3 Pillars of Public Speaking

Ethos, Pathos, Logos:

2300 years ago, Aristotle wrote down the secret to being a persuasive speaker, the secret which
forms the basis for nearly every public speaking book written since then.
Do you know the secret?
If you don’t, you might be wondering what a 2300-year-old theory has to do with public speaking in the
year 2013.
In a word — everything!
In this article, you’ll learn what ethos, pathos, and logos are (the secret!), and what every speaker
needs to understand about these three pillars of public speaking.

What are Ethos, Pathos, and Logos?

So, what are ethos, pathos, and logos?

In simplest terms, they correspond to:
 Ethos: credibility (or character) of the speaker
 Pathos: emotional connection to the audience
 Logos: logical argument
Together, they are the three persuasive appeals. In other words, these are the three essential
qualities that your speech or presentation must have before your audience will accept your message.
Origins of Ethos, Pathos, Logos — On Rhetoric by Aristotle

Three Pillars of Public Speaking

 1. Ethos, Pathos, Logos - Introduction
2. Ethos - Speaker Credibility
3. Pathos - Emotional Connection
4. Logos - Logical Argument

Written in the 4th century B.C.E., the Greek philosopher Aristotle compiled his thoughts on the art of
rhetoric into On Rhetoric, including his theory on the three persuasive appeals.
Many teachers of communication, speech, and rhetoric consider Aristotle’s On Rhetoric to be a
seminal work in the field. Indeed, the editors of The Rhetoric of Western Thought: From the
Mediterranean World to the Global Setting call it “the most important single work on persuasion ever
written.” It is hard to argue this claim; most advice from modern books can be traced back to
Aristotle’s foundations.

Ethos

Before you can convince an audience to accept anything you say, they have to accept you
as credible.
There are many aspects to building your credibility:
 Does the audience respect you?
 Does the audience believe you are of good character?
 Does the audience believe you are generally trustworthy?
 Does the audience believe you are an authority on this speech topic?
Keep in mind that it isn’t enough for you to know that you are a credible source. (This isn’t
about your confidence, experience, or expertise.) Your audience must know this. Ethos is your level of
credibility as perceived by your audience.

Pathos

Pathos is the quality of a persuasive presentation which appeals to the emotions of the audience.
 Do your words evoke feelings of … love? … sympathy? … fear?
 Do your visuals evoke feelings of compassion? … envy?
 Does your characterization of the competition evoke feelings of hate? contempt?
Emotional connection can be created in many ways by a speaker, perhaps most notably by stories.
The goal of a story, anecdote, analogy, simile, and metaphor is often to link an aspect of our primary
message with a triggered emotional response from the audience.

Logos

Logos is synonymous with a logical argument.

 Does your message make sense?
 Is your message based on facts, statistics, and evidence?
 Will your call-to-action lead to the desired outcome that you promise?

Which is most important? Ethos? Pathos? or Logos?

Suppose two speakers give speeches about a new corporate restructuring strategy.
 The first speaker — a grade nine student — gives a flawless speech pitching strategy A which
is both logically sound and stirs emotions.
 The second speaker — a Fortune 500 CEO — gives a boring speech pitching strategy B.
Which speech is more persuasive? Is the CEO’s speech more persuasive, simply because she has
much more credibility (ethos)?
Some suggest that pathos is the most critical of the three. Bert Decker says that people buy on
emotion (pathos) and justify with fact (logos). 
Aristotle believed that logos should be the most important of the three persuasive appeals. As a
philosopher and a master of logical reasoning, he believed that logos should be the only required
persuasive appeal. That is, if you demonstrated logos, you should not need either ethos or pathos.
However, Aristotle stated that logos alone is not sufficient. Not only is it not sufficient on its own, but it
is no more important than either of the two other pillars. He argued that all three persuasive appeals
are necessary.
Posted by Rajasekhar at 07:04 No comments: 
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The Most Important Thing to Analyze: The Speech

Objectives
Knowing the speaker’s objective is critical to analyzing the speech, and should certainly influence how
you study it.
 What is the speaker’s goal? Is it to educate, to motivate, to persuade, or to entertain?
 What is the primary message being delivered?
 Why is this person delivering this speech? Are they the right person?
 Was the objective achieved?
The Audience and Context for the Speech

A speaker will need to use different techniques to connect with an audience of 1500 than they would
with an audience of 15. Similarly, different techniques will be applied when communicating with
teenagers as opposed to communicating with corporate leaders.
 Where and when is the speech being delivered?
 What are the key demographic features of the audience? Technical? Students? Elderly?
Athletes? Business leaders?
 How large is the audience?
 In addition to the live audience, is there an external target audience? (e.g. on the Internet or
mass media)
Speech Content and Structure

The content of the speech should be selected and organized to achieve the primary speech objective.
Focus is important — extraneous information can weaken an otherwise effective argument.
Before the Speech
 Were there other speakers before this one? Were their messages similar, opposed, or
unrelated?
 How was the speaker introduced? Was it appropriate?
 Did the introduction establish why the audience should listen to this speaker with this topic
at this time?
 What body language was demonstrated by the speaker as they approached the speaking
area? Body language at this moment will often indicate their level of confidence.
The Speech Opening
Due to the primacy effect, words, body language, and visuals in the speech opening are all critical to
speaking success.
 Was a hook used effectively to draw the audience into the speech? Or did the speaker open
with a dry “It’s great to be here today.“
 Did the speech open with a story? A joke? A startling statistic? A controversial statement?
A powerful visual?
 Did the speech opening clearly establish the intent of the presentation?
 Was the opening memorable?
The Speech Body
 Was the presentation focused? i.e. Did all arguments, stories, anecdotes relate back to the
primary objective?
 Were examples or statistics provided to support the arguments?
 Were metaphors and symbolism use to improve understanding?
 Was the speech organized logically? Was it easy to follow?
 Did the speaker bridge smoothly from one part of the presentation to the next?
The Speech Conclusion
Like the opening, the words, body language, and visuals in the speech conclusion are all critical to
speaking success. This is due to the recency effect.
 Was the conclusion concise?
 Was the conclusion memorable?
 If appropriate, was there a call-to-action?
Delivery Skills and Techniques

Delivery skills are like a gigantic toolbox — the best speakers know precisely when to use every tool
and for what purpose.
Enthusiasm and Connection to the Audience
 Was the speaker enthusiastic? How can you tell?
 Was there audience interaction? Was it effective?
 Was the message you- and we-focused, or was it I- and me-focused?
Humor
 Was humor used?
 Was it safe and appropriate given the audience?
 Were appropriate pauses used before and after the punch lines, phrases, or words?
 Was it relevant to the speech?
Visual Aids
 Were they designed effectively?
 Did they complement speech arguments?
 Was the use of visual aids timed well with the speaker’s words?
 Did they add energy to the presentation or remove it?
 Were they simple and easy to understand?
 Were they easy to see? e.g. large enough
 Would an additional visual aid help to convey the message?
Use of Stage Area
 Did the speaker make appropriate use of the speaking area?
Physical – Gestures and Eye Contact
 Did the speaker’s posture display confidence and poise?
 Were gestures natural, timely, and complementary?
 Were gestures easy to see?
 Does the speaker have any distracting mannerisms?
 Was eye contact effective in connecting the speaker to the whole audience?
Vocal Variety
 Was the speaker easy to hear?
 Were loud and soft variations used appropriately?
 Was the pace varied? Was it slow enough overall to be understandable?
 Were pauses used to aid understandability, heighten excitement, or provide drama?
Language
 Was the language appropriate for the audience?
 Did the speaker articulate clearly?
 Were sentences short and easy to understand?
 Was technical jargon or unnecessarily complex language used?
 What rhetorical devices were used? e.g. repetition, alliteration, the rule of three, etc.
Intangibles

Sometimes, a technically sound speech can still miss the mark. Likewise, technical deficiencies can
sometimes be overcome to produce a must-see presentation. The intangibles are impossible to list,
but here are a few questions to consider:
 How did the speech make you feel?
 Were you convinced?
 Would you want to listen to this speaker again?
 Were there any original ideas or techniques?
Posted by Rajasekhar at 06:44 No comments: 
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Tuesday, 12 November 2013

Unity of Minds - original script of APJ Kalam Speech on

55th Independence day

Unity Of Minds
'Any act by anyone anywhere in India that runs counter to the eternal values -- non-violence,
 tolerance, acceptance of all religions and different ways of life, search for truth and fearlessness
would pose a threat to the fabric of free Indian nation.'
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Following is the full text of the President's address to the nation on the eve of Independence Day.

My dear citizens of India,

On the eve of the 55th anniversary of our Independence, I have great pleasure in offering you my best
wishes for your well-being and happiness. My salutations to all of you both in India and abroad.
May I extend a special word of gratitude to the men of our defence who guard our frontiers on the
land, on the sea and in the air and paramilitary forces. May I also convey my special appreciation to
our farmers who toil on the fields, technicians who keep the wheels of our industry moving, teachers
who create knowledge products to the society and doctors, engineers, scientists, technologists and
other professionals and administrators who are the prime movers of national development. May I wish
the youth of India whose purposeful hard work with sweat will be a major transforming force for
prosperous India.
I met some of the freedom fighters a few days ago at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Each and every one of
them was the live force for our freedom movement. On this day, I salute all men and women of India
who fought for our freedom and sacrificed their lives to achieve our Independence. Seeding a great
vision and an indomitable spirit to achieve India's freedom took place around 1857. For 90 years,
there were a number of intensive struggles for freedom. Many of our people and leaders were in jail
and their sufferings got transformed into freedom movement, with national ethos under the leadership
of Mahatma Gandhi. I have tried to capture the essence of the freedom movement. Two aspects have
come out: as a result of supreme sacrifices and dedicated and focused efforts, we got our
Independence. The second aspect is that the vision driven movement itself created many leaders in
different spheres of politics, economics, industry, science, arts and culture.
After Independence, India has made significant achievements in agriculture and food production,
energy, healthcare, education and various fields of science and technology. Particularly we have
made our mark in the international arena in the fields of pharmaceuticals, information technology,
mass media and communication, space, defence and nuclear science.
Similar to the first vision, which created a movement to achieve freedom with unity of minds of our
people and the unity of purpose in actions, we need a second vision, which will integrate people from
all walks of our society towards a common purpose. The second vision of our nation is to transform it
from the present developing status to a developed nation by integrated actions simultaneously in the
areas of agriculture and food processing, education and healthcare, infrastructure development
including power, information and communication technologies, and critical technologies. This greater
vision will aim to alleviate poverty, illiteracy and unemployment. When the minds of the people of our
country are unified and fused towards this vision, the dormant potential will manifest as a mammoth
power leading to a happy and prosperous life of a billion people. This vision of the nation will also
remove the conflicts arising out of differences and small thinking.
Dear citizens, I would like to reiterate that Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of India. It is not an
international issue. India is ready for bilateral dialogue once the cross border terrorism is brought to a
complete end. Normal election process is on in Jammu and Kashmir. It is essential to ensure its
successful completion and dawn of peace in Jammu and Kashmir.
We also have many challenges in front of us. We have to find a solution to the repeated droughts and
floods; we have to eradicate communal and other divisive clashes sprouting in certain parts and
remove the pains of our people whether it is in Jammu and Kashmir or in any other part of our
country; we also have to find a permanent solution to combat terrorism.
Let us now look at a long-term problem. It is paradoxical to see floods in one part of our country while
some other parts face drought. This drought - flood phenomenon is a recurring feature. The need of
the hour is to have a water mission which will enable availability of water to the fields, villages, towns
and industries throughout the year, even while maintaining environmental purity. One major part of the
water mission would be networking of our rivers. Technological and project management capabilities
of our country can rise to the occasion and make this river networking a reality with long term planning
and proper investment. In addition, the vast sea around us can help by providing potable water
through desalination as a cost effective technology. There are of course short term techniques such
as water harvesting by revitalizing rural ponds, water recycling to water conservation. Such
programmes should have a large scale people participation even at the conceptual and project
planning stages. The entire programme should revolve around economic viability leading to continued
prosperity for our people with larger employment potential, environmental sustainability, grass root
level motivation and benefit sharing.
I would now like to share with you friends, another crucial requirement and necessity for our country.
We cannot sustain a second vision for the country without Unity of Minds of all our people. Our great
strength is our pluralistic tradition and civilisational heritage of nearly 3000 years. I have always been
asking myself what the strength of our heritage is. A unique fusion has taken place with multiple
cultures, religions and the way of life of many parts of the world and that has become the foundation
of the Indian life. One can trace from 1857 to date, the type of good experiences we have had and
also the strife resulting out of the differences in thoughts.
I have just now returned from Gujarat after interactions with various cross sections of people, leaders,
officials and rehabilitation workers in the areas affected by recent disturbances and earthquake. I also
visited the Sabarmati Ashram which was established by Mahatma Gandhi for the purpose of our
countrymen to carry on the search for truth and develop fearlessness. I sat in silence for a while in the
Ashram and remembered the life of Gandhiji. One dominant thought came to my mind. If we can go
above our own personal hardships and see the problems of others and decide to work for a larger
cause, then there is natural elevation of our minds. When we are lax in this, then our level of thinking
goes down. I felt confident that all of us can be elevated to the level of noble minds, if we just decide
to understand others and to practice tolerance. I realized that Gujarat has given the noble leader -
Mahatma Gandhi, unifier of the nation - Vallabhbhai Patel and the great visionary in science and
technology - Vikram Sarabhai and many more. Time has come for every one of us to put the thoughts
of these great souls into action for nation's welfare.
Non-violence, tolerance, acceptance of all religions and different ways of life, search for truth and
fearlessness are the values the Mahatma taught us and they are the cornerstones of our civilisational
heritage and, therefore, of Indian polity. Any act by anyone anywhere in India that runs counter to
these eternal values would pose a threat to the fabric of free Indian nation which was born and
nurtured by the supreme sacrifices of countless noble souls. We should all work together to achieve
the mission for Unity of Minds to preserve what we so preciously earned and reach greater heights in
the future.
When I interact with school children and youth, wherever I go, one question comes often. They ask
me "who are our role models?" Parents and teachers have to show them by example to live as
enlightened citizens. Children also look for role models at national level in different fields. I have
described earlier the role models from Gujarat. Each state of our country has many such examples of
the past. It is now time we create more role models from the present. I suggest that members of our
Parliament and Legislatures can shape the future of our children by becoming good role models.
Parliament and Legislatures have a crucial role in giving the vision of developed India and value
based polity. Our children should see the members of the Parliament debating the vision of developed
India, providing action plans and putting forth great thoughts and challenges to them. Looking at the
national leaders, the children will find their role models for their development and growth.
I am sure, our leadership and our people can achieve the second vision of developed India. Let us
take a vow on this Independence Day that the nation is more important compared to any individual,
party or organisation.
I pray to the Almighty for Unity of Minds and our success in every aspect of life.
'Jai Hind'

Posted by Rajasekhar at 23:20 No comments: 

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Wednesday, 6 November 2013

English Lab Schedule

Download Lab Schedule

Course Details:

Course Title English Language Lab (ELL)

Course Code AHE1102    L    T    P    C 0 0 3 2
Program: B. Tech.
Specialization Common to all branches
:
Semester I / II
Prerequisites Basics of English up to +2 level
Courses to which it is a N/A
prerequisite
Course Outcomes (COs):

Recognize the sounds of English; understand the functions of   Stress & Intonation in

1
connected speech.

2      Exhibit Oral and Aural abilities in academic and career communication.

3 Demonstrate Public Speaking, Debating, Presentation and Discussion skills.

4 Apply critical and creative thinking skills for employability.
5 Enable basic written communication skills in academic, technical and professional
contexts.
 Teaching-Learning and Evaluation

*TEACHING- Assessment
Course
Week TOPIC / CONTENTS Sample questions LEARNING Method &
Outcomes
STRATEGY Schedule
CO 1, CO 2 Introduce Lecture, PPT, Feedback &
Teacher: Introduction to
yourself? Task-based Diagnosis
Communication Skills
1 What motivated interaction of learner
Students Activity: Introducing
you to join needs.
Oneself
Engineering?
CO 2, CO 3 Fill in the blanks, Lecture, PPT, Feedback &
T: Listening Comprehension Answer Multiple Task-based Continuous
2 S: Listening to Some Audio/Video choice questions interaction Evaluation,
Clips after listening to Internal test
an audio file? / End Exam
CO 3, CO 4 Make notes on the Lecture, Feedback &
following passage. PPT,  Video Continuous
T: Reference Skills(Dictionary Search the idioms modules, Task- Evaluation
3 skills, Note-Making& Note of the word based
Taking) ‘make’ with the interaction
help of
CALD/OALD?
CO 1 Recognize and Lecture, Feedback &
T : Introduction to Phonetics:
produce English PPT,  Video Continuous
Consonants/ Vowels
4 Vowel Sounds modules, Task- Evaluation
S: Listening to the sounds of
based
English and Practicing
interaction
CO 1 Recognize and Lecture, Feedback &
T : Introduction to Phonetics:
produce following PPT,  Video Continuous
Consonants/ Vowels
5 English modules, Task- Evaluation
S: Listening to the sounds of
Consonant based
English and Practicing
Sounds. interaction
T: Oral Presentation Skills CO 3 Speak a minute on Task-based Individual
6 (Individual/Pair) your chosen topic. interaction or Team
S: JAM (Just A Minute) Sessions (extempore) Presentation
CO 3  Present a talk on Lecture, Feedback &
a current issue PPT,  Video Continuous
T: Oral Presentation  Skills
such as global modules, Task- Evaluation,
7 (Individual/Pair)
warming...etc. based Individual
S: Presentations (Oral)
interaction or Team
Presentation
8 I CYCLE LAB TEST
CO 1 Place the stress on Lecture, Feedback &
the given word PPT,  Video Continuous
T: Word Stress set: modules, Task- Evaluation
9 Object(V), based
S: Stress practice
Object(N) interaction

CO1, CO2 Role-play - A Task-based Feedback &

T: Instructions
scene at library. / interaction Continuous
10 on Situational Dialogue/Role Play /
A situation at Evaluation
S: Enacting  Roleplays
railway station.
 CO 3, CO4, Discuss the topic ‘ Lecture, Feedback &
CO5 entry of foreign PPT,  Video Continuous
T: Group Discussion
11 Universities in modules, Task- Evaluation,
S: GD practice
India’ based Internal test
interaction / End Exam
CO 3, CO4, Discuss topics  such Task-based Feedback &
CO5 as  Present state of interaction Continuous
T: Group Discussion
12 Indian Politics… Evaluation,
S: GD practice
etc Internal test
/ End Exam
CO 3, CO4, Are disasters Lecture, Feedback &
CO5 natural or man- PPT,  Video Continuous
T: Debate
13 made? Debate modules, Task- Evaluation,
S: Debate practice
based Internal test
interaction / End Exam
CO 3, CO4, Enact a conversation Lecture, Feedback &
CO5 on booking a hotel PPT,  Video Continuous
T: Telephonic Communication
14 reservation. modules, Task- Evaluation
S: practice
based
interaction
CO 3, CO4, Present your  Lecture, Feedback &
CO5 Ideas (theme-based). PPT,  Video Continuous
T:Team presentations (PPTs)
15 modules, Task- Evaluation,
S: Practice
based Internal test
interaction / End Exam
CO 3, CO4, Present a chosen Task-based Feedback &
T:Team presentations (PPTs)
16 CO5 topic on PPT interaction Continuous
S: Practice
mode. Evaluation
17 II CYCLE LAB TEST
18/19 END EXAM