observation (Response error).
⬡ Group C: Errors resulting from data processing
(Tabulation errors)

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Sources of Non-sampling error

⬡ Group A: Due to faulty sampling frame, biased method of

selection units, inadequate schedule.
– Omission of duplication of units due to ambiguous
definition of locale, units.
– Inaccurate methods of interview and schedules
– Difficulties arising due to unawareness on the part of
respondents or faulty methods of enumeration/ data collection.
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Sources of Non-sampling error
⬡ Group B: These errors refer, the difference between the
individual true value and the corresponding sample value
irrespective of the reasons for discrepancy.
E.g. Landholder says 10 hectares Cadastral says 11 hectares
Response error occur...
Main sources of these errors
– Inadequate supervision and inspection of field staff
– Inadequate trained and experienced field staff
– Problems involved in data collection and other type of errors on the part of respondents.
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Sources of Non-sampling error
⬡ Group C: These errors can be assigned to a number of defective
methods of editing, coding punching, tabulation, etc.
Main sources
– Inadequate scrutiny of basic data
– Errors in data processing operations such as editing, coding,
punching, listing, verification etc
– Others errors commited or admited during publication/
presentation of results.
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 References
Abedin. Menhazul. (n.d.) Sampling technique II. Powerpoint presentationAlexander,
Lorraine, et al. (n.d.) selection bias. Eric Notebook

Kabir, Syid.(2016). Sample and sampling designs. Researchgate

Panchal, Shilpi.(2017). Sampling Design. A powerpoint presentation.
https://www.slideshare.net/shilpipanchal2/sampling-design-ppt?from_action=save
Qualtrics. (n.d.) Sampling error and non sampling error. Qualtrics.com
Vidyalaya, Mahila. (n.d.) Sampling: a scientific method of data collection. Powerpoint
presentation

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