ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION-1

ADDITION, REPAIRS AND

STRENGTHNING OF
STRUCTURE
TEAMS MEMBERS:

NITISH SHARMA
PRASHANT PRASAD

01
 Addition
And
Alteration
What is
Addition and
Examples of alterations and additions works
are:

Alteration constructing a new extension block to an

ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS
The event to modify existing buildings
is usually referred to as alterations and
additions.
existing building;
adding floors to an existing building,
whether on the top or not;
combining two or more units into one
by removing the partition walls
adding water tanks, lifts, escalators,
curtain walls, hoists, facilities for
disabled persons, canopies and shelters,
structural frames for air- conditioning or
another plant, structural supports for
advertisement signboards, etc.
Stages of Addition
And Alteration
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITION

BUILDING INVESTIGATION
The team will carry out recommendations
and methods works for Addition within
Purpose- to obtain sufficient information about
consideration during the building
the building condition.
investigation steps.
Minimal repairs to enable the building to be
To identify or investigate and diagnosis of
fit for its purpose of use.
defects in existing buildings and also to

CONSTRUCTION
Identifying Types of building systems-
Evidence of material deterioration from
Start to construct the Addition according to
Weathering and identifying combinations of
the decision from the owner or clients. Back
movement,
Defects,
Deterioration and load effects.
Horizontal Addition
In order to build a horizontal addition,
The proposed work includes work on
the original building. The Horizontal
addition and improvements
a foundation must be poured. Then, the
walls are framed and any needed plumbing
and air ducts are added and a roof is
installed over the new addition.
It is important that horizontal additions be
placed and designed so that they flow with
your existing floor plan, and the exterior
siding or brick as well as the roof must be
built so that it matches the existing exterior.
Failure to match the existing home with the
new ground level addition can result in a
visual and functional disconnect between
the old and new portions of the home.
Vertical Addition
the proposed work is a new upper
story that involves structural
modification.
In order to build a Vertical addition,
Vertical additions mean you are
building up instead of out. This
means that all or part of your
home’s existing roof will be removed
If your home only has a single story,
expanding your home vertically will
involve the addition of a staircase,
which will occupy a portion of the
first floor, thus reducing the amount
of available square footage.
Building Investigation
The first task in any Alteration project is a
thorought survey of existing structure.

The survey begains with general

description of the building -
The plot,
Building specifications,
Applicable regulations or bylaws,
The age of building,
And any historical design features,
The use of the building (domestic or
commercial) and
Any other features of interest. Methods
and details;
Building Investigation
Investigation should describe the building
condition with details of specific areas (facades ,
roofs, stairs, cellar, and individual rooms) and all
significant defective areas should be noticed.
Addition
Wall Addition

In order to build a new extension to your home, or

additional wall to your garden wall, you come up
against the problem of how to tie the new wall to
the existing wall. Traditionally this was done by
method called toothing out. This means removing
alternate bricks or blocks to leave a tooth like
shape, to which the new wall is tied. This process is
time consuming and labour extensive, therefore
more costly than the modern tying methods.
Addition
Wall Addition

Screw-in Ties

Screw-in ties are supplied with an 8mm nylon plugs

and are suitable for use in brickwork and blockwork
of up to 8 metres in height (3 storeys). They are
usually used tie a cavity wall to an existing wall.
They are made from austhentic stainless steel. The
plug is fixed to either the old mortar joint or to the
brick or blockwork.
Addition
Plumb the lower connector against the existing wall so that
it will be central to the new wall,
Mark the position of the fixing holes.
Each connector should be fixed at three points, the first
Wall Addition and last slot and in the centre.
Ensure that one fixing is at the point where the two
Channel and Tie connectors slot together and overlap.
Wall Starter Fixings should be into brickwork and not mortar joints.
Strips Drill and plug using an 8mm masonry drill bit.
Fix the bottom two holes lightly using the stainless steel
coach screws and washers.
Slot the upper connector into the lower one and repeat the
above stages.
The upper connector can be cut to length if required.
Tighten all fixings using a 10mm socket or box spanner.
Build wall in the conventional way with a full mortar joint
between the existing and the new wall.
Ties should be inserted at a maximum of 300 centres, every
third brick course or each block course.
Ensure that the ties and connectors are completely
embedded with mortar. When using in external walls,
ensure that the bottom edge of the connector is above the
damp-proof course and that a weather seal of
approximately 10mm should be created between the
connector and the existing wall using a flexible mastic
sealant or a compressible sealing strip.
Addition
Foundation Addition

Cementation is the process of forcing the cement

grout (mix of cement, sand, water) under pressure
into cracks, voids, fitters present in structural
components/ground. All the components of a
structure in general and foundation, which are liable
to moisture penetration are consolidated and so
made water resistant by this process.
Addition
Foundation Addition

Pressure grouting involves injecting a grout material into generally isolated pore or void space of which
neither the configuration nor volume are known, and is often referred to simply as grouting. The grout may
be a cementitious, resinous, or solution chemical mixture.
Addition
Column Extension

A precasting concrete haunch is cast on to the

column with a locating dowel or stud bolt to fix
the beam.
A projecting metal corbel is fixed to the column
and the beam is bolted to the corbel. Prefab Column Extension
Column and beam reinforcement, generally in
the form of hooks, are left exposed. The two
members are hooked together and covered with
insitu concrete to complete the joint. This is as
shown in the figure.
Addition
Slab Extension

1. Drill 5/8-inch diameter holes six inches deep into

the old concrete.
2. Flush the holes with water.
3. Inject epoxy into the backs of the holes.
4. Insert 12-inch lengths of rebar into the holes,
twisting them to ensure an even coating of
epoxy around their circumferences and along
their lengths within the holes
 Addition
Beam Extension

1. Drill 5/8-inch diameter holes six inches deep into

the old concrete.
2. Flush the holes with water.
3. Inject epoxy into the backs of the holes.
4. Insert 12-inch lengths of rebar into the holes,
twisting them to ensure an even coating of
epoxy around their circumferences and along
their lengths within the holes
1. Materials for the Repair and strengthening

The various materials used for repairs of cracks are:

Ordinary material
> Cement Slurry
> Cement Mortar
> Expansive Cement
> Quick setting Cement
> Gypsum Cement
> Steel Reinforcement
> GI wires Rolled Steel sections

Advanced material
> Epoxy resin/epoxy Mortar
> Polymer Modified Cementitious Products
> Fiber Reinforcement Polymers.
 REPAIR IN CONCRETE

Epoxy Injections:

Epoxy injection method of concrete crack repair

may be used to bond the cracks having greater
than or equal to 0.05mm opening.

This method is not suitable for crack is active

and if the cracks are large in number, or when
the water leakage cannot be controlled.
 REPAIR IN CONCRETE

Routing and Sealing:

Routing and sealing is an accepted industry-wide

technique of repairing minor and major cracks in
asphalt pavements. The process involves using a
large industrial pavement routing machine to grind
a channel through the centre of the crack where the
sealant is to be injected.

Routing and sealing of cracks in concrete can be

used for dormant cracks not involving the
restoration of tensile strength. In this method the
crack is enlarged along its exposed face to form a V-
shaped groove up to a minimum width of 6 mm and
a depth of 6 to 25 mm. The groove thus formed is
filled and sealed with suitable material.
 REPAIR IN CONCRETE

Drilling and Plugging:

Another way of plugging the drilled hole is filling it

with epoxy mortar or any epoxy formulation with
reinforcement bars placed in the drilled hole. The
bars used are of predetermined length and size
such that it stitches the cracks across.

The procedure involves drilling a hole of 50 to

75mm diameter depending on the width of crack
following the crack location. The hole must be large
enough to intersect the crack along its full length
and provide sufficient repair material to structurally
take the loads exerted on the key.
 REPAIR IN CONCRETE

Stitching the Cracks:

In basic terms crack stitching is the masonry repair

method for repairing cracked walls and ensuring
that they are reinforced. It involves retrofitting a
number of crack stitching bars which are grouted
across cracks in walls in order to reconnect them
and provide stability to the masonry.
REPAIR IN CONCRETE

Straight method crossed method

REPAIR IN RCC SLAB
RCC SLAB TOP
Increasing the shear bearing capacity of the
slab by adding steel plates strengthened by
vertical screw bolts.
Strengthening of the slab by post stressed
reinforcement.
Adding steel beams.
In case of hollow slabs, reinforced concrete is
added inside the holes of the slab.
 REPAIR IN RCC SLAB

RCC SLAB BOTTOM

Due to increasing the applied loads on slabs or

their unsafe design, or corrosion of the reinforcing
steel bars, or cracks in the slabs, one of the
following solutions should be made: 1. If the slab
is unable to carry the negative moment and the
lower steel is sufficient, upper steel mesh should
be added with a new concrete layer. 2. If the slab
is unable to carry the positive moment or when
the dead load (that will be added to the slab)is
much less than the live load carried by the slab , a
new concrete layer on the bottom of the slab
should be added.
CFRC reinforcement work DETAILS:
CONCRETE
OVERLAYING- DETAILS
STRENGTHENING IN RCC SLAB

The “Over lay” or “Under lay” is done to increase the

Flexural (banding) performance of the slab. Such
“over lay” or “under lay” increases the stiffness of
the slab and reduces deflection.

When the negative Bending Moment (hogging) is

more than do ‘overlay’ and positive B.M. (sagging) If
there is more than do “underlay”. The slab is usually
safe in the shear, so there is no need for
reinforcement for the shear except for the flat slab.

Strengthening of slabs is depend on the slab

condition and which defects is occur in slab. It is
necessary to increase the durability of structure.
STRENGTHENING IN RCC SLAB

RCC STEEP PLATE

RC columns can best be strengthened by jacketing,
and by providing additional cage of longitudinal and
lateral tie reinforcement around the columns and
casting a concrete ring, the desired strength and
ductility can thus be built-up.
STRENGTHENING IN RCC SLAB

CFRP LAMINATE

The bond at FRP-to-concrete interface, method of

application (wrapping scheme) and the provided
anchorage system are the main but not the only
factors to be considered in the design of FRP shear
strengthening of structural elements.

● PROPERTIES
1. light weight
2. high strength
3. non corrosive
4. non magnetic
5. brittle
CRPF LAMINATE PROCEDURE
ADDITION OF CFRP LAMINATE-SLAB
SECTION DETAIL
ADDITION OF CFRP LAMINATE ON
COLUMN-BEAM SECTION DETAIL
STRENGTHENING IN RCC SLAB

CFRP LAMINATE TO TWO-WAY SLAB

STRENGTHENING IN COLUMN

Reinforcement Concrete Jacket

Jacketing has been considered

as one of the important
methods for strengthening and
repairing of RC beams.
Jacketing of RC beams is done
by enlarging the existing cross
section with a new layer of
concrete that is reinforced with
both longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement.
RCC JACKET
RCC JACKET
RCC Jacketing

The main purposes of jacketing are-

To increase concrete confinement by

transverse fibre reinforcement, especially for
circular cross-sectional columns
To increase shear strength by transverse fibre
reinforcement,
To increase flexural strength by longitudinal
fibre reinforcement provided. They were
anchored at critical sections. Transverse fibre
should be wrapped all around the entire
circumference of the members possessing
close loops sufficiently overlapped or welded
in order to increase concrete confinement and
shear strength
RCC Jacketing Video
STRENGTHENING IN COLUMN

Steel Jacket

● Removal of concrete cover

● Cleaning of steel bars with wire brush
● Application of epoxy layer
● Installation of steel jacket of required size ,
shape , thickness as per design

● Pour epoxy in openings and space between

column and jacket
STEEL JACKET
STRENGTHENING IN COLUMN

Carbon Fiber Wrapping

Concrete surface is cleaned with wire brush and all

dust / loose particles are removed
Epoxy material is applied on this cleaned surface
CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforcement Polymer) is cut
into required dimensions and is placed on the
epoxy material
An overlap of 50mm to 100mm should be
maintained while placing 2 adjacent pieces of CFRP
on any structural element After this, 2nd coat of sealer is applied as final
All air voids should be removed by hand pressure surface
while pasting the CFRP on epoxy Let it dry for 24 hours. Apply 3rd coat if necessary
This technique can be applied on any type of shape
of structural element for strengthening purpose
Carbon Fiber
Wrapping
STRENGTHENING IN BEAM

BEAMS JAKETING ENLARGEMENT

Jacketing has been considered as one of the

important methods for strengthening and
repairing of RC beams. Jacketing of RC beams
is done by enlarging the existing cross section
with a new layer of concrete that is reinforced
with both longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement.
DETAIL
REPAIR IN LOAD BEARING WALL

> In the case of loss of bond between

reinforcing bar and concrete, if the concrete
adjacent to the bar has been pulverised to a
very fine powder, this powder will dam the
epoxy from saturating the region. So it should
be cleaned properly by air or water pressure
prior to injection of epoxy.

> It has been stated that cracks smaller than

about 0.75 mm may be difficult to pressure
inject. So cracks smaller than this should not
be repaired by this method.
REPAIR IN LOAD BEARING WALL

> The loose material is removed and replaced with

any of the materials mentioned earlier, i.e., expansive
cement mortar, quick setting cement or gypsum
cement mortar
> Where found necessary, additional shear or flexural
reinforcement is provided in the region of repairs.
This reinforcement could be covered by mortar to
give further strength as well as protection to the
reinforcement,
> In areas of very severe damage, replacement of the
member or portion of member can be carried out
> In the case of damage to walls and floor
diaphragms, steel mesh could be provided on the
outside of the surface and nailed or bolted to the
wall. Then it may covered with plaster or micro-
concrete,
STRENGTHENINGIN LOAD
BEARING WALL

Strengthening with wire mesh Two steel meshes

(welded wire fabric with an elementary mesh of
approximately 50 × 50 mm) are placed on the two
sides of the wall, they are connected by passing
steel each 500 to 750 mm apart, 20 to 40 mm thick
cement mortar or microconcrete layer is then
applied on the two networks thus giving rise to
two interconnected vertical plates. This system can
also be used to improve connection of orthogonal
walls.
STRENGTHENING LOAD
BEARING WALL

External binding Opposite

parallel walls can be held to
internal cross walls by
prestressing bars as illustrated
above, the anchoring being done
against horizontal steel channels
instead of small steel plates. The
steel channels running from one
cross wall to the other will hold
the walls together and improve
the integral box like action of the
walls.
STRENGTHENING LOAD
BEARING WALL

Random rubble masonry walls are most vulnerable

to complete collapse and must be strengthened by
internal impregnation by rich cement mortar grout in
the ratio of 1:1 as explained in (a) or better still
covered with steel mesh and mortar as in . Damaged
portions of the wall, if any, should be reconstructed
using richer mortar.
● For bracing the longitudinal walls of long barrack
type buildings, a portal type framework can be
inserted transverse to the walls and connected to
them. Alternatively, masonry buttresses or, pillasters
may be added externally as shown
● In framed buildings, the lateral resistance can be
improved by inserting knee braces or full diagonal
braces or inserting infill walls.
STRENGTHENING IN
FOUNDATION

> Introducing new load bearing members including

foundations to relieve the already loaded members.
Jacking operations may be needed in this process.
> Improving the drainage of the area to prevent
saturation of foundation soil to obviate any problems
of liquefaction which may occur because of poor
drainage.
> Providing apron around the building to prevent
soaking of foundation directly and draining off the
water.
> Adding strong elements in the form of reinforced
concrete strips attached to the existing foundation
part of the building. These will also bind the various
wall footings and may be provided on both sides of
the wall,
STRENGTHENING IN
FOUNDATION

Strengthening of reinforced concrete structural

elements is one method to increase the earthquake
resistance of damage or undamaged buildings.
Repair of reinforced concrete elements is often
required after a damaging earthquake to replace
lost strength.
STRENGTHENING IN
FOUNDATION

Grout pumping or mud jacking: is used to stabilize

soils below settling footings or slabs. The mud jacking
or grout pumping method of foundation repair is
capable of lifting a slab and possibly some structures.
Mud jacking is suitable if bearing rock or stable soils
are not too deep. For cases where bedrock or
suitable stable soils are deeper,
STRENGTHENING IN DRIVEN STEEL PINS
FOUNDATION

● Driven steel pins are used to stabilize settling

foundation walls or footings.

● A pin is driven next to the foundation and is

inserted into the soil until it contacts bedrock.

● Variations in name and type for these steel

foundation repair pins or piers include push piers,
steel push piers, helical piers, and push pins.

● The driven pin foundation repair method, like the

alternative piers listed below, is often used when a
portion of a foundation wall is moving or settling,
perhaps because of improper site work or footing
undermining.
STRENGTHENING IN
FOUNDATION

Benching is a less costly and quicker way to create

more space in your basement. It involves digging
down to the depth you wish your new foundation
floor to be and creating new walls to extend from
the new depth up to the existing. This new wall has
to be reinforced and has a cap – which creates a
bench-like structure around your new foundation
floor.

However, benching may be the solution depending

on the soil conditions around your home, the
nearness of your neighbour’s home, the sewage
system your home uses, your budget or the
schedule in which you want to have the work
completed.
STRENGTHENING IN
FOUNDATION

The process of underpinning involves digging a

series of holes below your existing foundation
footing and filling them in sequence to strengthen
and lower the footing while maintaining the
structural soundness of your walls. Eventually the
soil left on the inside of the foundation can be dug
out to allow for the rest of your renovations.

It is a slow process which must be undertaken

carefully and with experienced engineering experts.
 REPAIR OF STEEL STRUCTURE:

deterioration was caused by the water leakage

from the construction joint of slab concrete which
was insufficiently treated, and that rainwater has
gradually leaked to the lower flange for a long
period
STEEL JACKET BEAM
 What are temporary works?

Temporary works (TW) are the parts of

a construction project that are needed

What is
to enable the permanent work

Temporary Usually, the Temporary work is

removed after use.

Works Example:

Scaffolding
Shoring
Underpinning
Jacklifting
It is used to carry out repair of the
building
1. Types of scaffolding
If your house is below the street level
and sewage water regularly flows in,
Single scaffolding
relocation
Doubleis scaffolding
not the best solution
Needle scaffolding
When the road
Trestle level is increased above
scaffolding
the level of building,
Suspended then this technique
scaffolding
is used to scaffolding
Steel lifting/elevating the building.
Patented scaffolding
Firstly, take all the useful information about
the building.
Study the weak members and the members
of the building which requires the support
before lift.
Then load calculation of the building is
1. Types
done of scaffolding
to have a knowledge of how much
jacks are used to lift.
Single
Generally, 3 scaffolding
jacks required per m2 for a
normal Double scaffolding
building (for G+3 floor building).
BeforeNeedle scaffolding
elevating, disconnect the supplies of
Trestlelike
the building scaffolding
electricity, gas connection,
Suspended
drainage connection scaffolding
etc.
At firstSteel scaffolding is done near the
the excavation
Patented
walls for scaffolding
the application of the jacks, the
jacks are applied below the ground beam
or supports of steel beams.
The jacks are applied in the space of the
excavation and the jacks are applied and
the house is lifted by jacking the jacks
simultaneously.
The jacks are removed and the parallel
brick masonry
1. Types is done to support the
of scaffolding
lifting of the building.
The pebbles and moorum are filled in
Single scaffolding
the plinth area
Double of the building.
scaffolding
After that,
Needleflooring is done. After the
scaffolding
completion
Trestleofscaffolding
the flooring the supply
connections
Suspendedare connected.
scaffolding
Steel
After the scaffolding
lifting of the house is done the
filling Patented
of cracks scaffolding
is done with the cement
grouting.
What is
Scaffolding
1.Scaffolding,
Types of scaffolding
also called staging, is a
temporary structure used to support
peopleSingle
and scaffolding
material in the Construction
or repair
Double
of building
scaffolding
and other
structures.
Needle scaffolding
Trestle scaffolding
Suspended scaffolding
Steel scaffolding
Patented scaffolding
 What is Raking Shores

Shoring
This is a system of giving
temporary support to an unsafe
Shoring is the construction of a
wall.
temporary structure to support
The construction of the raking
temporarily an unsafe structure.
shore varies with the condition at
Types of Shoring the site.
In this method, inclined members
Raking Shores called rakers are used to give
Flying Shores lateral support to the wall.
Dead Shores
Raking Shores Flying Shores

 In this type of shoring horizontal supports are provided

for supporting temporarily the parallel walls of the two
adjacent buildings which may tend to collapse or
damage.
If the walls are quite near to each other (up to 9m) single
flying shore can be constructed.
When the distance between two parallel walls is more
than 9m a double shore can be constructed .
Dead Shores

Such type of shoring is provided for

the following purposes:

Rebuild the defective lower part

of the wall.
Rebuild the existing foundation.
To make a large opening in the
existing wall.
What is
Underpinning
Underpinning The term underpinning is
applied to the construction of a new
foundation underneath the existing one
for strengthening purposes.

Types of underpinning:

Pit Method
Pile Method
Pit Method

In this method existing wall over the

foundations is divided into various
sections, generally 1.2 to 1.5 m in
length.

Holes are then made at adequate

height in the existing wall.

In these holes, steel needle beams

with bearing plates are inserted and
supported on either side of the by
means of crib supports.
Pile Method

In this method, piles are driven at

regular intervals along both sides of
the wall.

The piles are connected by concrete

or steel needles, penetrating
through the wall.

This method is very much useful in

clayey soils, and water logged areas.
 CASE STUDY
G+3 Residential Appartment,
figure-1 figure-2
Tamil Nadu

non destructive testing carried out at the site are

Ultrasonic pulse velocity test (UPV)

Rebound hammer test
Carbonation level figure-3 figure-4
Half cell potential survey
Chloride content in concrete samples

figure-5 figure-6
Repair and Rehablitation
Methodology

Prepration of Surface

Reinforcement Cleaning and Anti a. Roof slab b. column

Corrosive Coating

Bonding Coat to Substrate

. Anti Corrossive Coating.

Polymer Modified Mortar

Polymer Modified Mortar App. of curing compound

Rehablitation of Columns

Micro/Self Compacting Concrete for

Jacketing the Column
Strengthening was done using
micro/self compacting concrete
jacketing technique.

CFRP Wrapping of Columns

In order to develop appropriate Primer carbon Fibre Wrapping.
confinement forces, The FRP
wrap stiffness plays a major role
in the column jacket design
Rehablitation of RC Beams /Slabs
Support the slab which is
contributing the load for the
beam under rehablitation.

Cracr Repair and Protective Coating

Apply acrylic asphaltic based
protective coating to the Injection of Cement Grouting. Polymer Modified Mortar.
members to prevent the
damage in future.

Cathodic Protection
Cathodic protection of steel in
concrete is a technique that has
been provided for corrosion
control for steel in concrete
Near reinforcemen b. Roof slab
THANK YOU