7, MAJOR IMPACT OF DISABILITY AND

VULNERABILITY ON THE LIFE OF PEOPLE

When disabled individuals lack independence or
feel that they cannot live fully, issues can arise.
For example, disabled people may experience
depression and social isolation as a result of
their limitations. They may also experience
financial instability as a result of their mental
or physical limitation.
Some persons with disabilities die up to 20 years
earlier than those without disabilities. Persons
with disabilities have twice the risk of developing
conditions such as depression, asthma, diabetes,
stroke, obesity or poor oral health.
7.1What are the impacts of disability and
vulnerability on daily life?
The circumstances that persons with disabilities
consistently face include lower educational
enrolment and attainment; limited employment
opportunities; limited access to information,
services and resources and an increased likelihood
of a life in poverty.persons with disabilities may be
placed atincreased disaster risk due to cognitiveor
information physical impairments. These factors may limit
the ability of a person with disabilities to access
information and/or to act on that information.
Disabilities affect the entire family.Meeting the
complex needs of a person with a disability can put

8
families under a great deal of stress — emotinal,
financial, and sometimes even physical. However,
finding resources, knowing what to expect, and
planning for the future can greatly improve overall
quality of life.They face particular protection risks,

including a heightened risk of violence,

exploitation and abuse, and high levels of stigma.
They have difficulties accessing humanitarian
assistance, education, livelihoods, health care and
other services.
7.1 impact of Disability on Quality of
Life of Disabled People
This study examined the impact of disability on the
quality of life of disabled people A primary
healthcare specialist conducted a door-to-door
survey in two villages into collect socioeconomic
and demographic information on the villagers and
foridentification of disabled people. Information
on disability and how it affected their life was
alsoobtained either from the disabled people or
from their caregivers by interviewing them. The
studyrevealed that disability had a devastating
effect on the quality of life of the disabled
people with aparticularly negative effect on their
marriage, educational attainment, employment, and

8
emotionalstate. Disability also jeopardized their
personal, family and social life. More than half of
the disabledpeople were looked at negatively by
society. Disabled women and girl children suffered
more fromnegative attitudes than their male
counterparts, resulting in critical adverse effects
on their psychologicaland social health. A
combination of educational, economic and intensive
rehabilitative measuresshould be implemented
urgently to make them self-reliant. Collaborative
communication betweenprofessionals and parents,
behavioural counselling, formation of a
selfhelpgroup and comprehensivesupport to families
will reduce their suffering.
7.2Impact of Disability on the Family Structure
A LONG-TERM DISABILITY that lumts the
ablhty to work has an mpact on more than the
mdmdual’s health and economic status The social
envmnment, the lnnng sltuatmn within which
the dmbled person msts, IS also affected by an
extended ,llness or & chrome health mpamnent
Thx settmg 1s usually the famly, for 7 out of
every 10 disabled persons are currently marned 1
The Soc,al Secunty Admmstratmn survey of
the dlsahled and nondmbled m 1972 provides
data on the self-reported behavm- of the two
groups that are useful m exammmg the mpact
of dlsablllty upon mdwlduals and them families 2
For the first tune ,t 1s possible to contrast the
behavmr and the famly patterns of these two
se,gmentsof the populatmnThis article focuses on the marned householdIn
the 1972 survey, 18 percent of the disabled and percent of the nondmbled
were mdowed,separated, or dworced and the respectme proporly
impact of disability and vulnerability

8
When disabled individuals lack independence or feel
that they cannot live fully, issues can arise. For
example, disabled people may experience depression
and social isolation as a result of their
limitations. They may also experience financial
instability as a result of their mental or physical
limitation.
Impact of vulnerability
The impact type of vulnerability describes the type of harm an
attack could cause if the vulnerability were exploited.There are
three types of impact: 
1, Elevation of privilege An attacker exploiting this
vulnerability could assume greater privileges on a compromised
system, allowing them to potentially destroy data or take control
of computersformalicious purposes. 
2, Information disclosureAn attacker exploiting this
vulnerability could obtain access to confidential information.
3, Denial of service An attacker exploiting this vulnerability
could prevent authorized access to computing resources or
interfere with a system’s operation

KEY STRATEGIES OR MEASURE TO BE TAKEN TO

MINIMIZE AND OVER COME IMPACT

A , How can we decrease the impact of

disability?Stay active and involved through work,
recreation and perhaps volunteer work in your
community. Yes, it's a 24/7 world but no one can

8
work 24 hours a day. Take time for relaxation and
doing things that make you happy. Reducing stress
rbed.bhhHow can we reduce disability

discrimination?

This includes:

1. training everyone who works for you on recognising and

understanding disability discrimination.
2. training managers and others to know how to deal with
disability discrimination complaints.
3. training appropriate staff as mental health first aiders.
4. providing regular equality and diversity training ounce of
prevention, the old saying goes, is worth a pound of cure.
That is certainly true about disability. You can
immediately reduce your odds of becoming disabled by
making a few commonsense improvements in the way
you live.

Embrace a healthy lifestyle

Oh, you’ve heard this one before? It’s still true. Shedding bad
habits and adopting healthier ones creates an abundance of
benefits – not just for you, but for the people who love you and
want you to stick around a long time.

..Quit smoking

8
 It’s no secret that nicotine use has been linked to a variety
of life-threatening illnesses, from cancer to heart disease
and stroke.

 Get regular checkupsThink of your doctor as an ally

who helps keep you well, not just the person who
treats you when you’re sick. Regular checkups and
screenings are vital, especially if you or your family
are predisposed to certain medical conditions.


 Get regular cancer screenings

Early detection saves thousands of lives every month.

Your family history and certain risk factors sometimes
indicate that a person’s screenings should start at a
younger age.

 Watch your weight

Those extra pounds can cause big trouble. They strain your
heart, raise your blood pressure and significantly increase
your risk of a heart attack

 Get regular exercise

8
 A healthy life requires periodic physical activity. To
prevent heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure

 Avoid excessive drinking

While drinking in moderation is usually fine, heavy

drinking

 Become safety-minded

Disability-causing incidents can spring up when you least

expect them. Stay alert for possible dangers. Drive
defensively. Wear your seatbelts. At work or play, always
use the recommended safety equipment

 Cultivate your mental and emotional health, too

Good relationships and a positive mental attitude really

help. Maintain contacts with family and friends. Sta

8
active and involved through work, recreation and perhaps
volunteer work in your community. Yes, it’s a 24/7 world but no
one can work 24 hours a day. Take time for relaxation and doing
things that make you happy. Reducing stress reduces the
likelihood of some physical illnesses.

. 
Difference between Institution based and Community
based rehabilitation
1. Institution-based rehabilitation:
 In Institution-based rehabilitation, the Focus of
control is  based in the institution. This service
meets a small number of needs of a small number of
disabled people. This is at best a limited
approach, and at worst it can abuse the rights of
disabled  persons. 2. Outreach programme
: With Outreach, the locus of control is still
based in the institution. More people can be
‘reached’ but there will be limits according to
distance from the institution, and according to
whether the needs of the disabled people are
similar to what the institution offers.
3. Community Based Rehabilitation:

8
 With CBR, the locus of control should be with the
community. So the starting point is exactly the
opposite. The disabled people, family and community
members decide what their priorities are, and then
work together with local organizations, government,
institutions, in order to access the relevant and
appropriate services. Institutions have an
important role as referral agencies. The difference
is that they respond to needs rather than dictate
te Based on Social model and Human rights model
Based on Medical Model Concept of capacity building
and empowerment Concept of treatment Prescription
Person with disability will be the decision taker
Professional is the decision taker Utilization of
available resources in their own community
Utilization of professional service delivery model
Targeted for larger population Target of smaller
population Minimal medical service / Basic services
High tech medical services Economic status of
people with disability is not a barrier Economic
status is big barrier for getting the services The
member include person with disability, parents,
care givers, family, local community, NDGs,
Voluntary organizations, Governments…

8
(Change according to the cultural / context ) Team
member include person with disability, physician,
physiotherapist, speech therapist orthotics and
prosthetic technician, music therapist…(Change
according to the medical condition)

Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) was first started in

1970s with the aim of providing low tech rehabilitation services
for Persons with Disabilities in low income countries and then in
1980s, it started focusing on people and community
development. In 1989, World Health Organization (WHO)
published the manual training in the community for the persons
with disabilities with the aim of providing guidance and support
for CBR programmes and stakeholders

1 Community Based Rehabilitation CBR was defined in

2004 by the International Labour Organization (ILO), United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) and WHO as “a strategy within general community
development for the rehabilitation equalization of
opportunities, poverty reduction and social inclusion of all
people with disabilities. CBR is implemented through the
combined efforts of people with disabilities themselves, their
families, organizations and communities, and the relevant

8
governmental and non-governmental health, education,
vocational, social and other services.”

The principles of CBR are based on the principles of the CRPD.

The principles are:

 Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy

including the freedom to make one’s own choices, and
independence of persons
 Non-discrimination
 Full and effective participation and inclusion in society
 Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with
disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity
 Equality of opportunity
 Accessibility
 Equality between men and women
 Respect for the evolving capacities of children with
disabilities and respect for the right of children with
disabilities to preserve their identities.

 2 Institution Based Rehabilitation

People with mental illness are provided with rehabilitation

services in institution or centres that carry out various
therapeutic interventions under supervised care. These centres
could host residential as well as non-residential rehabilitation

8
programs based on clinical judgment as well as needs of the
beneficiary and their families. In residential based programs,
beneficiaries stay for a specific duration of period in the rehab
centre. On the other hand, the non-residential programs are day-
care centres with active therapeutic regimen where beneficiaries
return to their homes at the end of the day. MSCTRF provides
both residential as well as non-residential institution based
rehabilitation facilities for people with mental illness.

institutional Based Rehabilitation is an

approach designed an controlled by professionals
through removing people with disabilities from
communities to specific centralized institutions
who would in turn offer specializedvocational and
medical services.
9.3 merits and demerits of institution
based rehabilitation and community based
rehabilitation

I,Institutional based rehabilitation Merits

Creates cohesiveness among disabled people

High degree of technical skills

High acceptance, especially from non-disabled persons

II,Community based rehabilitation Merits

Meets needs of all disabled persons, with comprehensive interventions

8
Encourages innovative use of local resources

Increases coverage

Promotes social integration

Changes negative attitudes of community

More affordable to those with limited resources

More flexible and creative

Promotes community participation

9.2 DEMERITS OF INTITUTION BASED

REHABILITATION AND COMMUNITY BASED
REHABILITATION
Coverage restricted to urban areas

Disabled people become segregated from families

Needs good infrastructure, technology and professionals

Costs are high Tends to be rigid, increases dependency

Unsuitable for disabled people in rural areas

Demerits No universal models Results are slow

Acceptance is low because of low literacy and superstitions

Rural disabled people are not well organised People expect
permanent solutions from institutions Social, economic, cultural,
geographical and political environment in rural areas are not
conducive to initiating of CBR Inadequate knowledge and skills
in the community Communities resist change regarding beliefs

8
and practices in disability Lack of infrastructure, functional
institutions and social organisations in villages