IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx

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IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management)
ISSN (Print) : 2614-7327 ISSN (Online) : 2745-9063

Systematic Literature Review Of Risk In Port Construction

Projects
Anita Maya Damayanti1*, Ghazi Ghossan Hindami 1, Muhammad Soleh1, Hairrudin1
1
Master of Civil Engineering Program, Mercu Buana University, Jakarta, 11650, Indonesia

ARTICLE A B S T R A C T
INFORMATION
Article history:
Infrastructure.development.in.an.area.can.have.an.impact.on.increasing
Received: community.access.to.resources.so.that.increased.productivity.can.encourage.economi
Revised: c growth. The.port.as.a.sea.transportation.infrastructure.has a very important and
Accepted:
strategic role for the growth of industry and trade and is a business segment that can
Category: Review contribute.to.the.economy.and.national.development.because.it.is.part.of.the.transport
paper ation.and.logistics system chain. For this reason, a risk analysis is needed so that the
Keywords:
implementation.of.portconstruction can.be.completed on time, both in terms of cost,
Port quality, .and time. This study aims to analyze the risk of port development using a
Risk systematic literature review method. From.the.results.of.this.systematic.literature
Construction review,the.risk.of.port.construction.projects.is.influenced.by.several.factors,
Management namely: technical internal factors (21.15%), non-technical internal factors (5.77%),
Development
technical external factors. (20.19%), non-technical.external factors (24.04%),
technical project factors. (19.23%), non-technical.project.factors. (9.62%).
This is an open access article under the CC–BY-NC license.
*Corresponding Author
Anita Maya Damayanti,
Muhammad Soleh, Ghazi
Ghozan Hindami,
Hairrudin, Hibarkah
Kurnia
E-mail:
Anitamaya074@gmail.co
m
gghindami@gmail.com
hairrudin83@gmail.com
ole.semangat@gmail.co
m

1. INTRODUCTION capacity, .and relatively low cost. In.order to

The.development.of.transportation.is.directed
at.bridging.the.gap.between.regions.and.encou
raging equal distribution of development
results. Sea.transportation.plays.an.important
role in smooth.trade.because.it has high
economic.value, .including large carrying
support.trade and.cargo.traffic, the port was
created as a point.of departure for.cargo
transfers where.ships can dock, .lean, .unload
goods.and.forward them to other areas
(Kramadibrata, 1985). The.port.is an.important
means, especially.for.sea.transportation, with

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 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx
this.transportation, the distance needed will be
felt.faster, .especially for the economic
development.of an area where the production
center.of.consumer goods.can.be.marketed
quickly and smoothly. In.addition to the
economic.sector, .ports.have.a positive impact
on.the.development.of.an.isolated.area,
.especially water areas where accessibility by
land.is.difficult.to.do.well. Infrastructure
development.of.a.region can have an impact on
increasing.public.access.to.resources.to.increas
e access resource productivity access which in
turn encourages.economic.growth. (Sudaryadi,
2007). Infrastructure.or.facilities and
infrastructure.have.a.very strong relationship
with.social.welfare and environmental.quality
as.well.as.on.the process of.economic.growth
of a region. .This.can.be.shown
by.an.indication that the area has.complete
infrastructure.systems.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
This.research.method.is.based.on.a.literature
review that.discusses.the.identification of
occupational.safety.and.health risks in.the.port
project, .in this.study.the journal classified
whether.including.safety.risk factors.client
responsibility, contractor.responsibility, shared
responsibility and.undecided responsibility.
This research is.based on the results.of an
analysis of 40.journals from various.countries,
both national.and.international.journals, which
have a time.span.from 2011.to.2021.
Step 1: The.strategy.for.taking.papers for this
journal review is based.on.searching academic
journals by.keywords, .and the time range as
stated in.the selection criteria. The academic
journals.searched.for were the American
Society of Civil.Engineers (ASCE), Taylor.and
Francis Group, Elsevier, .Springer, .Civil
Engineering.Journal, and Google.Scholar.
Step 2: Publication.screening.is.applied
whether the retrieved.publications are Scopus
indexed. This process ensures the removal of
publications.that.do.not.align.with.the.objectiv
es of the review. A.total.of.40.scientific papers
were screened.and.accessed.by Scopus and
Scimago.Journal.& Country.Rank. Of these, 40
academic.papers.were.used.as data sources.for
review. Most papers are.accessed.from
American.Society.Civil.Engineering (ASCE)
papers. .Others are accessed.rom.Google
Scholar.and.other.publishers.
Step 3: This.research. (Siswanto, 2012)
analyzes that.there.are.10 risks that have a high
level of risk.that need attention are (1) extreme
weather, . (2) completion.of work (sub
contractors) not on time, (3) .extreme.climate
disturbing.productivity, (4) incomplete.ground
investigation.data./ not.appropriate.to the field,
(5) invisible.problems, (6) other.party's.ship
crashing.into.construction, (7) pontoon.barge
and tug.boat collision with other ship.during
operation, (8) fines due to delays (9) working
conditions different from the.contract, (10)
changes.in.the.scope.of the.contract.
Start
Data.Source .Selection
60.Journals
Selecting.papers base on search of
academic.journals, keywords, and the time
span as.mentioned in ths selection criteria.
Step 1
Screening.papers on Scopus.and
Scimago.JR. 40 journals
Step 2
Risk Assesment Identification
Step 3
Step 4
Discussion
Result and Conclusion
Finish
`
Fig 1. Research Flowchart
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 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx

The.US.Army.Corps.of. .Engineers. (USACE) classified.into.four types of risk identification

has gradually implemented.risk.assessment into
the Dam.and.Embankment.Safety program over
the past.10.years. .This.has.resulted.in.a
focused effort to better understand potential
failure.modes. (Schaefer.et al., 2017).
so.that.they are easier.to.analyze. This.paper
aims to identify a dam.safety risk assessment to
ensure.the structural integrity and.operational
safety.of.the.dam.

From.40.academic.papers, all failure modes are

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Summary.of.Risk-Based.Research.On.Port.Construction.Projects
Identificati Category Risk
Research Internal External Project Results
No. on of
Method
Journal T NT T NT T NT
1 (Sukaarta Question √ x √ √ √ x There.are.6.things that have a high
et.al.,2012) naire level.of.risk, .namely (1)
Indonesia extreme.weather,(2)completion.of.w
ork. . (sub.contractors) .not.on.time,
(3) fines due to delays, (4)
.an.increase in.firon prices(5)
There.is.an increase.in the
price.of.concrete sand, (6) There
is.an.increase in the price.of cement.

2 (Kusumah. Question √ √ x √ √ √ Risks.high.categories are (1)

et.al.,2019) naire and difficult.field.conditions, (2) changes
Indonesia interview in.design.and.scope of work, (3)
unclear.images, (4 ) the
ability.of.the.project.implementing
staff is,lacking, (5) the,skill level of
the workforce,is not enough, . (6)
.the.number of workers is less, (7)
.the number of the
project.engineering.team is less, (8)
the PDA.test.score is not in
accordance.with the plan, (9) the
size.of the.fender.not.suitable (10)
driving does.not.match
the.fcoordinates.

3 (Tangdie.b Interview √ x √ √ √ x In.the.Consequence.Analysis, the

ong.et.al., aspects that.are.formulated are
2013) aspects.of.Design.Misunderstanding
Indonesia which.are.the.most dominant
and.most.influential.aspects,aspects.
of.Worker.Incompetence, aspects
of.Environmental, aspects of labor,
.technical.aspects of work, aspects
of.price.increases
and.equipment.mobilization,
aspects.of.negligence and work
accidents, while.aspects.of

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 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx

uncertainty in work.are.the
aspects.that.have.the.least.impact.

4 (Ismiyati.et Interview √ x x √ √ x There.are.five.high.risks.from the

al., .2020) perspective.of.construction
Indonesia providers, .namely: sea.tides,
disruption.of the loading and
unloading.process.of.goods,
.design.changes.due.to.changes in the
field, .contradictions.in
construction.methods.between.consu
ltants.and.contractors, and
damage.to.heavy.equipment.

5 (Sholeh, Questionn x √ √ √ x √ There.are.9.main.problems at the

.2018) aire Gresik.Port, .namely high
, sedimentation, .low rate of
unloading.at.the.dock,poor access to
land.transportation, .lack.of
development.funds, lack.of
functioning.of.ship.shelters,
slums,land.acquisition.constraints,no
t.working.properly,no.parking, and
poor.port facilities.

6 (Utomo,et Interview √ x √ √ √ x There,are,several risks; heavy

al.,2019) rain,accompanied,by,strong winds,
Indonesia ,lack,of,staff,competence,
late,arrival,of,materials and design
changes. The,highest,risks
in,dock,operations,are: ,colliding
ships,and,colliding,containers

7 (Yanarko, Questionn √ x √ x √ x The,impact,of,failure,on,dock

& ,Basuki, aire, ,field operations,is: material,losses due
,2021) observati, to,late,distribution, ,injured/death
Indonesia n data workers,and,property,damage. ,

8 (Puspita,A Failure x x x x √ x The,risks,that,arise based,on,the

ndriani,& Mode,and existing,tools,at the port, one,of
,Sugiono, Effect,of which,is,the Ship,to,Shore, (STS)
2017) Analysis, Crane
Greece (FMEA)
9 (Nagi,et HAZARD √ x √ √ x x The,port,risk,assessment,toolkit
al., 2019) ,Seaport, is,environmental, natural,disaster,
,Finland Risk,Asse ,operational, ,organizational,
ssment,To security,and,technical
olbox and,technology.

10 (Kadir,et HIRARC, √ √ √ √ x x The,identified,port,operational

al., ,2020) and,Quest risk,factors,are,men, ,machinery,
Malaysia ionnaire ,management,and,the environment,.

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11 (Nagi,et Analysis,f √ √ √ x x x There,are,two,main,research areas,

al., ,2017) ocusing,o namely, (1) ,approaches
,Europe n,docume and,studies,for,improvement,and
nt co- decision-making,and, (2) the
citation,B impact,of,natural,hazards,and,climat
ibliometri e,change,in,coastal and,port areas. ,
c
12 (Palanisam Method,D √ x √ x x x Risk,mitigation,covering,organizatio
y,& escription ns, ,supply chains, ,business
,Anand, partners,and,business,processes
,2015) and,IT,systems, ,
United
States
13 (Pileggi,et CoRiMaS x x √ √ x x The,CoRiMaS,ontology,approach,ha
al., ,2020) Ontology s,the,potential,to,improve,risk
Germany management,practices,and,increase,o
perational resilience, ,
as well,as,protection,of,sensitive
surrounding,areas.

14 (Janowic, Method x x √ √ √ x A,list,of,risks,that,occur, ,namely

&,Pauling, Descriptio security,and,health, ,environment,
2016) n and finance, ,schedule,
United,Stat HIRARC reputation,and,business,impact.
es
15 (Tam,& Questionn x x x √ √ x The,most,common,risk,factor
,Shen, aire, faced,in,marine,projects is that
,2012) Interview underwater,conditions are
Hongkong and different,from,planning. ,The
Discussio biggest,risk,is,the,unavailability
n of,materials, ,factories, ,and,
labor.

16 (Ikhram,et HAZID x x √ √ x x The,risks,identified,at,Kemaman

al., ,2021) method Port, ,namely,inner,ports,
Malaysia and ,cargo,transfers,additional,hazards,
expert ,falling objects, ,exposure,to
interview dangerous,objects,
,work,accidents,working,at,heights,a
nd fatigue. ,
17 (Ferrario,et Literature x x x x √ √ Coral,reefs,can,provide,wave
al., ,2014) & attenuation,benefits,comparable
Amerika,S Questionn to,artificial,controllers,such,as
erikat aire breakwaters, and reef,controllers
can,be scaled up,in a,cost-
effective,manner. ,

18 (Diaset,al., Questionn √ √ x x x x The,risks,that,ports,can,pose,to,orga

,2019) aire,Interv nizations,namely,supply
Brazil iew and disruptions,and,total,disconnections.
Discussio
n

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 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx

19 (Juliza,& The Risk x x √ √ √ x There,are,9,port,operational,risks,

,Anggiat, Breakdow namely,equipment,infrastructure,
2019) n internal,raud, ,security, ,labor,
,Switzerlan Structure information,systems, ,damage,to
d (RBS) physical,assets,delays in,service,time
Method and,congestion, failure of
contract,negotiations,and,regulations
.

20 (Budiyanto The x x √ √ x x Containers,that,fall,into,the,dock

,& Formal,Sa during loading and,unloading have
,Fernanda, fety the,highest,risk,value, while the
2020) Assessme results,of,the,Fault Tree,Analysis
,Malaysia nt, (FSA) show,that,traffic,accidents,are,he
,method biggest,potential,risk. ,
with a
Fault
Tree,Anal
ysis
(FTA)
risk
assessmen
t
21 (Chlomoui Port Risk x x √ √ x x The,risks,of,human,accidents in ports
s,et,al., Assessme are ship,collisions, ,landings, sinking,
2016) nt navigational errors, ,skipper errors,
Greece poor,maintenance, ,falling cranes,
falling containers,and,errors in,cargo
handling,and,storage.

22 (Kadir,et Method x x √ √ x x Based,on,risk,calculations, ,two,risk

al., ,2017) Descriptio factors,were,found,in,a,significant
Malaysia n and category, namely human carelessness
HIRARC and,negligence, (R3), ,and,the
experience,of,individual,workers
(R7). ,

23 (Suprapto, Scenario x x x x √ x The,stability,of,the,armor-protected

&,Ginting, Model layer,structure,with concrete,cubes,is
2018) and Mode quite,high, as,evidenced by,the fairly
Indonesia Scale low damage,level, (NoD<0.5) in all
test,scenario,conditions

24 (Palisunga Descriptiv x x x √ √ x delays,in the distribution of,materials

n,et,al., e analysis, in the,construction project,of,the
,2020) Statistical Mianga, ,Beach,Safety,Building,have
Indonesia analysis an,impact on the,lack,of,budget
and AHP absorption, causing,the,final project
(Analytic results,to,not,be as planned.
Hierarchy
Process)

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25 (Olba,et PNTC x x x x √ √ Port,planning,includes,aspects,of

al., ,2017) estimation berth, ,layout, ,service,time, ,type of
United,Stat method ship,fleet, ,and,maneuver,time. , ,
es

26 (Pallis, Port Risk x x √ √ x x Risk,management,in,the scope of

,2017) Assessme work,of,port,container terminals,
,Greece nt (PRA) namely,humans, ,machines,
,environment, ,security,and,nature.

27 (Joubert,& Method √ x x √ √ x there,are,7,things,that,have,a,high

,Pretorius, Descriptio level of risk, namely, (1)
,2020) n and ,breakwaters, (2) ,reclaimed,land, (3)
United HIRARC inlets,and,basins, , (4) pier walls, (5)
States courtyards. ,and,container,buildings,
(6) ,power,sources, and (7) project
management,offices,

28 (Czermańs Case √ x x √ √ x Highlight,port,development,and,MS

ki,et al., Study P arrangements, related,to,the,timing
,2021) Methods of,the two processes, (MSP and
Poland port,development), how,to decide the
necessary,tradeoffs,and,the,different,
value,systems,behind,MSP and
investment,

29 (Indraswari Questionn √ x x x √ x The,results,of,the,study showed 39

P,et,al., aire and identified,risks, ,namely,9
2018) interview unacceptable,risks,25,unwanted,risks
Indonesia discussion ,3,acceptable,risks and,2 ignored
risks, ,

30 (Alansari, Survey √ x x x √ x The,37,identified,marine

&,Nguyen, Method construction,risk,factors, ,it,shows
,2019) Questionn that, “Unskilled Contractor,Labor”
,Saudi aire has,the,highest,risk,score,on,marine
Arabia construction,projects

31 (Nagi,& Questionn x x √ √ x x The,risks,at,the,Port,of Hamburg,are:

,Schroeder, aire and (a) ,natural,disasters (b) ,operational
,2021) Interview and,safety,risks. ,
Germany
32 (Wang,et Multi- √ x x √ x √ One,of,the,Pareto,optimal
al., ,2018) objective solutions,produced,by,NSGA-II
,China Evolution
(Pareto-
optimal)
33 (Li,et,al., Primary √ x x √ x √ The,early,stages,of,port,formation,
2022) map data ,geographic location,significantly
China impacts,estuary,ports, ,with,less
effect,on,coastal,ports. ,

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 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx

34 (Zheng,et Risk √ x √ x x √ Prioritizes,preventive, ,emergency

al., 2011) identificat and,mitigation,measures,on,environ
China, ion mental,risks,

35 (Wiśnicki, Multi √ x x √ x √ Considers,the,location,of,nodal,infra

et,al., criteria structure,in,intermodal,transport,
2021) decision ,understood as,rail-road,or, rail-road-
China making river, transport,

36 (T. ,A. Standard x √ √ x x √ With,a,risk-based Work,Breakdown

,Susiawan Risk- Structure (WBS) ,for,Port,projects,
et al., based there are,zero,accidents,at,the
2019) Work construction,site,
Poland Breakdow
n
Structure
(WBS)
37 (Hudoyo,et Questionn √ x x √ x √ In,order,to,know,and,anticipate risks
al., ,2019) aire that may,occur,during,the
Indonesia Survey implementation,of,port,development

38 (Roro,et al. Project x x x x √ x There,are,4,risk,variables, ,namely

,2016) Risk low,levels,of,work,experience, lack
Indonesia Managem of,expertise of project,managers and
ent supervisors, ,non-use,of
(PRM) safety,equipment,and,lack,of
method availability,of labor,and,experts,

39 (Siswant,& Questionn √ x x x √ x There,are,10,risks,and,the,most

Wiguna, aires and proposed risk response,is,by reducing
,2012) Interview risk, (mitigation) ,and partially
Indonesia s transferring,risk, (transference) to,
other,parties,

40 (Meysam, Method √ x √ x x √ The,proposed,integrated approach

Mousavi et of Risk has improved,data collection,and
al., ,2014) Identificat statistical,analysis in,the,risk
Iran ion and assessment,process and also,interval
Assessme analysis,has,produce,reliable,results,.
nt by
Computin
g

(1) difficult,field,conditions, , (2) changes in

Research,(Sukaarta et al., 2012) analyzes that
there are,6 things,that,have a high,level,of risk,
namely (1) extreme weather, (2) ,completion
of work (subcontractors) not,on,time, (3) fines
due to delays, , (4) ,occurs,an increase in the
price,of iron, , (5) ,an,increase in the price,of
concrete,sand (6) an increase in the price,of
cement. ,While,research,(Kusumah et al.,
2019) analyzes,Risks,with high,categories,are
design and scope,of,work, (3) ,unclear
drawings, (4) lack,of,ability of,project
implementers, ( 5) the,skill level of,the
workforce,is,not,enough, (6) the number,of
workers,is,lacking, (7) the number of,project
engineering teams is less, (8) ,the PDA test
scores,are,not in accordance,with the plan, (9)
the fender size is not appropriate (10)
the,piling,is,not,appropriate,coordinate.

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 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx
Research,(Tangdiembong et al., 2013)
explains,that in the,Consequence,Analysis, the
aspects,that,are,formulated are,aspects of
Design Misunderstanding,which,are the most
dominant and most,influential aspects, aspects
of Worker,Incompetence, ,aspects,of
Environmental Change, aspects,of,Manpower,
Technical,aspects,of,Work , aspects of Price
Increase,and,Equipment,Mobilization, aspects
of Negligence and,Work Accidents, while the
aspect of Uncertainty,in,Work is the aspect
that,has,the,least,effect. ,According to
(Ismiyati et al., 2020) there,are,five,high risks
from the,perspective ofconstruction,providers,
namely: sea tides, disruption of,the,loading
and,unloading,process,of,goods,design,chang
es due to changes in the field, ,contradictions
in construction,methods between consultants
and,contractors, and,damage,to heavy
equipment. While the,research,(Sholeh, 2018)
explains,that,there,are,9 main problems at the
Gresik,Port, namely high,sedimentation, low
rate,of,unloading at the,dock, poor access to
land transportation, lack,of,development
funds, lack of functioning,of,ship shelters,
slums, land,acquisition,constraints, not
working,properly, ,no,parking, and poor port
facilities. ,
Research,(Utomo et al., 2019) analyzes several
risks; ,heavy rain accompanied by strong
winds, lack of staff competence, late arrival of
material,and,design,changes. The,highest risks
in dock operations,are: ,colliding,ships and
colliding containers. ,Meanwhile, the impact
of failure,on,dock,operations is: material
losses,due,to late,distribution, ,injured/death
workers and property,damage,(Yanarko &
Basuki, 2021). (Puspita,Andriani & Sugiono,
2017) analyzes,the,risks,that arise based on,the
existing tools,at the port, one of which,is,the
Ship to,Shore, (STS) Crane using,the Failure
Mode,and Effect,of Analysis, (FMEA) method.
Meanwhile, research (Nagi et al., 2019)
analyzes that the,port,risk,assessment toolkit,is
environmental, ,natural,disaster, ,operational,
organizational, ,security and technical and
technology. The,identified port operational
risk factors,are,men, machinery, ,management
and the,environment (Kadir et al., 2020).
10
Fig 2. Grouping of journals by country
Research,(Nagi et al., 2017) explains that there
are two,main,research,areas, namely (1)
approaches and studies,for improvement and
decision-making and (2) ,the impact of natural
hazards and climate,change in coastal,and,port
areas. Research,(Palanisamy & Anand, ,2015)
describes,risk,mitigation,covering,organizatio
ns, supply chains, ,business,partners and
business,processes and,IT systems.
Meanwhile, research (Pileggi et al., 2020)
explains,that,the,CoRiMaS,ontology approach
has the,potential,to,improve risk,management
practices and increase operational,resilience,
as well,as protection of sensitive,surrounding
areas. ,Research (Janowicz,& Pauling, 2016)
analyzes,a,list of risks,that,occur, ,namely
security,and,health, environment, finance,
schedule, ,reputation and business impact.
Research,(Tam & Shen, 2012) ,explains that
the most,common,risk,factor,faced in marine
projects is that underwater conditions are
different from planning. The biggest,risk,is,the
unavailability,of,materials, ,factories, ,and
labor. ,
Research (Ikhram et al., 2021) ,describes the
risks identified,at,Kemaman,Port, namely
inner ports, cargo transfers, additional hazards,
falling,objects, ,exposure,to,dangerous
objects, ,work accidents, working at heights
and,fatigue. And,Research,(Ferrario et al.,
2014) analyzing coral,reefs,can provide wave
attenuation benefits,comparable to artificial
controllers,such,as,breakwaters, ,and,reef
controllers,can be scaled up in a,cost-effective
manner. ,Research (Dias et al., 2019) ,analyzes
the risks,that ports can pose to,organizations,
namely,supply,disruptions,and,total,disconnec
tions. Researc, (Puspita,Andriani & Sugiono,
 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx
2017) analyzes,the,risks that arise based on the
existing tools at,the port, one of which is the
Ship to Shore (STS) Crane. Research (Juliza &
Anggiat, 2019) explains that there are 9 port
operational,risks, ,namely equipment
infrastructure, internal fraud, security, ,labor,
information,systems, ,damage to physical
assets, delays in service time and,congestion,
failure,of,contract,negotiations,and,regulation
s. ,Research,(Budiyanto & Fernanda, 2020)
analyzes that,containers that fall into the
dock,during loading,and,unloading have the
highest,risk value, while the results,of the
Fault
Tree,Analysis,show,that,traffic,accidents are
the biggest potential risk. ,
Fig 3. Grouping of journals by year
Research,(Chlomoudis et al., 2016) explains
that the,risks,of human,accidents in ports are
ship collisions, landings, ,sinking,
,navigational errors, skipper,errors,
,poor,maintenance, falling cranes, ,falling
containers and errors in cargo,handling and
storage. ,The,study,(Kadir,et al., 2017)
analyzed,that based on risk calculations, two
risk,factors,were,found,in,a,significant,catego
ry, namely human,carelessness and negligence
(R3), and the,experience of,individual,workers
(R7). Research (Suprapto &,Ginting, 2018)
explains,that,the,stability of the armor-
protected,layer,structure with,concrete cubes
is quite high, as evidenced,by the fairly low
damage level, (NoD<0.5) ,in all test scenario
conditions. ,Research (Palisungan et al., 2020)
explains,that delays in the distribution of
materials in the construction,project,of,the
Miangas Beach Safety,Building have an
impact on the lack of budget,absorption,
causing,the,final,project,results,to not be as
planned. Research (Olba et al., 2017) explains
that port planning includes aspects of berth,
layout, service time, ,type,of ship fleet, and
maneuver,time.
Research,(Pallis, 2017) explains risk
management in the scope of work of port
container,terminals, ,namely,humans,
machines, environment, security,and nature.
Research (Joubert & Pretorius, ,2020) explains
that there are 7 things that have,a,high level of
risk, ,namely (1) breakwaters, , (2) reclaimed
land, , (3) inlets,and,basins, (4) pier walls, (5)
courtyards. ,and,container buildings, (6) power
sources, ,and (7) project,management offices.
The,results of the study,(Czermanski et al.,
2021) highlight,port,development and MSP
arrangements, ,related to the timing of the two
processes (MSP,and,port development), ,how
to decide,the,necessary trade-offs,and the
different,value systems behind,MSP and
investment. The results of,the,study
(Indraswari P et al., ,2018) ,showed 39
identified risks, namely 9,unacceptable risks,
25 unwanted risks, 3,acceptable risks and 2
ignored risks. ,Risk,mitigation for 34 dominant
risks (9,unacceptable risks and 25,undesirable
risks). ,Meanwhile (Alansari & Nguyen, 2019)
research,shows,that of the 37,identified,marine
construction risk factors, ,it shows,that
“Unskilled,Contractor,Labor” has,the highest
risk score,on marine construction,projects.
Research,(Nagi &,Schroeder, 2021) explains
that the risks,at,the Port of Hamburg are: (a)
natural,disasters (b) operational and,safety
risks. ,According to research (Wang,et al.,
2018) ,one,of the Pareto,optimal,solutions
produced by,NSGA-II. ,Research (Li et al.,
2022) shows,that in the,early stages,of,port
formation, ,geographic location,significantly
impacts estuary,ports, ,with,less effect on
coastal,ports. ,Meanwhile research (Zheng et
al., 2011) prioritizes,preventive, ,emergency
and mitigation,measures,on,environmental
risks. ,Research,(Wiśnicki et al., 2021)
considers,the,location,of nodal,infrastructure
in intermodal transport, ,understood as rail-
road,or,rail-road-river,transport.
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 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx

concluded,for,several,factors included in the

criteria, namely,as,many as,22,for technical
internal,factors, ,as many as 6 for non-
technical,internal factors , as many as,21 for
technical,externals, ,as many,as,25,for non-
technical,external factors, as many as,20 for
technical projects, ,as many,as,10,for non-
technical projects. ,

Bibliometric,analysis is carried out by making

Fig 4. Grouping of Technical and Non- visualizations,in,the,form,of,networks,
Technical Risk Types overlays, and densities,which,aim,to
determine the bibliometric,network between
Researc, (T. Susiawan et al., 2019) shows that articles,or,online,publications,from,the,ownlo
with a,risk-based,Work,Breakdown Structure aded metadata. Mapping,and clustering in
(WBS) for Port,projects, there are zero bibliometric,analysis,through Vosviewer
accidents at the,construction site. ,Meanwhile, software,are,complementary, ,which,means
according to research (Hudoyo,et al., 2019) in they complement one another. ,
order to know and anticipate,risks that may
occur during the,implementation of port
development. ,Research (Roro et al., 2016)
shows,that,there are 4,risk,variables,vnamely
low levels of work experience, ,lack,of
expertise of project managers and,supervisors,
non-use,of,safety,equipment,and lack of
availability,of,labor,and experts. Research
(Siswanto & Wiguna, ,2012) ,explains,that
there are,10,risks and,the most proposed risk
response is by reducing risk (mitigation) ,and
partially,transferring risk (transference) ,to
other parties. Meanwhile, ,according,to
research (Meysam,Mousavi et al., 2014)
explains that,the,proposed,integrated approach Fig 6: Network visualization on co-occurrence
has improved,data collection and statistical
analysis in,the,risk assessment,process and
also,interval analysis,has produced reliable
results,

Fig 5. Grouping of Technical and Non- Fig 7: Overlay visualization on co-occurrence

Technical Risk Types
Figure,6,shows,a,network visualization of co-
This technical and,non,risk type grouping is occurrence,which,explains,the,network or
obtained,from,a,journal that has been relationship,between,one,term,and another in

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 IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management) Vol x No x Month 20xx, x-xx
risk,management,research on port construction
projects,in,the,period 2011 – 2021. The,40
articles,can be grouped,into,8,clusters,which
can be identified through the node color,of
each keyword. The,visible key,words
represent the risk matrix, risk management,
,risk assessment, ,accident,risk, ,seaport, ,dock
construction, ,safety,and,container,logistics.
The relationship,lines show that,each,cluster is
closely related. ,
In Figure 7 VOS,Viewer,illustrates the overlay
visualization. ,Old,keywords are blue,and,hot
topics,are,visualized in,yellow, while,green,is
still a,researchable,topic.
4. CONCLUSION
From,the,results of this systematic literature
review, ,the,risk of,port,construction projects
is influenced by,several factors, namely:
technical,internal factors, (21.15%),,non-
technical,internal factors, (5.77%), technical
external factors (20.19%),,non-technical
external factors (24.04%), ,technical project
factors, (19.23%), non-technical project
factors (9.62%).,From,this,percentage, it can
be used as a source,of information for Service
Users,and,Service,Providers,so,that,in,carryin
g out port,construction projects,according to
the requested and,desired,quality,targets so
that in their,implementation they can reduce
the risk or,impact of a construction,work,
especially,ports. ,
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