1

Academic Research Report.

Student's Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Name and Number

Instructor's Name

Assignment Due Date

 2

Academic Research Report.

The five detailed and explained sources logically explore the criminal justice systems

from different points of view. The sources summarize criminal justice, statistics in criminal

justice and criminology, ethics in criminal justice, gender gaps on justice, and remodeling

American sentencing. The five compiled sources are from different people with different ideas

but are all adhering to the criminal law discipline for quality.

Academic source 1: in a detailed 2018 essay, "Essentials of Criminal Justice," Siegel and

Worrall (2018) suggestively reflect the concepts and processes of justice due to dynamic changes

in the field of criminal justice. Legal cases and policies are reflected, which have happened in the

past years. The essentials of criminal justice provide a foundation by describing and analyzing

procedures and agencies of justice. For example, Siegel and Worrall have discussed ethics as

essentials of criminal justice since some individuals have a lot of power allocated. Therefore,

without ethics, it would result in a total mess. However, in my opinion, a lot of power does not

come easily, and most of the time, ethical requirements are bent to grab such power.

Academic source 2: In the detailed essay, "Statistics in Criminology and Criminal

Justice," by Walker and Maddan (2019) on both statistical analysis application and theory,

geared towards criminology and criminal justice. The source shows that statistical analysis is

involved in data collection, allowing logical thinking, as variables used in statistics are essential

objects of examination in criminal justice research, such as age. Walker and Maddan (2019)

argue that failure to use adequate sampling, survey, interview, and questionnaire approaches in

statistical data collection criminology influences the outcome of judicial decisions. In my

opinion, Walker and Maddan discovered that crime and age have a strong relationship. Thus,
 3

fairness procedure and results while conducting the investigation have a significance in

legitimacy and penalizing in prisoners' eyes.

Academic source 3: The essay by Souryal and Whitehead (2019), “Ethics in Criminal

Justice," indicates that ethics are essential when deciding on moral judgments. Unethical patterns

in criminal justice influence criminal justice systems affecting legitimacy. From my perspective,

it is evident from the author's essay that ethical principles essential to all disciplines and specific

area perspectives address criminal justice fields such as policing, probation, rectification, and

bail. Several civil representatives’ orders appear in courts of law for on and without ethical

principles that are crucial when it comes to justice order.

Academic source 4: Justice Systems have been seen to be more lenient based on gender.

According to Bindler and Hjalmarsson (2020), this kind of leniency has been observed,

especially during sentencing, where females get lighter burdens to shoulder. Bindler and

Hjalmarsson (2020) compiled researches on this topic, and a good example given was that of the

US. The US had male defendants receive longer sentences where the comparison converted to

percentage translated to 63% longer sentencing than female defendants. This gap narrows down

to a set of possible reasons. The girlfriend theory is one reason female defendants are deemed as

not responsible for their crimes. Maternal responsibilities are also major reasons why some

women get more lenient sentencing. Other reasons include case differences that are not easy to

discern, discrimination based on statistics, and discrimination based on preference (p.3).

Academic source 5: In the informative 2014 essay, "Remodeling American Sentencing,"

Michael Tonry, history and traditions that underlie the justice system are examined as played in

the court of law. It deals with sentences and similar laws that should be revoked by amending

lawful judges to impose other sentence sources in interest. The author suggested that the criminal
 4

code is amended and a lower maximum sentence scale for serious crimes. Tonry (2014) stated

that various criminal justice practices and policies are influenced by political, history, and

culture. In my opinion, the United States sentencing was influenced by the political system; thus,

responding to a rise in crime rates by applying tougher laws and constructing more prisons.

Therefore, the justice system is influenced by the political system and impacting sentencing;

instead, these bodies should be independent of attaining fairness and legality.

 5

Reference

Bindler, A., & Hjalmarsson, R. (2020). The persistence of the criminal justice gender gap:

Evidence from 200 years of judicial decisions. The Journal of Law and Economics, 63(2),

297-339. https://doi.org/10.1086/707482

Siegel, L. J., & Worrall, J. L. (2018). Essentials of criminal justice. Cengage Learning.

https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=Ka9EDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover

Souryal, S. S., & Whitehead, J. T. (2019). Ethics in criminal justice: In search of the truth.

Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-5590-9.00010-1

Tonry, M. (2014). Remodeling American sentencing: A ten‐step blueprint for moving past mass

incarceration. Criminology & Public Policy, 13(4), 503-533. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-

9133.12097

Walker, J. T., & Maddan, S. (2019). Statistics in criminology and criminal justice. Jones &

Bartlett Learning. https://books.google.co.ke/books?

id=cRaIDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover