Wedig User Manual 2.0 Rev.C PDF

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User Manual
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2.1 REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.3 STARTING THE PROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 USER SET-UP .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 ENTERING DATA ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.6 CLOSING APPLICATION ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.7 WHAT’S NEW.......................................................................................................................................................... 6
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3.1 WORKBOOK CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................... 7
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4.1 PROJECT ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
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4.1.9.1 Customize Paths .............................................................................................................................................. 14
4.1.9.2 Customize Systems ......................................................................................................................................... 14
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4.1.10.1 View pro-rata chart.............................................................................................................................................. 16
4.1.10.2 View absolute chart............................................................................................................................................. 16
4.1.10.3 View variation charts .......................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.10.4 View paths........................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.10.5 View selected path .............................................................................................................................................. 17
4.1.10.6 View systems....................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1.10.7 View info............................................................................................................................................................. 18
4.1.10.8 View equipment .................................................................................................................................................. 18
4.1.10.9 View radio database ............................................................................................................................................ 18
4.1.10.10 View antenna database ................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1.10.11 View feeder database...................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1.10.12 Enable menus ................................................................................................................................................. 18
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4.1.11.1 Print project......................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.11.2 Print paths ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.11.3 Print selected path ............................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.11.4 Print all paths separately ..................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.11.5 Print systems ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.11.6 Print info ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1.11.7 Print equipment ................................................................................................................................................... 20
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4.1.11.8 Reset page set-ups................................................................................................................................................20

4.2 PATHS ...................................................................................................................................................................20
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4.2.1.1 Site parameters.....................................................................................................................................................24
4.2.1.2 Path parameters....................................................................................................................................................25
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4.2.7.1 Tune antennas ......................................................................................................................................................29
4.2.7.2 Tune radio............................................................................................................................................................32
4.2.7.3 Tune Threshold degradation ................................................................................................................................34
4.2.7.4 Tune diversity ......................................................................................................................................................34
4.2.7.4.1 Frequency diversity.........................................................................................................................................34
4.2.7.4.2 Space Diversity ...............................................................................................................................................34
4.2.7.5 Tune feeder length ...............................................................................................................................................35
4.2.7.6 Tune feeder type ..................................................................................................................................................36
4.2.7.7 Tune path length ..................................................................................................................................................36
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4.2.8.1 Update this path only ...........................................................................................................................................37
4.2.8.2 Update all parameters ..........................................................................................................................................38
4.2.8.3 Update radio only ................................................................................................................................................38
4.2.8.4 Update feeder only...............................................................................................................................................38
4.3 SYSTEMS ...............................................................................................................................................................38
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5.1 POWER BUDGET ....................................................................................................................................................40
5.2 FREE SPACE LOSS ..................................................................................................................................................40
5.3 ATTENUATION DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC GASES .........................................................................................................40
5.4 LINK BUDGET ........................................................................................................................................................41
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5.4.1.1 Plane reflectors ....................................................................................................................................................43
5.4.1.1.1 Gain of plane reflector ....................................................................................................................................44
5.4.1.2 Back-to-back antennas .........................................................................................................................................45
5.5 MULTIPATH FADING ..............................................................................................................................................45
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5.5.1.1 Inland links ..........................................................................................................................................................47
5.5.1.2 Coastal linksover/near large bodies of water .......................................................................................................48
5.5.1.3 Coastal links over/near medium-sized bodies of water ........................................................................................49
5.5.1.4 Inland links in regions with many lakes...............................................................................................................49
5.5.1.5 Coastal links over/near uncertain size of body of water.......................................................................................49
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5.6 DIVERSITY.............................................................................................................................................................50
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5.6.1.1 Space diversity.....................................................................................................................................................51
5.6.1.2 Frequency diversity..............................................................................................................................................53
5.6.1.2.1 Redundant 1+1 system ....................................................................................................................................53
5.6.1.3 Redundant N+1 System .......................................................................................................................................55
5.6.1.4 Hot standby configuration....................................................................................................................................55
5.6.1.5 Hybrid diversity ...................................................................................................................................................56
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5.7 CROSS-POLAR INTERFERENCE.....................................................................................................................58
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5.8 UNAVAILABILITY DUE TO RAIN ............................................................................................................................. 60

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5.9 OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
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5.9.1.1 High grade objectives.......................................................................................................................................... 63
5.9.1.2 Medium grade objectives .................................................................................................................................... 63
5.9.1.3 Local grade objectives......................................................................................................................................... 65
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5.9.2.1 International portion using radio-relay systems................................................................................................... 65
5.9.2.2 National portion using radio-relay systems ......................................................................................................... 67
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7.1 WORKBOOK STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................................... 71
7.2 NERA RADIO DATABASE ....................................................................................................................................... 72
7.3 NERA ANTENNA DATA BASE ................................................................................................................................. 72
7.4 FEEDER DATABASE ............................................................................................................................... ................ 73
7.5 ITU-R WORLD MAPS ............................................................................................................................................ 74
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This program carries out prediction of system performance and outage due to rain on digital line-of-sight
radio relay systems. The prediction model is based on ITU-R recommendation 530-7 [17]. The program is
basically a customised Microsoft Excel workbook. It is not a self-standing program, but it must be run as a
workbook in Excel. The Excel version can be either Office 95 Excel 7.0 or Excel 97. The program is
designed to be a useful design tool for system planning engineers. Knowledge of Excel worksheet is a
benefit, but not a necessity.
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The program and associated files occupy about 3.2 Mb on your c:\ drive. Make sure that the decimal
separator is . (period) and not , (comma) in the Windows number format.
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Run the VHWXSH[H program to install the main program, databases and help-files. A program group
containing program icons will be created. The main program is WEDIG20.XLS. In addition the antenna
database, radio database, feeder database, the help-file and the rain fall intensity data may be accessed
directly from program manager.
You may use the WEDIG20.ICO file as a program icon in the program manager.
The following files are installed:
WEDIG20.XLS, WEDIG20.ICO, WED-HELP.HLP, ANT-DATA.XLS, NL-DATA.XLS, WG-DATA.XLS,

Rain_ITU.dat.
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Double-click the program icon for WEDIG 2.0 or double-click the WEDIG20.XLS in file manager or as a
short-cut in Windows ’95 / ‘98.
The program is also automatically started when the WEDIG20.XLS file is opened in Excel.
The help about window will be displayed during workbook configuration. The program should be opened
as a “read-only” file unless you want to make changes to the program itself.

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Default user information may be set using the following procedure (please make a back-up copy of the
original program first):
Open the program by entering the program password (WEDIG20) so the program can be saved when the set-
up is completed.
Select the Project-View-Enable menus command to enable access to all commands.
Make the desired changes, like changing the default text in the General comments text box or changing the
formulas.
Save the program when the modifications are completed. See also 4.1.8.
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The program will always activate the Paths window when started (when configuration is completed). In
order to enter data for a new path, simply select the $GG1HZ command in the 3DWKV menu. The Input
dialog box in Figure 12 will be displayed and path parameters may be entered. This command is repeated
until the system is totally defined. The data may be save using the 6DYH $V command in the 3URMHFW
menu. Project information must be entered in order to identify your project before it is saved. The save
command in the file menu is blocked in order to prevent changes in the program itself (see 2.6, 3.1.8).
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The project information should be saved before exiting the program. The program however,
(WEDIG20.XLS file) should normally not be changed, so don’t save the changes made in your application
when you close the file or exit Excel. If however changes are saved accidentally, use the 1HZ command in
the 3URMHFW menu to clear all data and then save the program. Changes made in the antenna database (ANT-
DATA.XLS), the radio database or the feeder database should not be saved unless you deliberately have
made changes to the parameters stored in these databases.
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There are several changes both to the program it self , but also to the database files. The main changes are:
n attenuation due to atmospheric gases
n cross-polar interference
n different receiver threshold for objectives based on G.821 and G.826.
n new tune antenna dialog box
n both RFS and Andrew feeder data in the WG-database
n new performance objectives (national and custom)
n export function
n rain rate database
n results both presented in percent of time and in time (hour:min.:sec.)

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The workspace is a customised Microsoft Excel workbook. You will find additional commands in the menu
list as described in Chapter 4. These commands are supported by macros written in Microsoft Visual Basic
Programming System. You may use all standard Excel commands and functions, but this freedom may
cause unpredictable effects on the program’s behaviour. It is recommended to use the customised
commands as far as possible in order to reduce the risk of malfunction. The statusbar at the bottom of the
screen will give the status of the current operation.
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The program itself is one Excel workbook, but equipment parameters used in the program are located in
separate workbooks defined as equipment databases. These databases are automatically opened at program
start-up.
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The WEDIG20.XLS workbook contains several sheets. There are four types of sheets:
• Sheets where information is entered and displayed (Paths and Info sheets).
• Sheets where information is displayed only (Systems, Equipment and Single sheets).
• Visual basic macro modules
• Dialog box definitions
The user will normally only enter data in the first category of sheets. It is also possible to modify the other
types of sheets, and an overview is given in chapter 7.1, Workbook structure.
Only the three information sheets (Paths, Systems and Info) are saved using the 3URMHFW6DYHcommand. If
changes are made in other sheets in the workbook (for example modification of the prediction model
functions), WEDIG20.XLS must be saved (please make a back-up of the original program first).
3.1.1 Paths sheet
The 3DWKV sheet contains all path parameters for your radio relay system. The path parameters are arranged
in a spreadsheet rows and columns manner. One path is defined in one row with totally 130 columns. None
of the columns should ever be deleted, but they may be hidden in order to get a display of the wanted
parameters. The first row has a colour-code for each group of parameters. These colours help identifying
the different groups more rapidly. The second row is the column headings. Additional information is
available by selecting the 6KRZ ,QIR :LQGRZEXWWRQ (or the 9LHZ,QIR :LQGRZ check box in 2SWLRQV
menu). A short description like Figure 1a is displayed for each column heading. In Excel the information
is displayed automatically when the cursor is placed in the column heading cell if the Note Indicator is
checked in 7RROVÂ2SWLRQVdialog box. A typical info-box is shown in Figure 1b.

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3.1.2 Systems sheet
The 6\VWHPV sheet contains the predicted performance for radio relay systems of one or more paths. All
data in this sheet is linked to the paths sheet. Any changes made in the paths sheet is thus reflected in the
systems sheet. The 6\VWHPV sheet is a read-only sheet where no changes should be made manually.
This sheet has a similar set-up as the paths sheet, but only columns relevant to the system performance are
included.
3.1.3 Info sheet
The ,QIR sheet contains relevant project information as defined in Figure 3. Parameters are entered in this
sheet using the Project Info command. Comments may also be entered in the text box (main body of the
,QIR sheet). The second page contains an overview of ITU-R high grade objectives. See also 4.1.6 Info.
3.1.4 Rain sheet
The rain sheet contains regression coefficients for calculation of rain attenuation. The coefficients are based
on Table 4, using an interpolation technique to achieve coefficients in 100 MHz steps for the frequency
range from 1 to 40 GHz.
3.1.5 Functions sheet
The functions described in the prediction model (chapter 5) are defined in the functions sheet. It is possible
to make changes to these functions in order to adapt the program to different prediction models.
3.1.6 Single sheet

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A single page set-up is available for displaying or printing all parameters for individual paths (see 4.1.10.5
and 4.1.11.3). The data in the sheet is updated when the sheet is activated.
3.1.7 Equipment sheet
Specifications for applied radio equipment and a summary of antenna types and feeder lengths used in the
project is available.
3.1.8 Workbook password
If permanent changes should be made to the program, the workbook password “WEDIG20” must be entered
when the program is opened. This will make the file save command available. It is strongly recommended
to make a backup copy of the original program first.
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The commands in the different menus are described in the order they appear in the pull-down menus. There
are three application specific menus: Project, Paths and Systems. In addition you will find WEDIG20 Help
as a sub-entry in the bottom of the Excel Help menu. Context sensitive help is also included in all
application specific dialog boxes.
3URMHFW
This menu contains all commands relevant to input/output operations, including outputs to screen (View).
Project View Customize Paths Print Project

New Customize Systems Paths...
Open... Customize Single Selected Path...
Save Pro-rata Chart All Paths Separately
Save As... Absolute Chart Systems...
Export to file Variation Charts Info...
Info... Paths Equipment...
Objectives… Selected Path Reset page set-ups
Preferences… Systems
View Info
Print Equipment
Radio database
Antenna database
Feeder database
Enable menus
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4.1.1 New
Starts a new project by clearing all paths and systems in the worksheet. The formulas are maintained. A
warning dialog box is displayed, and the command must be confirmed by the user before the worksheet is
cleared. Any existing project in the program should be saved before New is executed.
4.1.2 Open
Projects that are saved previously may be opened using this command. All data in the worksheet will be
substituted by the loaded data, and a warning dialog box is displayed before the data is actually loaded.
Both path and system data, as well as project information, will be loaded, and the custom view is updated
according to set-up in the loaded file. The standard Excel 2SHQ )LOH dialog box is displayed in order to
select the wanted file, and both Find File and Network functions are available. If the selected file has an
incorrect file format the loading command is aborted.
If the selected file is calculated using a previous version (only version 1.1) of the prediction model, the file
is converted to the current model. It is likely that the radio in the old file is not found in the new radio
database since the radio names has changed. The radio should be chosen manually.
4.1.3 Save
Path, system and info data is saved using the same filename and project information as defined in the Info
sheet. Only the 3DWKV, 6\VWHPV and ,QIR sheets are saved by this command. If changes are made in other
sheets, the program file (WEDIG20.XLS) must be saved as well (see 7.1 Workbook structure). The cells
content is saved by values, not as formulas. If the saved project is opened as a stand-alone workbook,
performance data is QRW updated if data is changed. The performance of systems defined in your project will
be updated automatically when the project is opened again. Warning for replacement of existing files with
the same name is not displayed.
4.1.4 Save As
Path, system and info data is saved using filename and file location defined by the user in the project
information dialog box (Figure 3). Project information is updated in all page set-ups during save operation.
(See also 4.1.6 Info.) Warning for replacement of existing files with the same name is displayed.
4.1.5 Export to file

This function exports the data to a new Excel file such the prediction calculations can be view for users
without the WEDIG program. The functions and formulas are not exported, only the values. In additions to
the sheets Paths, Systems and Info is also the data for each path in the Single sheet exported to the sheet
Details in the new file.
4.1.6 Info
The 3URMHFW LQIRUPDWLRQ dialog box is displayed (Figure 3), showing the current project reference data.
Click the 7RGD\ check box to update the date field. The data will be inserted in the ,QIR sheet. If a file
reference includes a non-existing directory, this directory will be created when the project is saved. Use the
Tab-key to move to the next input field. Pressing enter will activate the selected button (usually equivalent

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to pressing the OK button). If no directory is specified in the File reference box, the project will be saved in
the default directory used by Excel.
Automatic log reference and file reference is activated by checking the $XWR check-box. The program will
identify the first vacant project number in your project directory and suggest a new log reference and file
location
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The information entered in the project information dialog box (Figure 3) is entered in the Info sheet in a
standard Nera document set-up. The header looks like indicated in Figure 4. Select the main text-box to
enter general comments added to your project information.
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Prepared by Subject Responsible Approved by
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Test of program
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4.1.7 Project objectives
The predicted performance is compared to the performance objectives in columns showing the path or
system performance as a percentage of the objective. 100% represents a performance exactly at the limit of
the objective, 10% represents a system ten times better than the objective.
The objective may be changed by using the Project-Objectives command. The objectives are selected using
option buttons in the dialog box shown in Figure 5. The heading of the respective columns will change
automatically. The following objectives may be selected:
Objectives based on ITU-T Rec. G.821 [2]
High grade objectives based on ITU-R Rec. 634 [12] and 695 [13]
Medium grade objectives based on ITU-R Rec. 696 [6] and Rep. 1052 [7]
Local grade objectives based on ITU-R Rec. 697 [8] and Rep. 1053 [9]
Custom objectives where the availability is entered.
Objectives based on ITU-T Rec. G.826 [3]
International portion (terminating and intermediate country) based on ITU-R Rec. F.1092 [19]
National portion (long, short and access) based on ITU-R Rec. F.1189 [20]
Custom objectives where the availability is entered.
See also 5.9.
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4.1.8 Project preferences
The project preferences command is used to change the references to file names and locations for the
databases and external files used by WEDIG. Initially these files are installed in the same directory as the
WEDIG program, but the program may interact with other files located on servers, etc. The dialog box
shown in Figure 6 is displayed. Press the default button to return to the standard file names and locations.
The currently used files and databases will be closed, and the new files will be opened when OK is pressed.
Make sure that the new files have the correct data format according to selected application (e.g. the radio
database file has the same database structure as the standard NL-data.xls file). Please observe that the
location of the Userdata.xls file should not be changed.
In the “Single view” area can a customized selection of the data on the single-sheet be enabled. The wanted
parameters may be selected by clicking the check-boxes. The selections are stored in the Userdata.xls file.
The name of the user, organization and project responsible may also be changed.
See also chapter 7 for more details on configuration and database structures.
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4.1.9 View
This menu has several sub-menus that are used to view the wanted
View Customize Paths
part of the workbook. When you click on the 9LHZ field, the sub-
Customize Systems
menu is displayed.
Customize Single
Pro-rata Chart
Absolute Chart
Customize Paths Variation Charts
Paths
This command works on the paths-sheet only. The entire 3DWKV Selected Path
sheet consists 130 columns. All these columns cannot be displayed Systems
simultaneously on the screen, and many of the columns are Info
normally of no interest to the user. To enable a customized Equipment
selection of the columns, the wanted parameters may be selected by Radio database
clicking the check-boxes in Figure 7. Antenna database
Feeder database
Enable menus
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4.1.9.2 Customize Systems

This command works on the systems-sheet only. The entire 6\VWHPV sheet consists 23 columns. It is not
always convenient to display all these columns simultaneously on the screen. To enable a customized
selection of the columns, the wanted parameters may be selected by clicking the check-boxes in Figure 8.

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4.1.10 Customize Single

This command works on the single-sheet only. It is not always convenient to display the objectives and the
present of objective data. To enable a customized selection of the data on the single-sheet, the wanted
parameters may be selected by clicking the check-boxes in Figure 9.
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The predicted system performance is related to the down-scaled ITU-R objectives as defined in the
3URMHFW⋅REMHFWLYHV menu. If the predicted performance exactly matches the objective, the performance is
defined as 100% of the objective. The 3URUDWD&KDUW shows graphically using bars how the different paths
in the system get out of it compared to the ITU-R objective. Both outage due to multipath fading and outage
due to precipitation is shown. The 3URUDWD&KDUW is toggled on and off by checking/unchecking the menu-
field. The chart is automatically updated if changes are made in the worksheet while the chart is displayed.
The 3URUDWD&KDUW and the $EVROXWH&KDUW may not be visible at the same time. (See also 4.1.10.2 View
absolute chart.)
9LHZDEVROXWHFKDUW
The $EVROXWH&KDUWshows graphically how much each path contributes to the overall system performance.
The chart shows the predicted performance as the percentage of time that the BER (Bit-Error-Ratio) exceeds
the SES threshold. Both outage due to multipath fading and outage due to precipitation is shown. The
absolute chart is toggled on and off by checking/unchecking the menu-field. The chart is automatically
updated if changes are made in the worksheet while the chart is displayed. The $EVROXWH &KDUW and the
3URUDWD&KDUWmay not be visible at the same time. (See also 4.1.10.3 View variation charts)

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9LHZYDULDWLRQFKDUWV
The 9DULDWLRQ&KDUWVshow graphically the effect of net path loss variations. The path performance and
unavailability due to rain are shown with original path data as well as with 1, 2 and 3 dB additional loss.
This command may be used to check the paths’ sensitivity to net path loss variations. These charts are not
automatically updated if changes are made in the worksheet while the chart is displayed.
)D GLQJUH OD WH GRXWD JH6(6 These charts are NOT automatically updated!

300
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9LHZSDWKV
Activates the 3DWKV worksheet. Equivalent to pressing the Paths tab.
9LHZVHOHFWHGSDWK
Shows all relevant data for the selected path in a single page set-up. Activates the 6LQJOHworksheet. The
parameters are automatically updated when the menu command is used, but also when the Single tab is
pressed to activate the sheet.
9LHZV\VWHPV
Activates the 6\VWHPV worksheet. Equivalent to pressing the Systems tab.

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9LHZLQIR
Activates the ,QIR worksheet. Equivalent to pressing the Info tab. (See also 4.1.6.)
9LHZHTXLSPHQW
Displays a summary sheet of radio specifications for applied radio types as well as antenna types and
antenna feeders used in the project. The sheet is automatically updated when the menu command is used,
but not if the sheet tab is used to activate the Equipment sheet.
9LHZUDGLRGDWDEDVH
Activates the Nera radio database workbook (NL-data.xls). The radio in the selected path is selected by
default.
9LHZDQWHQQDGDWDEDVH
Activates the Nera antenna database workbook. All available antennas in the frequency band for the
selected path is displayed by default. Use the filter selection tools to display antennas in different frequency
bands or for selection of only specific antenna types.
9LHZIHHGHUGDWDEDVH
Activates the feeder database workbook (WG-data.xls). The feeder type used for the selected path is
selected by default.
(QDEOHPHQXV
Only the relevant menus are enable at program start-up in order to limit the possibilities of user errors. The
(QDEOHPHQXV command allows the user to manually enable all menus if required.
4.1.11 Print
This menu has several sub-menus that are used to print the wanted part Print Project
of the workbook. When you click on the 3ULQW field, the sub-menu is
Paths...
displayed as shown. The charts may be printed by double-clicking them
Selected Path...
and then select the File - Print command or press the printer button in
All Paths Separately
the toolbar. Make sure the project information is set properly before
Systems...
you print in order to get the correct references on your hard-copy. Info...
Equipment...
Reset page set-ups

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3ULQWSURMHFW
In order to print all sheets for the project this command is available. The following sheets will be printed in
order without prompts:
Info The project information sheet

Systems Defined systems in project (if any)
Equipment Summary of radios, antennas and feeders
Paths All paths in project
3ULQWSDWKV
Prints all paths defined in the 3DWKV worksheet. Only the visible columns will be printed. The path name
and the column headings will be printed on every page to identify the parameters. When the print set-up has
been arranged, the standard Excel print dialog box is displayed. Press 2. to get a paper copy, or use any of
the options available in the dialog box (like Print Preview, Printer Set-up, etc.).
3ULQWVHOHFWHGSDWK
Prints the selected path in a single page set-up. (See also 4.1.10.5 View selected path and 4.1.11.2 Print
paths.)
3ULQWDOOSDWKVVHSDUDWHO\
Prints all paths defined in the 3DWKV worksheet in a single page set-up (one page per path). This may be a
useful print mode for small systems of only a few radio relay paths. (See also 4.1.10.5 View selected path,
4.1.11.2 Print paths and 4.1.11.3 Print selected path.)
3ULQWV\VWHPV
Prints all defined systems in the 6\VWHPVworksheet. (See also 4.1.11.2 Print paths.)
3ULQWLQIR
Print the project info as given in the Info sheet. (See also 4.1.6.)

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3ULQWHTXLSPHQW
Prints a summary sheet of radio specifications for applied radio types as well as antenna types and antenna
feeders used in the project. The sheet is automatically updated when the Project/Print/Equipment command
is used, but not if the File/Print command is used to print the Equipment sheet.
5HVHWSDJHVHWXSV
This command resets all page set-ups to the default values (as they are configured at program start).
3DWKV
This menu contains all commands relevant to path parameters.
Paths Tune Antennas... Update This path only

Add new... Radio… All parameters
Add selected ... Threshold degradation Radio only
Insert... Diversity... Feeder only
Edit... Feeder length... Rain only
Delete Feeder type...
Move Path length...
Tune
Update
)LJXUH7KHSDWKVPHQXV
4.2.1 Add New path
Use this command to enter data for a new path in your system. The path data will be added after the last
existing path in your system (bottom row). Data for site B in the last existing path will be default data for
both site A and site B in the new path. This will reduce the typing work in most situations. The dialog box
shown in Figure 12 will show up.
A short description of the path parameters is given in Table 1. A more detailed description of the prediction
model is given in chapter 5.

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3DUDPHWHU 'HVFULSWLRQ 8QLW

1DPH Name of site none
3RVLWLRQ Site geographical co-ordinates degrees
/DWLWXGH Site latitude (leading zeros must be included; 06.04.09) degrees
/RQJLWXGH Site longitude (leading zeros must be included) degrees
6LWHOHYHO Site level above mean sea level meters
)HHGHUOHQJWK Antenna feeder length meters
$QWHQQDKHLJKW Antenna height above ground level meters
$QWHQQDW\SH Description of antenna type none
$QWHQQDJDLQ Antenna gain for selected antenna dB
3DWKW\SH Classification of the path type (see Path type)
,QODQG Inland links are those in which either the entire path profile is
above 100 m altitude (with respect to mean sea level) or beyond
50 km from the nearest coastline, or in which part or all of the
path profile is below 100 m altitude for a link entirely within 50
km of the coastline, but there is an intervening height of land
higher than 100 m between this part of the link and the coastline.
Links passing over a river or a small lake should normally be
classed as passing over land. See Figure 13
,QODQGPDQ\ Regions (not otherwise in coastal areas) in which there are many
ODNHV lakes over a fairly large area are believed to behave somewhat
like coastal areas. The region of lakes in southern Finland
provides the best known example.
&RDVWDOPHGLXP The size of a body of water can be chosen on the basis of several
VL]HRIZDWHU known examples: Medium-sized bodies of water include the Bay
of Fundy (east coast of Canada) and the Strait of Georgia (west
coast of Canada), the Gulf of Finland, and other bodies of water
of similar size. See Figure 13
&RDVWDOODUJHVL]H The size of a body of water can be chosen on the basis of several
RIZDWHU known examples: Large bodies of water include the English
Channel, the North Sea, the larger reaches of the Baltic and
Mediterranean Seas, Hudson Strait, and other bodies of water of
similar size or larger. See Figure 13
&RDVWDOXQFHUWDLQ In cases of uncertainty as to whether the size of body of water
VL]HRIZDWHU should be classed as medium or large. See Figure 13
7HUUDLQW\SH Classification of the terrain type.

3ODLQV The path is in a largely plain area.
+LOOV The path is in a largely hilly area.
0RXQWDLQV The path is in a largely mountainous area with lower-antenna
altitude more than 700m above the mean sea level.
8QNQRZQ The terrain is not known.
3DWKOHQJWK Distance between sites (optionally automatic) km
$XWR Check this to activate automatic calculation of path length from
site positions (if site positions are given)
3/IDFWRU Percentage of time gradient ≤ -100 N/km %
5DLQUDWH Rain intensity exceeded for 0.01% of the time mm/h
:DWHUYDSRXU Water vapour density g/m3
7HPSHUDWXUH Temperature in the surroundings. °C

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$XWR Check this to activate automatic lookup of the rain rate in the
rainfall intensity database file. The co-ordinates are input data for
this lookup (if site positions are given). The rain rate for both sites is
calculated, the largest rain rate is returned.
5DWLRLQFRDVWDO The fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the %
DUHD mean level of the body of water in question and within 50 km of the
coastline, but without an intervening height of land above 100 m
altitude. See Figure 14
5DGLRW\SH Code referring to radio in radio sheet
2WKHUORVV Addition loss (radome loss, diffraction loss, etc.) dB
3ODQHSDVVLYH Selected if a plane reflector is used at passive repeater
UHSHDWHU
%DFNSDVVLYH Selected if back-to-back antennas are used at passive repeater
UHSHDWHU
'LVWDQFH!$ Distance from site A to passive repeater km
$UHDSODQH Geometrical area of plane reflector m2
$QJOH Reflection angle at plane reflector degree
s
*DLQEDFN Net gain of back-to-back antennas repeater dB
7H[W A short description of the repeater site. For information only
3DWKSRVLWLRQ Select geographical area (optionally automatic)
/DWLWXGH Approximate latitude for selected path (optionally automatic) degree
s
$XWR Check auto to activate automatic calculation of path position from
site positions (if site positions are given)
7DEOH3DWKSDUDPHWHUV

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)LJXUH3DWKSDUDPHWHUVGLDORJER[
Pressing the Help-button will open a help-file containing the information given in this user manual. The
relevant help topic will be selected automatically (context sensitive help). This applies to all application
defined dialog boxes in the program.
Use the move buttons to move between the paths.

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6LWHSDUDPHWHUV
Name: Enter the name of the site using any combination of characters, numbers and symbols.
The site name is used to identify the paths and systems.
Position: The site positions may be given as geographical co-ordinates (latitude and longitude)
in the format degrees, minutes, seconds (dd.mmss). Leading zeros should be included
(06.0409 is 6 degrees, 4 minutes and 6 seconds. Press the appropriate option button to
select North/South and East/West.
Site level: Site level in meters above mean sea level is used to calculate the path inclination.
This inclination is an input parameter to the prediction model (larger inclination ⇒
less fading activity).
Feeder length: Antenna feeder length in meters. This value is used to calculate the feeder loss from
radio to antenna. The specific feeder loss (dB/100m) is automatically retrieved from
the Feeder loss database sheet when the radio type is selected.
Antenna height: Antenna height in meters above ground level. This parameter is used to calculate the
antenna height above sea level which in turn gives the path inclination. The parameter
is also vital information to the installation team.
Antenna type: Used to identify the antenna type. This parameter is also used to create a summary of
used antennas in the total system. Use the Tune antenna menu to pick antenna type
from Nera data base (see 4.2.7.1). The antenna type will be entered as Nera antenna
code.
Antenna gain: Net antenna gain for specified antenna type in dB. Used to calculate the fading
margin of the path.
Diversity help: Press the Diversity help button to quickly add space diversity antennas to the given
path. The dialog box in Figure 20 will appear. Check none to remove existing space
diversity antenna. Select above existing to move main antenna up and place space
diversity antenna at the original height of the main antenna. Select below existing to
place diversity antenna below original height of main antenna. The vertical antenna
separation is given in meters. The Apply button is disabled when this dialog box is
called from the path parameters dialog box. Hybrid space diversity (three antennas
only) may be selected by checking the hybrid diversity field. Check site A or site B to
place the diversity antenna at the site you want.
Feeder help: Press the Feeder help button to automatically set the feeder length equal to the antenna
height plus a horizontal feeder length as specified in the dialog box in Figure 21. The
feeder lengths are not dynamically adjusted if the antenna heights are changed.
Dynamic updating is achieved by using the Feeder length command in the Paths Tune
menu (See also 4.2.7.5).

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3DWKSDUDPHWHUV
Path type : Select correct path type according to the classification below.
Inland: Inland links are those in which either the entire path profile is above 100 m altitude
(with respect to mean sea level) or beyond 50 km from the nearest coastline, or in
which part or all of the path profile is below 100 m altitude for a link entirely within
50 km of the coastline, but there is an intervening height of land higher than 100 m
between this part of the link and the coastline. Links passing over a river or a small
lake should normally be classed as passing over land. See Figure 13
Inland, many lakes: Regions (not otherwise in coastal areas) in which there are many lakes over a fairly
large area are believed to behave somewhat like coastal areas. The region of lakes in
southern Finland provides the best known example. See Figure 13
Coastal, medium- The size of a body of water can be chosen on the basis of several known examples:
size of water Medium-sized bodies of water include the Bay of Fundy (east coast of Canada) and
the Strait of Georgia (west coast of Canada), the Gulf of Finland, and other bodies of
water of similar size. See Figure 13
Coastal, large size The size of a body of water can be chosen on the basis of several known examples:
of water Large bodies of water include the English Channel, the North Sea, the larger reaches
of the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, Hudson Strait, and other bodies of water of
similar size or larger. See Figure 13
Coastal, uncertain In cases of uncertainty as to whether the size of body of water should be classed as
size of water medium or large. See Figure 13
Terrain type Classification of the terrain type
Plains The path is in a largely plain area.
Mountains The path is in a largely mountainous area with lower-antenna altitude more than 700m
above the mean sea level.
Unknown The terrain is not known.
Path length: Distance between site A and site B given in km.
PL-factor: The percentage of time PL that the average refractivity gradient in the lowest 100m of
the atmosphere is less than -100 N units/km (see maps in 7.5.1). Used to determine
the geoclimatic factor.
Rain rate: Rain intensity exceeded for 0.01% of the time (1 minute integration time) (see maps in
7.5.2). Use to determine the outage probability due to rain. The rain coefficients given
in the 5DLQ sheet are automatically updated according to the radio frequency.
Water vapour Water vapour density. ( see map in 7.5.3 )

Temperature: Temperature in the surroundings.
Ratio in coastal The fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body
area of water in question and within 50 km of the coastline, but without an intervening
height of land above 100 m altitude. See Figure 14
Radio type: The label on the macro button is the code of the selected radio. Pressing the Radio

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type button gives access to the radio type dialog box in Figure 15. Select the wanted
radio and press OK.
Other loss: Additional loss may be entered in dB. This loss may be radome losses, diffraction
loss, reduced output power, etc.
Passive repeater:
None: Used to remove definition of passive repeater (default).
Plane: Selected if a plane reflector is used at the passive repeater.
Back: Selected if back-to-back antennas are used at the passive repeater.
Distance -> A: The distance from Site A to the passive repeater in km. This distance should be kept
as small as possible or as close to the total path length as possible in order to make one
of the legs as short as possible. Placing the passive repeater halfway between Site A
and B results in minimum fading margin.
Area plane: Geometrical area of the plane reflector in square meters. This field is only enabled if
a plane reflector type is selected. This parameter is used to calculate the gain of the
plane reflector as given in equation.
Angle: Reflection angle at the plane reflector as indicated in figure 27. This field is only
enabled if a plane reflector type is selected. Used to calculate the gain of the plane
reflector.
Gain back: Net gain of the back-to-back antennas repeater in dB. This field is disabled if a plane
reflector is selected, but the calculated gain of the plane reflector will be shown (not
editable) in this field.
Text: A short description of the repeater site. For information only

Path position: Geographical area of the path. This information is used to determine the CLon
coefficient used in calculation of the geoclimatic factor.
Latitude: Approximate latitude of the path location. This information is used to determine the
CLat coefficient used in calculation of the geoclimatic factor.

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,QODQG
Terrain height less than 100m
above mean sea level
&RVWDOPHGLXP /DUJHVL]HRIZDWHU Distance > 50 km

RUODUJHVL]HRI English Channel, the
ZDWHU North Sea, the larger
reaches of the Baltic and
Mediterranean Sea,
Hudson Strait, and other
bodies of similar size or
Terrain height 100m
larger.
above mean sea level
Distance < 50 km
Terrain height
,QODQG
less than 100m
above mean sea 0HGLXPVL]HRIZDWHU
level The Bay of Fundy (east

coast of Canada) and the
Strait of Georgia (west
Distance > 0 km
coast of Canada), the
Gulf of Finland, and
other bodies of similar
size.
,QODQG
Entire path profile

above 100m altitude
Distance > 0 km
)LJXUH&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIWKHSDWKW\SHV
3DUWVRIWKHSDWKSURILOHLV
ORFDWHGLQWKHFRDVWDOUHJLRQ
/DUJHRU
PHGLXPVL]H
RIZDWHU
100 m a.s.l.
0 m a.s.l.
0 km 7 km 10 km
Ratio of path in coastal region = 70%

)LJXUH5DWLRRISDWKLQFRDVWDOUHJLRQ

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)LJXUH5DGLRW\SHGLDORJER[
4.2.2 Add Selected path
This command is similar to the Add New command, but in this case the default site and path parameters will
be identical to the parameters of the selected path. This command is useful if the new path is a spur-link.
The new path will be added at the bottom of the list.
4.2.3 Insert
This command may be used if you want to insert a path somewhere in your list of existing paths. Default
parameters for site A will equal site B for the path above the selected path, and parameters for site B will
equal site A for the selected path. The new path will be inserted above the selected path.
4.2.4 Edit path
This command is used if you want to edit some path parameters in your list of existing paths. If the radio
type is changed without using this command (editing directly in cells), remember to run the Update
command in the Paths menu.

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4.2.5 Delete path
The selected path will be permanently removed from the list. Confirmation is required.
4.2.6 Move path

The selected path will be moved to the row before the selected path in the dialog box. See Figure 16.
)LJXUH0RYHSDWK
4.2.7 Tune
This menu has several sub-menus that are used to tune path Tune Antennas...
parameters. When you click on the tune-field, the sub-menu is Radio…
displayed. Threshold degradation
Diversity...
Feeder length...
Feeder type...
Path length...
7XQHDQWHQQDV
In order to match the performance objectives, tuning of the antennas is essential. This command enables
easy tuning of the antennas in order to meet the objectives.

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)LJXUH7XQHDQWHQQDVGLDORJER[
Press the &DOFXODWH button to see the effect of changes in the antenna gain. Press 2. to use the selected
antenna parameters and close the dialog box. Press &DQFHO to close the dialog box without affecting the
antenna parameters for the selected path. If you want to change both antennas simultaneously, use the auto
couple function to reduce typing.
Press the 2SWLPLVH VHOHFWHG button to find the minimum needed antenna gain to match the ITU-R
objectives. The antenna gain is tuned to match the path pro-rata objective with a margin as given in the
optimize criteria performance limit. A limitation in the fading margin may be added to the optimisation
criteria. If the frequency is above ∼ 10 GHz the wanted polarization should be selected in order to
determine antenna gain based on outage due to rain. Press 2SWLPLVHDOO to repeat the optimisation for all
paths in your system. The path being optimised is shown in the statusbar at the bottom of the screen. Keep
the Esc-button pressed a few seconds to stop the optimisation. If the required antenna gain exceeds 50 dB,
the antenna type is set to “failed” and the antenna gain equal to 50 dB. If the required antenna gain is less
than 20 dB, the antenna type is set to “limited” and the antenna gain is set to 20 dB.
Press $SSO\ VHOHFWHG !1H[W SDWK to tune antennas for the next path in your system without closing the
dialog box. The Cancel button will only cancel changes in the last selected path when the Next path button
is used.

99.08.31 C
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The 6DPHDVSUHYLRXV command button may be used to apply the same antenna type to the selected path as
was used for the previous path in your system. This command increases the tuning speed in systems where
the same antenna types can be used for most of the paths. The standard Excel copy and paste commands
may also be used to apply the same parameters to several paths in your system. The Replace function is also
convenient to make global changes to your system without using the edit path command.
Use the 6ZDSDQWHQQDVbutton to exchange the antennas from site A to site B and vice versa.
The 'LYHUVLW\ button is equivalent to selecting the Tune Diversity command, and a short-cut to change
diversity parameters if tuning of antennas is insufficient to make the path match the performance objectives.
If the 8VH1HUDDQWHQQDV box is checked, the Nera antenna specifications group will be enabled and all the
available antennas in the band will be shown in the list box. The available antennas in the list box can be
limited by selecting the type of performance.
The antennas may be selected manually from the Nera antenna data base by first selecting antenna in the
available antennas list box and then pressing the <- button beside the antenna data for the wanted site.

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7XQHUDGLR
The radio type or radio parameters may be changed using this command. All radio parameters are stored in
a separate workbook as a Nera radio database.
)LJXUH7XQHUDGLRGLDORJER[
Press the 6HOHFW UDGLR button in order to pick any radio type defined in the radio database by typing the
radio code or by selecting the capacity, frequency and configuration. The dialog box shown in Figure 15
will be displayed.
Press the $SSO\WRVHOHFWHGSDWK button to update radio parameters for the selected path according to the
contents of the dialog box.
Press the $SSO\WRVHOHFWHGUDGLR button to change radio parameters for all paths using the selected radio
type.
Press the 6WRUH FKDQJHV LQ GDWDEDVH button to make permanent changes to the radio database. You are
asked to confirm saving of changes in the radio database NL-DATA.XLS when you close the program.
A short description of the radio parameters is given in Table 2.

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Radio family: Radio family. (eg. CelLink, NL290,CityLink)

Radio type: Nera radio-relay code. (example: NL290-1)
Lower frequency: Lower frequency of radio frequency band in GHz.
Centre frequency: Centre frequency of radio frequency band in GHz.
Upper frequency: Upper frequency of radio frequency band in GHz.
Data rate: Transmission capacity in Mb/s.
Configuration: Radio channel arrangement.
HSB: Hot standby, 1+0, 1+1 and so on.
BER 1 Bit error ratio (Eg. 1E-3)
BER 2 Block error ratio (Eg. 5E-5)
BER 3 Bit error ratio (Eg. 1E-6)
Threshold level 1: Receiver threshold level 1 in point B given in dBm.
C0/I 1: Carrier-to-Interference 1 in dB. Only for radios with co-channel.
Signature 1: Receiver signature factor for threshold 1 given in /GHz.
Calculate Check this to calculate the signature factor from the data in the “Data
for calculating signature factor” area.
Tx power: Transmitter output power referred to point B’ given in dBm.
High power: Additional transmitter power when high power is optional in dB
Branching loss: Total branching loss point B to B’ in dB (excluding RF-filters).
Freq. Div.: Minimum frequency separation regular to protection channel. Used to
calculate frequency diversity improvement.
Modulation: Modulation method.
XPIC.: Cross-polarized improvement factor in dB. Only for radios with co-
channel.
7DEOH5DGLRSDUDPHWHUV

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7XQH7KUHVKROGGHJUDGDWLRQ
The receiver threshold can be degraded due to interference. The given threshold degradation will reduce the
nominal threshold and therefore also the fading margin of the hop.
)LJXUH7XQHUHFHLYHUWKUHVKROGGHJUDGDWLRQ
7XQHGLYHUVLW\
The diversity parameters are altered by selecting this command. You may include or remove frequency
diversity or space diversity, or you could change the diversity parameters like system configuration,
frequency separation and antenna separation.
)UHTXHQF\GLYHUVLW\
The system configuration may be changed by choosing 1+0 system or Hot Standby configuration (no
frequency diversity) or by selecting a redundant n+1 system. In the latter case the frequency separation may
be set manually to override the default value defined in the radio database. This can be done by changing
the “Freq.div.” parameter in the radio parameters dialog box, see Figure 18.
6SDFH'LYHUVLW\
Space diversity antennas may be added easily using this command. The dialog box in Figure 20 will appear.
None: Space diversity antennas are removed (if existing). Select the Above existing field if you want the
main antenna to be lowered by the distance defined as vertical antenna separation.
Above existing: The existing main antennas will be moved upwards and the diversity antennas will be
placed at the original height of the main antennas on both sites.
Below existing: The diversity antennas will be placed below the existing main antennas.
Vertical antenna separation gives the distance between main and space diversity antennas. Press Apply to
see the effect of space diversity to the path performance.

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Hybrid diversity: Check this field to add diversity antenna on one site only. Select site A or site B in order
to place the diversity antenna on the wanted site.
)LJXUH6SDFHGLYHUVLW\GLDORJER[
7XQHIHHGHUOHQJWK
The exact feeder lengths are often unknown during initial planning. If the antenna heights are known, the
feeder lengths may be automatically set equal to the antenna height + a given horizontal feeder length. The
dialog box in Figure 21 shows the principle.
)LJXUH)HHGHUOHQJWKGLDORJER[

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Press the $OOSDWKV button to apply the given horizontal feeder length to all paths in your system.
7XQHIHHGHUW\SH
WEDIG automatically selects the optimum feeder type based on the selected radio type and the selected WG
producer. If however the user wants to override this selection, the feeder type may be selected manually by
this command. A list of all feeder types available for the selected frequency band in the Feeder sheet is
listed in the dialog box. Select the wanted feeder type and press OK to change feeder type for selected path
or press $OOSDWKV to apply the selected feeder type for all paths operating in the same frequency band as the
selected path.
The wave guide producers that WEDIG are selecting data from can be set in the list box “WG producer”.
)LJXUH)HHGHUW\SHGLDORJER[
7XQHSDWKOHQJWK
The maximum usable path length that matches the tuning criteria given in Figure 23 may be found using this
Tune Path length command. This function is useful in the initial planning stage where the maximum usable
path lengths with various antennas and system configurations is evaluated.
Start by adding one typical path in the area of interest. Make a number of copies of the corresponding row
and vary any parameters (antenna diameter, diversity type, radio type (radio frequency), etc.). Run the
Update all command before the path length tuning is started. Press the Tune all button in Figure 23 and
create a chart showing the maximum path length as a function of the varying parameters. Two examples are
shown in Figure 24.

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30 70
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25 65
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P P
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K
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4.2.8 Update
Radio data, feeder data (see 7.1 Workbook structure) and rain
coefficients (see 5.8 Unavailability due to rain) are given in data Update This path only
base sheets in the workbook. This structure makes updating of data All parameters
more convenient in most cases. If changes are made manually Radio only
(without using menu commands), the parameters given in these data Feeder only
base sheets must be updated using one of the update commands
described here.
This menu has several sub-menus. When you click on the update-field, the sub-menu is displayed as shown.
8SGDWHWKLVSDWKRQO\
Only the selected path’s parameters will be updated. The radio code, radio family, capacity, modulation,
configuration, high power option, lower and upper frequencies and the XPIC parameters are used to identify
the radio and feeder data as well as rain coefficients. These data are copied from the data sheets Radio,
Feeder Loss and Rain. If the radio type or frequency has been changed manually (without using menu
commands) this update command should be executed in order to get correct parameters for the calculation.

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8SGDWHDOOSDUDPHWHUV
All parameters for all path in your system will be updated by this command. Do not use this command if
any of the radio or feeder data has been changed intentionally for any of the paths. These changes will be
replaced by the data given in the sheets Radio, Feeder Loss and Rain when this command is executed. This
command is useful in order to update all parameters after global changes of radio codes using standard Excel
commands (like Replace).
8SGDWHUDGLRRQO\
This command updates radio parameters for all paths in the system. The feeder data and rain coefficients
are not updated. Observe that changes made manually to feeder data may cause inconsistency with the
updated radio parameters.
8SGDWHIHHGHURQO\
The feeder data (type and specific loss) will be updated according to the given frequency for all paths in the
system. Feeder types selected in the 7XQH)HHGHU7\SHmenu will be discarded.
6\VWHPV
This menu contains all commands relevant to definition of systems. A system is one
or several radio relay paths for which the total performance is calculated. The data for Systems
the systems are automatically updated according to changes in the corresponding path Clear all
parameters. The performance objectives are defined for systems rather than Add...
individual paths. Define your systems using the $GG V\VWHP command in order to Insert...
verify the total system performance. The system sheet may also be used to compare Delete...
the performance of alternative routes from one site to another.
4.3.1 Clear all systems
This command clears all defined systems in the Systems sheet.
4.3.2 Add system
A new system is added at the bottom of the system list. The system is defined by selecting first and last site
using the dialog box in Figure 25. If alternative routes are possible, alternative sites are given in nodal
point, and the user must select the wanted routing.

99.08.31 C
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)LJXUH,QSXWVLWHVGLDORJER[
4.3.3 Insert system
Similar to Add New System, but the new system will be inserted above the selected system.
4.3.4 Delete system
The selected system will be permanently removed. Confirmation is required. The corresponding paths in
the “Paths”-sheet are not deleted by this command.

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
3UHGLFWLRQPRGHO
The prediction model used in WEDIG ver. 2.0 is based on ITU-R recommendation 530 [17].
3RZHUEXGJHW
In order to estimate the performance of a radio link system, a link power budget has to be prepared. The
difference between nominal input level and the radio threshold level, the fading margin, is the main input
parameter in the performance prediction model.
)UHHVSDFHORVV
The receiver power at the receiver is proportional to
1
P∝
f ⋅ d2
2
This relation gives the free space formula (expressed in dB)
/ IV (G%) = 92.45 + 20 ⋅ log10 (G ⋅ I ) [dB]
$WWHQXDWLRQGXHWRDWPRVSKHULFJDVHV
At higher frequencies, above about 15GHz, the attenuation due to atmospheric gases will add to the total
propagation loss of a radio relay path. The attenuation on a path is given by:
$D = (γ 2 + γ : ) ⋅ G
where
G - path length in km
γR - specific attenuation [dB/km] for dry air
γW - specific attenuation [dB/km] for water vapour
The attenuation due to dry air and water vapour can be estimated using the simplified algorithms given in
ITU-R Rec. P.676 [21] Section 5.3 are valid for frequencies below 57GHz.
 7 .27 UW 7 .5 
γ2 = +  I 2 U S UW ⋅ 10 − 3
2 2
 I + 0.351U S U W ( I − 57 ) + 2 .44 U S UW 
2 2 2 2 2 5

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
 −2 − 3 ρ UW
7
3.79 
 3.27 ⋅ 10 UW + 1.67 ⋅ 10 + 7 .7 ⋅ 10 − 4 + 
γ: =
U S ( I − 22 .235)2 + 9.81U S 2 UW  I 2 ρ U U ⋅ 10 − 4
 11.73UW 4 .01UW  S W
 + + 
 ( I − 183.31) + 11.85U S UW ( I − 325.153)2 + 10.44 U S 2 UW
2 2

where
I- frequency in GHz
US = p/1013
UW = 288/(273+t)
S- pressure is set to 1013 hPa
W- temperature in C°
ρ- water vapour density in g/m3 . The figure in 7.5.3 from ITU-R Rec. P. 836 [22] gives the
annual surface water vapour density.
/LQNEXGJHW
Figure 26 shows a transmit/receive system that may be used as a simplified model of a radio link system. If
the transmitter output power is defined excluding the channel filter loss, this loss should be subtracted in the
calculations. The same applies at the receiver. The branching loss is defined as total branching loss for the
hop. The difference between nominal input level and the receiver threshold level is known as the fading
margin. This is a key parameter to the prediction model described in chapter 5.5.
The net path loss (13/) level for a normal path is given by:
13/(G% ) = / IV + $D + / I 1 + / I 2 + /E − *1 − *2 + /R
and the received signal level is
3U (G%P) = 3W − 13/
where
3U - received power in dBm
13/ - net path loss in dB
3W - transmitted power in dBm
** - gain of antennas in dB over isotropic
/I/I - feeder loss in dB
/E - branching loss in dB (circulators, filters)

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
$D - attenuation due to atmospheric gases
/R - other loss in dB (e.g. attenuators , degradation of threshold)
/IV - free space loss in dB
The difference between normal received signal level and the receiver threshold level is called the fading
margin:
) (G% ) = 3U − 37KU − /7KU _ 'HJ
where
3U - normal received signal level in dBm
37KU - receiver threshold level in dBm
/7KUB'HJ - receiver threshold degradation due in interference in dB
This fading margin is a critical parameter in prediction of system performance.
feeder feeder
Rx
60
30
-30
-60
Fading margin
-90 Receiver threshold
)LJXUH7UDQVPLWUHFHLYHV\VWHP

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WEDIG 2.0c
CALCULATION EXAMPLE
3DUDPHWHU 9DOXH 8QLW

Transmitter output power + 26.0 dBm
Feeder loss transmitter 1.6 dB
Branching loss (Tx/Rx) 1.2 dB
Transmitter antenna gain 42.8 dB
Free space loss and attenuation due to gases 145.5 dB
Receiver antenna gain 42.8 dB
Feeder loss receiver 1.2 dB
Nominal input level - 37.9 dB
Receiver threshold - 82.0 dBm
Receiver threshold degradation 0 dB
Fading margin 44.1 dB
5.4.1 Passive repeaters
Two types of passive repeaters will be introduced:
plane reflectors back-to-back antennas
The plane reflector reflects microwave signals in the same way as a mirror reflects light. The same laws
apply. Back-to-back antennas work just like an ordinary repeater station, but without radio frequency
transposition or amplification of the signal.
The receiver level at the active sites is thus given by:
3U (G%P) = 3W − / IV1 − / IV 2 − $D1 − $D 2 + 2 ⋅ * S − / I 1 − / I 2 − /E + *1 + *2 − /R
3ODQHUHIOHFWRUV
Plane reflectors are more popular than back-to-back antennas due to an efficiency close to 100% (50-60%
for antennas). Plane reflectors may also be produced with much larger dimensions than parabolic antennas.

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
*DLQRISODQHUHIOHFWRU
The far field gain of a plane reflector is given by:
  Ψ 
* S (G%) = 2145
. + 20 log 10 ( I ) + 10 log 10  $ ⋅ cos   [dB]
  2 
where
$ - area (in square meters) of the reflector
ψ - the angle between the incident and the reflected ray at the reflector
$ %
dB
dA
θ
5
)LJXUH3ODQHSDVVLYHUHIOHFWRUJHRPHWU\
 
 (K5 − K $ ) + G $ ⋅ G % ⋅ 10 6 ⋅ cosθ − (K5 − K $ )(K% − K $ )
2
11) ψ = cos  −1


 G $(2
⋅ 10 6
+ ( 5 $) %
K − K
2
)(
G
2
⋅ 10 6
+ ( 5 % ) 
K − K
2
)
where
hA is the antenna height above sea level at site A in m
hB is the antenna height above sea level at site B in m
hR is the height above sea level at the centre of the reflector in m
d A is the distance from site A to the reflector point in km
dB is the distance from site B to the reflector point in km

θ is the angle at the reflection point in plane projection in degrees
Unless the legs in figure 27 are extremely steep, θ may be used in place of ψ in equation 10) with good
accuracy.

99.08.31 C
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It should be checked whether the passive repeater is in the far-field of the nearest antenna using the formula:
75π ⋅ G V
δV =
ψ 
I ⋅ $5 ⋅ cos 
 2
( )
where ds is the shortest of the two legs G $ and G % in figure 27.
If δ s > 2. 5 the passive repeater is in the far-field of the nearest antenna, and formula 10) is valid.
%DFNWREDFNDQWHQQDV
Use of back-to-back antennas are practical when the reflection angle is large. The gain of a repeater with
back-to-back antennas is given by:
* S (G%) = *U1 + *U 2 − /F
where
*U*U - gain of back-to-back antennas in dB
/F - coupling loss between antennas in dB
0XOWLSDWKIDGLQJ
Fading due to layering of the atmosphere is the dominating factor of degradation of radio-relays.
Meteorological conditions in the space separating the transmitter and the receiver, may sometimes cause
detrimental effects to the received signal. Rays that normally would have been lost in the troposphere may
be refracted into the receiving antenna where they are added to the wanted signal. The phase- and amplitude
relationship between signals thus received determines the resulting output from the receiver.
This affects the transmission of digital signals in two ways. In some occasions, all components of the useful
signal spectrum will be equally reduced. This is called non-selective or "flat" fading.
Other times only some of the spectral components will be reduced, causing the spectrum to be distorted.
This is called frequency selective fading.
The cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) can deteriorate sufficiently to cause co-channel interference.
This outage due to clear-air cross-polarization will only contribute to the total outage when the radio-relay
system is utilising both polarizations on the same RF-channel to transmit two traffic channels. The outage is
negligible for other radio-relay system.
These three effects will be treated separately.

99.08.31 C
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The total outage due to multipath fading is calculated from:
 3 + 3 + 3
3 = 
QV V ;3

(
 3 + 3 ) + 3

LIGLYHUVLW\ LV XVHG
WRW
GQV GV ;3
where
3 QV - non-selective (flat) outage
3 GQV - non-selective outage with diversity
3 V - selective outage
3 GV - selective outage with diversity
3 ;3 - outage due to clear-air cross-polarization for co-channel systems
5.5.1 Flat Fading

The percentage of time that fade depth ) is exceeded in the average worst month can be calculated from:
−)
3QV = 30 ⋅ 10 10
%
When using ) equal to the fading margin found using 3 gives the percentage of time when the receiver
QV
signal is fading below threshold.

The parameter 30, the fading occurrence factor, has been related to well-defined path parameters.
The methods are based on statistical analysis of paths in different parts of the world. The paths used have
path lengths ranging from 7 to 95 km, frequencies ranging from 2 to 37 GHz, path inclinations for the range
0-24 mrad, and grazing angles in the range 1-12 mrad. Checks using several other sets of data for paths up to
237 km in length and frequencies as low as 500 MHz suggest, however, that the method is valid for larger
ranges of path length and frequency
The fading occurrence factor for the average worst month:
30 = . ⋅ G 3.6 ⋅ I 0.89 ⋅ (1 + ε S ) −1.4
where
. - Geoclimatic factor
G - Path length (km)
I - Frequency (GHz)
K1 − K2
εS = - Path inclination (millirad)
G
KK - antenna heights (m)

99.08.31 C
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The geoclimatic factor may be estimated for the average worst month from fading data. In absence of such
data the following empirical relations must be used
,QODQGOLQNV
Inland links are those in which either the entire path profile is above 100 m altitude (with respect to mean
sea level) or beyond 50 km from the nearest coastline, or in which part or all of the path profile is below 100
m altitude for a link entirely within 50 km of the coastline, but there is an intervening height of land higher
than 100 m between this part of the link and the coastline. Links passing over a river or a small lake should
normally be classed as passing over land.
. = 5.0 ⋅ 10 −7 ⋅ 3/1.5 ⋅ 10 −0.1⋅(&0 − &/DW − &/RQ )
The coefficient CLat of latitude ξ is given by
&/DW = 0 [dB] 53 oS ≥ ξ ≤ 53 oN
&/DW = −53 + ξ [dB] 53 oN or oS < ξ < 60 oN or oS
&/DW = 7 [dB] ξ ≥ 60 oN or oS
The longitude coefficient CLon is given by
&/RQ = 3 [dB] Longitudes of Europe and Africa
&/RQ = −3 [dB] Longitudes of North and South America
&/RQ = 0 [dB] All other longitudes
The value of the coefficient &0 is given in Table 1 for three ranges of altitude of the lower of the
transmitting and receiving antennas and three types of terrain (plains, hills, or mountains). In cases of
uncertainty as to whether a link should be classified as being in a plain or hilly area, the mean value of the
coefficients &0 for these two types of area should be employed. Similarly, in cases of uncertainty as to
whether a link should be classified as being in a hilly or mountainous area, the mean value of the
coefficients &0 for these two types of area should be employed. Links traversing plains at one end and
mountains at the other should be classified as being in hilly areas. For the purposes of deciding whether a
partially overwater path is in a largely plain, hilly, or mountainous area, the water surface should be
considered as a plain.
For planning purposes where the type of terrain is not known, the following values of the coefficient &0
should be employed:
&0 = 1.7 for lower-altitude antenna in the range 0-400 m above mean sea level;
&0 = 4.2 for lower-altitude antenna in the range 400-700 m above mean sea level;
&0 = 8 for lower-altitude antenna more than 700 m above mean sea level.

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
&0
Altitude of lower antenna and type of link terrain
(dB)
/RZDOWLWXGHDQWHQQDP±3ODLQV

Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude less than 400 m above mean sea level, 0
located in largely plains areas
/RZDOWLWXGHDQWHQQDP±+LOOV
Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude less than 400 m above mean sea level, 3.5
located in largely hilly areas
0HGLXPDOWLWXGHDQWHQQDP±3ODLQV
Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude in the range 400-700 m above mean sea 2.5
level, located in largely plains areas
0HGLXPDOWLWXGHDQWHQQDP±+LOOV
Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude in the range 400-700 m above mean sea 6
level, located in largely hilly areas
+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P±3ODLQV
Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude more than 700 m above mean sea level, 5.5
located in largely plains areas
+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P±+LOOV
Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude more than 700 m above mean sea level, 8
located in largely hilly areas
+LJKDOWLWXGHDQWHQQD >P±0RXQWDLQV
Overland or partially overland links, with lower-antenna altitude more than 700 m above mean sea level, 10.5
located in largely mountainous areas
Table 3 Values of C0 for various types of inland links
3/ is the percentage of time that the average refractivity gradient in the lowest 100 metre of the atmosphere
is less than -100 Nunits/km.
The figures in 7.5.1 from ITU-R Rec. P.453 [14] give 3/ for four different months. The month that has the
highest value should be chosen. An exception to this is that only the maps for May and August should be
used for latitudes greater than 60 oN or 60 oS. These figures are given in 7.5.1.
&RDVWDOOLQNVRYHUQHDUODUJHERGLHVRIZDWHU
The size of a body of water can be chosen on the basis of several known examples: Large bodies of water
include the English Channel, the North Sea, the larger reaches of the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, Hudson
Strait, and other bodies of water of similar size or larger.
 .O (UF ) = 10 (1 – UF ) log .L + UF log .FO for .FO ≥ .L

. = 
 .L for .FO < .L
where UFis the fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of water in
question and within 50 km of the coastline, but without an intervening height of land above 100 m altitude,
.L is given by the expression for . for inland links in equation , and:
−0.1⋅&0 − 0.011⋅ ξ
. FO = 2.3 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ 10

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
where ξ is the latitude in degrees.
&RDVWDOOLQNVRYHUQHDUPHGLXPVL]HGERGLHVRIZDWHU
The size of a body of water can be chosen on the basis of several known examples: Medium-sized bodies of
water include the Bay of Fundy (east coast of Canada) and the Strait of Georgia (west coast of Canada), the
Gulf of Finland, and other bodies of water of similar size.
UF ) log .L UF log .FP

 . (U ) = 10 (1 – +
for . FP ≥ .L
. =  O F
 .L for . FP < .L
where UFis the fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of water in
question and within 50 km of the coastline, but without an intervening height of land above 100 m altitude,
.L is given by the expression for . for inland links in equation , and:
. FP = 10 0.5⋅(log . + log .
L FO )
with .FO given by equation Note that the condition .FP < .L occurs in a few regions at low and mid
latitudes.
,QODQGOLQNVLQUHJLRQVZLWKPDQ\ODNHV
Regions (not otherwise in coastal areas) in which there are many lakes over a fairly large area are believed
to behave somewhat like coastal areas. The region of lakes in southern Finland provides the best known
example. Until such regions can be better defined, . should be calculated from:
− UF ) log .L + UF log .FP ]

. = 10 0.5[( 2
with .FP given by equation , .L given by equation and where UF is the fraction of the path profile
below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of water in question and within 50 km of the
coastline, but without an intervening height of land above 100 m altitude.
&RDVWDOOLQNVRYHUQHDUXQFHUWDLQVL]HRIERG\RIZDWHU
In cases of uncertainty as to whether the size of body of water should be classed as medium or large, .
should be calculated from:
− UF ) log .L + 0.5UF (log .FP + log .FO )

. = 10 (1
with .FP given by equation .L given by equation Kcl given by equation and where UF is the
fraction of the path profile below 100 m altitude above the mean level of the body of water in question and
within 50 km of the coastline, but without an intervening height of land above 100 m altitude.
5.5.2 Frequency Selective Fading

There are a number of different methods for predicting outages due to frequency selective fading. The
method using the signature curve is described in ITU-R recommendation 530 [17].This method agrees
reasonably well with measured results and clearly shows the radio’s ability to withstand the selective fading.

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
τ P2
3V = 430 ⋅ η ⋅ VI ⋅ in %
τ0
where η is related to the fading occurrence factor 30. η is often called the fading activity factor:
 3 
0 . 75
−0.2⋅ 0 
η = 1− H  100 
where P0 is the multipath occurrence factor corresponding in %, given in equation .
τP is the typical path echo delay given by :
1.3
G
τ P = 0.7 ⋅  
 50 
G is the path length in km and VI is called the equipment signature factor.
τ is the echo delay time used during measurement of the signature curves. A much used value (also used by
Nera) is:
τ0= 6.3 ns
The signature factor VI is derived from the signature curve of the equipment, using the formula:
VI =
1
2
(
⋅ :0 × 10 − %0 / 20 + :10 × 10 − %10 / 20 )
where:
:0 : minimum phase signature width (GHz)
%0 : minimum phase signature depth (dB)
:10 : non-minimum phase signature width (GHz)
%10 : non-minimum phase signature depth (dB)
'LYHUVLW\
The performance of line-of-sight (LOS) digital radio links can be seriously impaired by frequency selective
fading, due to in-band amplitude and phase distortions. This multipath (or selective) fading can be a result
of surface reflections, or induced by atmospheric anomalies such as strong ducting gradients. One principal
method of overcoming the effects of multipath fading is to use a form of diversity transmission and
reception. The common forms of diversity in LOS links are IUHTXHQF\ and VSDFH, or combinations of both.
By switching or combining the different channels carrying the same signal, it is possible to attain an
improvement relative to a single channel given by the factor:
PSingle channel
34) I=
PDiversity

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
5.6.1 Single diversity
The degree of improvement afforded by all of the diversity techniques depends on the extent to which the
signals in the diversity branches of the system are uncorrected. For narrow-band analogue systems, it is
sufficient to determine the improvement in the statistics of fade depth at a single frequency. For wideband
digital systems, the diversity improvement also depends on the statistics of in-band distortion.
6SDFHGLYHUVLW\
The system performance may be significantly improved by use of space diversity. Identical information is
transmitted over separate paths as indicated in Figure 28.
)LJXUH6SDFHGLYHUVLW\SULQFLSOH
The vertical space diversity improvement factor on overland paths can be estimated from
   3 
−1.04

35) , VG = 1 − exp − 3.34 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ 6 0.87 ⋅ I − 0.12
⋅G 0.48
⋅ 0    ⋅ 10() −9 ) 10
   100   
where
G - path length (km)
) - fade depth (dB) for the unprotected path
I - frequency (GHz)
*V*V - gains of the two space diversity antennas (dB)
30 fading occurrence factor in %
6 vertical separation (centre-to-centre) of receiving antennas (m)
9 = *V1 − *V2
The relation for ,VG applies only when the following conditions are met:

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
2 GHz < I < 11 GHz

43 km < G< 240 km
3 m < 6 < 23 m
ITU-R recommendation 530 [17] indicates that ,VG can be used with reasonable accuracy for path lengths
down to 25 km. In cases where any of these boundaries have been exceeded (within reasonable limits), the
parameters have been set equal to the boundary value in the program. E.g. for 13 or 15 GHz links, the
improvement factor for 11 GHz will be calculated.
The following procedure is used to calculate the selective and non-selective outages:
Calculate the square of the non-selective correlation coefficient, NQV, from:

3QV
, VG ⋅
N QV2 = 1 − 100
36 η
where 3QV in % is the outage due to the non-selective component of the fading that is given by equation
and η is the fading activity factor that is given by equation .
Calculate the square of the selective correlation coefficient, NV, from:
0.8238 for UZ ≤ 0.5


 − − U
37 N V2 = 1 − 0195. (1 − UZ ) 0.109 0.13 log (1 Z )
for 0.5 < UZ ≤ 0.9628

1 − 0.3957 (1 − UZ )
0.5136
for UZ > 0.9628
where the correlation coefficient, UZ, of the relative amplitudes is given by:

( )
2.170
1 − 0.9746 1 − N 2
QV
2
for N QV ≤ 0.26
38 UZ = 
( )
1.034
1 − 0.6921 1 − N QV
2 2
for N QV > 0.26

Calculate the non-selective outage, 3GQV, from:
3QV
3GQV = in %
, VG
where 3QV in % is the outage due to the non-selective component of the fading given by equation
Calculate the selective outage, 3GV, from:
3V2
3GV =
( )
in %
100 ⋅ η 1 − N V2
where3V in % is the non-protected selective outage given by equation

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
)UHTXHQF\GLYHUVLW\
5HGXQGDQWV\VWHP
1 1
2 2
)LJXUH)UHTXHQF\GLYHUVLW\SULQFLSOH
The following procedure is used to calculate the selective and non-selective outages:
Calculate the improvement factor for frequency diversity from:
)
80 ∆I
, IG = ⋅
I ⋅G I
⋅ 1010 {, IG ≥ 5}
∆I - frequency spacing between rf-channels in GHz
I - carrier frequency in GHz
G - distance in km
) - fading margin in dB
The equation is considered valid only for values of ,IG ≥ 5. The relation for ,IG applies only when the
following conditions are met :
1.7 GHz < I< 13 GHz

20 km < G < 75 km
∆I / < 0.05
I
In cases where these boundaries are exceeded (within reasonable limits), the ,IG is calculated with
boundary values. E.g. if the distance is 15 km, then ,IG is calculated with G = 30 km.
Calculate the square of the non-selective correlation coefficient, NQV, from:

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
3QV
, IG ⋅
N QV2 = 1 − 100
η
where 3QV in % is the outage due to the non-selective component of the fading that is given in formula
and η is the fading activity factor that is given in formula
0.8238 for UZ ≤ 0.5



N V2 = 1 − 0195. (1 − UZ )0.109 − 0.13 log (1 − UZ ) for 0.5 < UZ ≤ 0.9628

1 − 0.3957 (1 − UZ )
0.5136
for UZ > 0.9628

( )
2.170
1 − 0.9746 1 − N QV ≤ 0.26
2 2
for N QV
UZ = 
( )
1.034
1 − 0.6921 1 − N QV
2 2
for N QV > 0.26

3QV
3GQV = in %
, IG
3V2
3GV =
( )
in %
100 ⋅ η 1 − N V2

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
5HGXQGDQW16\VWHP
If frequency diversity is used in n+1 operation, n>1, the diversity improvement factor will be reduced since
there are more than one channel sharing the same diversity channel.
If it is assumed that no more than two of the rf-channels are simultaneously afflicted by equal fading, and
both have the same priority, the reduced diversity improvement factors are given by:
, IG {2 +1} = 0.67 ⋅ , IG , IG {5+1} = 0.49 ⋅ , IG

, IG {3+1} = 0.57 ⋅ , IG , IG {6 +1} = 0.47 ⋅ , IG
, IG {4 +1} = 052
. ⋅ , IG , IG {7 +1} = 0.45 ⋅ , IG
∆I - frequency spacing between rf-channels in GHz
+RWVWDQGE\FRQILJXUDWLRQ
The hot standby configuration is often used to give equipment diversity (protection) on paths where
propagation conditions are non-critical to system performance. This configuration gives no improvement of
system performance, but reduces the system outage due to equipment failures.
The transmitters and receivers in Figure 30 operate at the same frequency. Consequently no frequency
diversity improvement could be expected.
1 1
1 1
)LJXUH+RWVWDQGE\SULQFLSOH

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+\EULGGLYHUVLW\
Hybrid diversity is an arrangement where a 1+1 system has two antennas at one of the radio sites only. The
following procedure is used to calculate the selective and non-selective outages:
2 1
1
1
2 2
)LJXUH+\EULGGLYHUVLW\SULQFLSOH
The non-selective correlation coefficient, NQV, is found from:
N QV
= N ,
QV V
⋅N ,
QV I
where NQV,V and NQV, I are the non-selective correlation coefficients computed for space diversity equation
and frequency diversity equation , respectively.
0.8238 for UZ ≤ 0.5



N V2 = 1 − 0195. (1 − UZ )0.109 − 0.13 log (1 − UZ ) for 0.5 < UZ ≤ 0.9628

1 − 0.3957 (1 − UZ )
0.5136
for UZ > 0.9628

( )
2.170
1 − 0.9746 1 − N 2
QV
2
for N QV ≤ 0.26
UZ = 
( )
1.034
1 − 0.6921 1 − N QV
2 2
for N QV > 0.26

3QV
3GQV = in %
, VG

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3V2
3GV =
( )
in %
100 ⋅ η 1 − N V2
5.6.2 Combined diversity
When using frequency and space diversity at the same time, common practice is to use the product of the
improvement factors.
)LJXUH&RPELQHGIUHTXHQF\DQGVSDFHGLYHUVLW\
3QV
3GQV = in %
, VG + , IG
where 3QV in % is the outage due to the non-selective component of the fading given by equation ,IG is
the improvement factor for frequency diversity given by equation and ,VG is the vertical space diversity
improvement factor given by equation ).
3V
3GV = in %
, VG + , IG
127( 7KLVPHWKRGGLIIHUVIURPWKHPHWKRGGHVFULEHGLQ,785UHF[]

99.08.31 C
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Co-channel operation of radio relay systems will double the capacity compared to conventional radio relay
systems. In co-channel systems transmission of two separate traffic channels is performed on the same radio
frequency but on orthogonal polarisation. This works well as long as the discrimination between the two
polarisations called Cross Polar Discrimination (XPD), is sufficient to ensure interference-free operation.
The nominal value of XPD is termed XPD0 and is governed by the cross-polarisation patterns of the
antennas.
Both multipath- and rainfading can result in severe degradation of the XPD level. As the XPD decreases, the
interference level in the channel will rise and may cause threshold degradation and errors in the data traffic.
Procedures for predicting both the outage due to clear-air effects and due to precipitation conditions is given
ITU-R rec. 530 [17]
5.7.1 Outage due to clear-air effects for co-channel systems

The following procedure is used to calculate the outage due reduction of XPD in clear-air:
 ;3' J + 5 for ;3'J ≤ 35

;3'0 = 
40 for ;3'J > 35
;3'J is the manufacturer’s guaranteed minimum XPD at boresight for both the transmitting and receiving
antennas, i.e., the minimum of the transmitting and receiving antenna boresight XPDs.
 100 ⋅ N [S η 
4 = −10 log  
 30 
where η is the fading activity factor given by equation and P0 in % is the fading occurrence factor given
by equation and:
0.7 one transmit antenna

  V  
2
N [S = 
1 − 0.3 exp  − 4 × 10 − 6  W   two transmit antennas
   λ 
 
In the case where two orthogonally polarized transmissions are from different antennas, the vertical
separation is VW (m) and the carrier wavelength is λ (m).
Derive the parameter &from:
& = ;3'0 + 4
Calculate the outage 3[S due to clear-air cross-polarization from:
−
0 ;3'
3[S = 30 × 10 10 in %
where P0 in % is the fading occurrence factor given by equation and 0;3' (dB) is the equivalent XPD
margin for a reference BER given by:

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 &0
& − , without XPIC
0;3' = 
&
& − 0 + ;3,) with XPIC
 ,
Here, C0 /, is the carrier-to-interference ratio for a reference BER, which is measurements.

XPIF is a laboratory-measured cross-polarization improvement factor that gives the difference in cross-polar
isolation XPI at sufficiently large carrier-to-noise ratio and at a specific BER for systems with and without
cross polar interference canceller (XPIC).
5.7.2 Outage due to precipitation effects for co-channel systems

In addition to the usual attenuation of microwave signals due to rain, there will also be a depolarisation
effect. This depolarisation may be substantial even at frequencies where the attenuation is insignificant
(below 10 GHz). The following procedure is used to calculate the outage:
Calculate the coefficients U and V.
8 = 80 + 30 log I
where 80 is set to equal 15 dB and I is the frequency in GHz.
19 .002 IRU I < 8 *+]


9 ( I ) = 12 .8 I 0 .19 IRU 8 ≤ I ≤ 20 *+]
 22 .6 IRU 20 < I ≤ 35 *+]

127(7KHIRUPXODIRU9IKDVLQ,785UHF []DORZHUOLPLWRI*+]7KHYDOXH9I LV

XVHGIRUIUHTXHQFLHVEHORZ*+]
Determine the path attenuation, $0,01 (dB), exceeded for 0.01% of the time from :
$0.01 = ψ ⋅ γ U
where ψ is the effective path length given by equation and γr is the specific attenuation given by
equation
Determine the equivalent path attenuation, $S (dB):
$ S = 10 ((8 − &0 / , + ;3,) ) / 9 ) in dB
where &0 , (dB) is the carrier-to-interference ratio defined for the reference BER without XPIC, andXPIF

(dB) is the cross-polarized improvement factor for the reference BER. If an XPIC device is not used, set
XPIF = 0.

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Determine the following parameters:

[
23.26 log $ S 012
P = 
. $0.01 ] if P ≤ 40
40 otherwise
and:
(
Q = − 12.7 + . − 4P / 2
16123 )
Determine the outage due to precipitation effects for co-channel systems from:
3;35 = 100 ⋅ 10 ( Q − 2 ) in %
The total outage probability due to rain is calculated from taking the largest value of 3UDLQ and 3;35.
8QDYDLODELOLW\GXHWRUDLQ
On any path there is a possibility of additional attenuation of the radio signal due to absorption and
scattering by rain and sleet. This can be ignored at frequencies below 5 GHz. At higher frequencies, in
particular above 10 GHz, it can be quite significant.
The model described in ITU-R rec. 530 [17] is used to calculate the unavailability due to rain. The rainfall
contour maps in appendix 3 may be used if specific rainfall data for the region of interest is not available.

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5.8.1 Specific Attenuation

The specific attenuation γU (dB/km) for the frequency, polarization and rain rate is given by
γ U = N ⋅ 5α
5 - the rain intensity in mm/h not exceeded for more than 0.01% of the worst month. See 7.5.2
N and α are regression coefficients that have been calculated for oblate spheroid raindrops for a range of
frequencies. These parameters are appropriate to the polarization. These regression coefficients are given in
ITU-R Rec. 838 [23]. It should be noted that the specific attenuation is lowest for the vertical polarization.
Frequency kh kv αh αv
[GHz]
1 0.0000387 0.0000352 0.912 0.880
2 0.0001540 0.0001380 0.963 0.923
4 0.0006500 0.0005910 1.121 1.075
6 0.0017500 0.0015500 1.308 1.265
7 0.0030100 0.0026500 1.332 1.312
8 0.0045400 0.0039500 1.327 1.310
10 0.0101000 0.0088700 1.276 1.264
12 0.0188000 0.0168000 1.217 1.200
15 0.0367000 0.0335000 1.154 1.128
20 0.0751 0.0691 1.099 1.065
25 0.124 0.113 1.061 1.030
30 0.187 0.167 1.021 1.000
35 0.263 0.233 0.979 0.963
40 0.350 0.310 0.939 0.929
7DEOH5HJUHVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWVIRUHVWLPDWLQJVSHFLILFDWWHQXDWLRQ,7855HF[]
YYHUWLFDOSRODUL]DWLRQKKRUL]RQWDOSRODUL]DWLRQ
The coefficients given in Table 4 are given for every 100 MHz from (1 GHz to 40 GHz) in the Rain sheet in
WEDIG20.XLS.
5.8.2 Effective path length
Since rain has a tendency to cluster (especially at high rain rates), only parts of a typical radio link path will
be affected by rain. The effective path length containing rain cells is given by
G
ψ= for R > 100 mm / h: R = 100 mm / h
 G 
1+  − 0.015⋅ 5 
 35 ⋅ H 
where Gis the path length in km
5is the rain intensity in mm/h (integration time 1 minute).

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5.8.3 Unavailability due to rain attenuation
The unavailability (in percent) due to rain is given by:
. ⋅ (Ψ ⋅ γ U ) ⋅ 3UDLQ
) = 012 − ( 0.546 + 0.043⋅log10 3UDLQ )
3UDLQ - unavailability in percent
) - fading margin in dB
The unavailability may be found by solving equation with respect to 3 UDLQ
3UDLQ = 10
(
11.628⋅ −0.546+ 0.29812 + 0.172⋅log (0.12⋅ψ ⋅γ U / ) ) ) in %
To avoid imaginary values, use ψ⋅γ ) in case where ψ⋅γ )
U U
The prediction procedure outlined above is considered to be valid in all parts of the world at least for
frequencies up to 40 GHz and path lengths up to 60 km.
The total outage probability due to rain is calculated from taking the largest value of 3UDLQ and 3;35.
 3UDLQ if 3UDLQ > 3;3'

35DLQ ,WRW =  in %
 3;35 if 3UDLQ < 3;3'
The outage due to precipitation effects for co-channel systems is set to zero, 3;35 = 0, for radio relay
systems without a co-channel arrangement.

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2EMHFWLYHV
Several objectives may be used as design goals in the program (see 4.1.7).
5.9.1 G.821
G.821 is measuring bit errors.

SES - BER should not exceed 10-3
DM - BER should not exceed 10-6
+LJKJUDGHREMHFWLYHV
The ITU-R objectives for real circuits describe system lengths between 280 km and 2500 km. See ITU-R
Rec. 594 [5] and ITU-R Rec. 695 [13]. They are referred to the HRDP and the objectives are scaled down to
a minimum of 280 km. See ITU-R Rec. 634 [12]. Performance objectives for shorter distance than 280 km
are still under study.
7KHREMHFWLYHVDUH
SES BER>10-3 for no more than (L/2500).0.054% of any month,

integration time 1 s.
DM BER>10-6 for no more than (L/2500).0.4% of any month, integration

time 1 min.
Availability A = 100 - (0.3.L/2500) %
Availability due to rain AR = 100 - (0.1.L/2500) %
The objectives are valid for systems only.

The objectives for each hop are pro rata objectives that should be treated as information only since the hop
length is less than 280km. When each hop complies with these pro rata objectives, can such hops later be
incorporated in a larger system without any negative influence on the total system performance. Hops with
higher outage than the pro rata objectives can be accepted.
0HGLXPJUDGHREMHFWLYHV
Medium grade objectives are supposed to be used for national networks, normally between the local
exchange and the international switching centre. However, this depends very much on the size of the country
and the size of the networks in the country.
According to ITU-T Rec. G.821 [2] the local grade and medium grade portions are permitted to cover up to
the first 1250 km of the circuit from the T - reference point extending into the network. Since the length of
the local grade portion is usually negligible, the maximum length of the medium grade portion is
approximately 1250 km.

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The medium grade portion has 4 quality classifications. Class 1 corresponds to high grade classification but
can also be used for medium grade classification. The other three apply to medium grade only. The
medium grade objectives for a total medium grade portion at each end of an HRX can be found in ITU-R
Rec. 696 [6]. Comments are found in ITU-R Report 1052 [7].
For SES the objective was 0.015% with an additional allowance of 0.05%. That is 0.025% for each side.
The total is 0.04%
For DM and ES there are no additional allowances. The objectives are:
BER not to exceed 10-3 for more than 0.04% of any month with integration time of
1 s.
BER not to exceed 10-6 for more than 1.5% of any month with an integration time
of 1 min.
For an HRDS the ITU-R Rec. 696 [6] has made a table for the different classifications and objectives. These
figures shall be used for lengths less than these distances.
Percentage of any month

Performance parameter Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4
280 km 280 km 50 km 50 km
BER>10-3 0.006 0.0075 0.002 0.005
BER>10-6 0.045 0.2 0.2 0.5
Unavailability 0.033 0.05 0.05 0.1
7DEOH0HGLXPJUDGHREMHFWLYHV
If a system is a mixture of different classifications it must be ensured that the overall objective for the
medium grade portion is not exceeded.
2EMHFWLYHVXVHGLQ:(',*:
Percentage of any month

Performance parameter &ODVV &ODVV &ODVV &ODVV
0<L<280 km 0<L<280 km 0<L<50 0<L<50
km km
pro rata pro rata block block
allowance allowance
BER>10-3 [%] 0.006*L/280 0.0075*L/280 0.002 0.005
BER>10-6 [%] 0.045*L/280 0.2*L/280 0.2 0.5
Unavailability for SES due to 0.011*L/280 0.017*L/280 0.017 0.033
rain (1/3 of total allowance) [%]

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The local grade portion of the HRX represents the part between the subscriber and the local exchange. This
may be a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint system, often of simple and cost-effective design.
The error performance objectives for the local grade portion can be found in ITU-R Rec. 697 [8] and
comments in ITU-R Report 1053 [9].
The objectives for performance are as follows:
n BER should not exceed 10-3 for more than 0.015% of any month with an integration time of 1 s.
n BER should not exceed 10-6 for more than 1.5% of any month with an integration time of 1 min.
Unavailability objectives for local grade circuits have not yet been established by the ITU-T or the ITU-R.
The objectives for "Medium grade class 4" ITU-R Rec. 696 [6] is therefore used. Total unavailability for
SES should not exceed 0.1 % for L<50 km. NERA has chosen to relate 1/3 of the total unavailability to
unavailability due to rain.
n Unavailability for SES due to rain: less than 0.033%
5.9.2 G.826
The main difference between ITU-T Rec. G.826 [3] and ITU-T Rec. G.821 [2] is that G.826 uses EORFNV
instead of ELWV as in G.821.
,QWHUQDWLRQDOSRUWLRQXVLQJUDGLRUHOD\V\VWHPV
The G.826 defines the Error Performance Parameters and Objectives for International, Constant Bit Rate
Digital Paths at or above the Primary Rate. The corresponding ITU-R Recommendation F.1092 [19] defines
the error performance objectives for constant bit rate digital path at or above the primary rate carried by
digital radio-relay systems which may form part of the international portion of a 27500 km hypothetical
reference path. In ITU-R Recommendation F.1397 [25] have the objectives in F.1092 been scaled down
(pro-rata) to give engineers proper performance objectives for planing real digital radio links. The objectives
in F.1397 is given in Table 6.

99.08.31 C
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5DWH0ELWV WR

6HYHUHO\HUURUHG
VHFRQGVUDWLR 0.002 × (FL + BL ) × Llink /LR
7DEOH,7855HF)LQWHUQDWLRQDOSRUWLRQREMHFWLYHV
where:
distance allocation factor: FL = 0.01 × L /500 R
block allowance factor, B : L
– for intermediate countries: B =B L R

× 0.02 × (L / L )
R ref
for L < L ≤ L
min R ref
B =B L R
× 0.02 for L > L R ref
– for terminating countries: B =B L R

× 0.01 × L /( L /2)
R ref
for L < L ≤ L /2
min R ref
B =B L R
× 0.01 for L > L /2
R ref
block allowance ratio, B : (0 < B ≤ 1)R R
reference length, L : L = 1 000 km (provisionally).

ref ref
L is the rounded value of L rounded up to the nearest multiple of 500 km;

R
The lower limit of L , used to scale the objectives to the real case, is L . Provisionally L is 50 km.
link min min
Unavailability objectives for international portion have not yet been established by the ITU-T or the ITU-R.
The objectives for "High grade" ITU-R Rec. 695 [13] is therefore used.
7HUPLQDWLRQFRXQWU\ ,QWHUPHGLDWHFRXQWU\
pro rata pro rata
L < 500km L > 500km L < 1000km L > 1000km
Performance for
SES [%] 0.002*2*(L/500) 0.002*(L/500+L/LR) 0.002*2*(L/500) 0.002*(L/500+2*L/LR)
Unavailability due
to rain for SES [%] 0.1 * L / 2500 0.1 * L / 2500
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The ITU-R Recommendation F.1189 [20] defines the error performance objectives for constant bit rate
digital path at or above the primary rate carried by digital radio-relay systems which may form part or all of
the national portion of a 27500 km hypothetical reference path.
Path Local International

Note 1
end-point exchange gateway
Access Short haul Long haul
1RWH – In dependence of the country network architecture, this centre may coincide with a primary centre (PC),
a secondary centre (SC) or a tertiary centre (TC) (see ITU-T Recommendation G.801).
7DEOH%DVLFVHFWLRQVRIQDWLRQDOSRUWLRQRIWKH+53
5DWH0ELWV WR !WR !WR !WR !WR
(UURUHGVHFRQG 0.04xZ 0.05xZ 0.075xZ 0.16xZ Under study

UDWLR
6HYHUHO\HUURUHG 0.002xZ
VHFRQGVUDWLR
-4 -4 -4
%DFNJURXQGEORFN 2x10 x Z 2x10 x Z 1x10 x Z
HUURUUDWLR
/RQJKDXOVHFWLRQ Z=A A = A1 + (LR/500) A1 = 1 - 2 %
6KRUWKDXOVHFWLRQ Z=A fixed block allocation only B = 7.5 - 8.5 %
$FFHVVVHFWLRQ Z=A fixed block allocation only C = 7.5 - 8.5 %
$1% + % % + & % shall not exceed 17.5% and % % + & % are in the range 15.5% to 16.5%.
L is the rounded value of L rounded up to the nearest multiple of 500 km; where/ is the actual
R
system length
7DEOH,7855HF)[]QDWLRQDOSRUWLRQREMHFWLYHV

99.08.31 C
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Unavailability objectives for the national portion have not yet been established by the ITU-T or the ITU-R.
The objectives for "High grade" ITU-R Rec. 695 [13] is therefore used for the long haul section and the
objectives for "Medium grade class 4" ITU-R Rec. 696 [6] is therefore used for the short haul and access
sections.
/RQJKDXO 6KRUWKDXO $FFHVV

L < 500km block allowance block allowance
pro rata
Performance for SES [%] 0.002*(L/LR + L/500) 0.015 0.017
Unavailability due to rain

for SES [%] 0.1*L/2500 0.033 0.033
L is the rounded value of L rounded up to the nearest multiple of 500 km; where/ is the actual system
R
length.
7DEOH2EMHFWLYHVIRUWKHQDWLRQDOSRUWLRQXVHGLQ:(',*

99.08.31 C
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5HIHUHQFHV
[1] CCITT Rec. G.801. Digital Transmission models. CCITT Volume III - Fascicle III.5, Geneva
1989.
[2] CCITT Rec. G.821. Error Performance of an International Digital connection forming part of
an Integrated Services Digital Network. CCITT Volume III - Fascicle III.5, Geneva 1989.
[3] CCITT draft Rec. G.826, "Error Performance Parameters and Objectives for International,
Constant Bit Rate Digital Paths at or above the Primary Rate", January 1993.
[4] C.C.I.R. Rec. 557-2. Availability Objective for a Hypothetical Reference Circuit and a
Hypothetical Reference Digital Path. Recommendations of the C.C.I.R., Volume IX-Part 1,
Geneva 1990.
[5] C.C.I.R. Rec. 594-2. Allowable Bit Error Ratios at the output of the Hypothetical Reference
Digital Path for Radio-Relay Systems which may form part of an Integrated Services Digital
Network. Recommendations of the C.C.I.R., Volume IX-Part 1, Geneva 1990.
[6] C.C.I.R. Rec. 696. Error Performance and Availability Objectives for Hypothetical Reference
Digital Sections utilizing Digital Radio-Relay Systems forming part of all of the Medium
Grade Portion of an ISDN Connection. Recommendations of the C.C.I.R., Volume IX-Part 1,
Geneva 1990.
[7] C.C.I.R. Report 1052-1. Error Performance and Availability Objectives for Digital Radio-
Relay Systems used in the Medium Grade Portion of an ISDN Connection. Reports of the
C.C.I.R., Annex to Volume IX-Part 1, Geneva 1990.
[8] C.C.I.R. Rec. 697. Error Performance Objectives for the Local Grade Portion at each end of
an ISDN Connection utilizing Digital Radio-Relay Systems. Recommendations of the
C.C.I.R., Volume IX-Part 1, Geneva 1990.
[9] C.C.I.R. Report 1053-1. Error Performance and Availability Objectives for Digital Radio-
Relay Systems used in the Local-Grade Portion of an ISDN Connection. Reports of the
C.C.I.R., Annex to Volume IX-Part 1, Geneva 1990.
[10] "Prediction of Transmission Quality on Digital L.O.S. Radio Relays", ABB Nera, September
9. 1992.
[11] Propagation data and prediction methods required for terrestrial line-of-sight systems. Report
338-6. Reports of the C.C.I.R., 1990. Annex to volume V. Propagation in non-ionised
media. Geneva ISBN 92-61-04211-2.
[12] Error performance objectives for real digital radio-relay links forming part of a high-grade
circuit within an integrated services digital network. Recommendation 634-1.
Recommendations of the C.C.I.R. 1990, Volume IX - part 1. Fixed service using radio-relay
systems. Geneva ISBN 92-61-04251-1.

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
[13] Availability objectives for real digital radio-relay links forming part of a high-grade circuit
within an integrated services digital network. Recommendation 695.Recommendations of the
C.C.I.R. 1990, Volume IX - part 1. Fixed service using radio-relay systems. Geneva ISBN
92-61-04251-1.
[14] The radio refraction index: Its formula and refractivity data..
ITU-R Recommendations P.453-6 1997
[15] Effects of propagation on the design and operation of line-of-sight radio-relay systems.
Report 784-3. Reports of the C.C.I.R., 1990. Annex to volume IX - part 1. Fixed service
using radio-relay systems. Geneva ISBN 92-61-04251-1.
[16] Attenuation by hydrometeors, in particular precipitation, and other atmospheric particles.

Report 721-3. Reports of the C.C.I.R., 1990. Annex to volume V. Propagation in non-
ionised media. Geneva ISBN 92-61-04211-2.
[17] Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight
systems. Recommendation P.530-7. ITU-R. Recommendations (1997)
[18] Ingvar Henne, Per Thorvaldsen “Planning of line-of-sight radio relay systems”, ABB Nera
1994.
[19] Error performance objectives for constant bit rate digital path at or above the primary rate
carried by digital radio-relay systems which may form part of the international portion of a
27500 km hypothetical reference path. ITU-R Recommendations F.1092-1 (1997 ).
[20] Error performance objectives for constant bit rate digital path at or above the primary rate
carried by digital radio-relay systems which may form part or all of he national portion of a
27500 km hypothetical reference path. ITU-R Recommendations F.1189-1 (1997).
[21] Attenuation by atmospheric gases.
ITU-R Recommendation P.676-3 1997
[22] Water vapour: Surface density and total columnar content.

ITU-R Recommendation P.836-1 1997
[23] Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods.
ITU-R Recommendation 838 1992
[24] Characteristics of precipitation for propagation modelling.

ITU-R Recommendation PN.837-1 1994
[25] Error performance objectives for real digital links used in the international portion of a 27500
km hypothetical reference path at or above the primary rate.
ITU-R Recommendations F.1397 (1999 )

99.08.31 C
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$SSHQGL[
:RUNERRNVWUXFWXUH
The workbook has been arranged in the following way:
6KHHWQDPH )XQFWLRQ 7\SH

Paths Main sheet for all path parameters Worksheet
Systems Summary of system performance Worksheet
Info Project information and comments Worksheet
Rain Data base sheet containing rain coefficients (chapter 5.8) Worksheet database
Functions Macro sheet containing all user defined functions for the prediction Macro module
model.
General_c General commands macro sheet. Macro module
Project_c Macro module for commands in the Project menu. Macro module
Project_c_2 Macro module for commands in the Project menu. Macro module
Paths_c Macro module for commands in the Paths menu. Macro module
Antenna_Fe Macro module for commands in the Paths menu. Macro module
eder_Radio_
c
Systems_c Macro module for commands in the Systems menu. Macro module
About Information about the program Macro dialog
Path_data Main input dialog box definition (Figure 12) Macro dialog
Tune Tune antennas dialog box (Figure 17) Macro dialog
Diversity Selection of frequency or space diversity Macro dialog
Freq_div Dialog box for frequency diversity parameters Macro dialog
Max_D Dialog box for calculation of maximum path lengths (Figure 23) Macro dialog
View Custom view dialog box for Paths (Figure 7) Macro dialog
Space Dialog box for space diversity antenna arrangement (Figure 20) Macro dialog
Feeder type Dialog box for selection of feeder type (Figure 22) Macro dialog
Select_feede Dialog box for selection of feeder type. Macro dialog
r
Hor feeder Dialog box definition for feeder length calculation (Figure 21) Macro dialog
Sites Dialog box definition for site selection in system calculations (Figure Macro dialog
25)
Next Dialog box definition for route selection. Macro dialog
Coax Dialog box definition for selection of coaxial cable type in the 2 GHz Macro dialog
band.
Log Dialog box definition for project information Macro dialog
Tune_degrad Dialog box definition for adjusting the receiver threshold degradation Macro dialog
ation
View_Single Custom view dialog box for Single Macro dialog
View_Syste Custom view dialog box for Systems Macro dialog
ms
Move_path Dialog box definition for moving path up and down Macro dialog
Select radio Dialog box for selection of radio type (Figure 15) Macro dialog

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
Edit radio Dialog box for editing radio parameters (Figure 18) Macro dialog
User dialog Dialog box definition for user preference data. Macro dialog
Single Page set-up for single page print-out of path parameters Worksheet
Equipment Summary page for equipment used in your system Worksheet
Objective_in Objective information and definitions. Worksheet
fo
Temp Worksheet used for temporary data during system performance Worksheet
calculations.
7DEOH:RUNERRNFRQWHQWV
The user should normally not make any changes in sheets described in the shaded cells in Table 11. These
sheets are hidden in the standard set-up to prevent undesirable changes.
1HUDUDGLRGDWDEDVH
The Nera radio database contains the main radio parameters for all available Nera radio-relay systems at the
date of issue. New radios may be added to the list, and changes can be made if required. An update of the
radio database may be supplied more often than updates of the program itself.
The radio database contains radio types with capacities from 2 Mb/s to 155 Mb/s in frequency ranges from
1.7 to 40 GHz with configurations up to 7+1 for 155 Mb/s equipment.
1HUDDQWHQQDGDWDEDVH
In order to make the selection of antennas more efficient, a data base sheet containing the key parameters for
all Nera antennas are integrated in the program structure. The file can be located at another drive (local or
network) and the reference to the antenna database may be changed using the Project-Preferences command
(see 4.1.8).
The program will open the antenna data base file correctly at program start-up if the antenna data base is
found at the specified location (see 4.1.8).
ANT-DATA.XLS is automatically closed without saving any changes to it when the WEDIG20 program is
terminated. Changes in antenna data should be done by opening the ANT-DATA.XLS file manually,
perform the changes and then save the file. Do not change the order of the columns in the data base as this
will affect the selection of antenna parameters entered automatically by WEDIG20.

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
)HHGHUGDWDEDVH
Nera do not produce wave guides or coaxial cables. In order to have an effective organising of the antenna
feeder parameters, specifications for Andrew and Radio Frequency Systems products have been included as
a feeder database supplied with WEDIG20. New wave guide or coaxial types may be added by the user.
The feeder loss database is a separate workbook WG-DATA.XLS. Antenna feeder loss (in dB/100m).
Feeder loss for other frequencies may be added.

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
,785ZRUOGPDSV
7.5.1 PL-contour maps (ITU-R rec. 453 [14])
Figure 33 Percentage of time gradient ≤ −100 ( N / km) : February

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
Figure 34 Percentage of time gradient ≤ −100 ( N / km) : May

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
Figure 35 Percentage of time gradient ≤ −100 ( N / km) : August

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
Figure 36 Percentage of time gradient ≤ −100 ( N / km) : November

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
7.5.2 Rainfall contour maps (ITU-R rec. PN. 837 [24])
$ % & ' ( ) * + - . / 0 1 3 4

7DEOH5DLQIDOOLQWHQVLW\H[FHHGHGIRURIWLPHPPK
)LJXUH5DLQIDOOFRQWRXUVIRURIWKHWLPH(XURSHDQG$IULFD

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
)LJXUH5DLQIDOOFRQWRXUVIRURIWKHWLPH$PHULFD

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
)LJXUH5DLQIDOOFRQWRXUVIRURIWKHWLPH)DU(DVW

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
7.5.3 Water vapour at ground level (ITU-R rec. P.836 [22])
)LJXUH:DWHUYDSRXUDWJURXQGOHYHO

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
,QGH[
$ '
Absolute chart, 16 Database
access, 12 Radio, 72
Access, 67 Delete Path, 29
Add New path, 20 Delete systems, 39
Add Selected Path, 28 diversity, 50
Add system, 38 combined, 57
antenna frequency, 53
back-to-back, 45 hybrid, 56
data base, 72 Diversity, 34, 50
Antenna database, 18 Frequency, 34
Antenna gain, 24 help, 24
Antenna height, 24 Space, 34
Antenna type, 24 dry air, 40
Antennas, 29
Atmospheric gases, 40
Auto-filter, 72 (
Edit path, 28
% effective path length, 61
Enable menus, 18
back-to-back antennas, 45 Enter data, 6
budget, 41 Equipment, 18
Equipment sheet, 9
Export to file, 10
&
&0, 47 )
Chart
Absolute, 16 fading margin, 40, 42
Pro-rata, 16 fading occurrence factor, 46
Clat, 47 far-field, 45
Clear all systems, 38 Feeder database, 18
Clon, 47 Feeder help, 24
Close program, 6 Feeder length, 24, 35
Coastal links, 48 horizontal, 35
Coastal links large water, 48 Feeder loss, 18
Coastal links medium-sized water, 49 Feeder type, 36
co-channel file locations, 13
clear air effects, 58 file reference, 10
precipitation effects, 59 Flat Fading, 46
co-channel systems, 58 free space
combined diversity, 57 formula, 40
Configuration, 33 loss, 40
Costal, large size of water, 21 frequency
Costal, medium-size of water, 21, 25 diversity, 53
Costal, uncertain size of water, 21, 25 improvement factor, 55
Cross Polar Discrimination, 58 Frequency
cross polar interference canceller, 59 Center, 33
Cross-polar interference, 58 Lower, 33
Custom objectives, 12 Upper, 33
Customize Paths, 14 Frequency diversity, 34
Customize Single, 16 Frequency Selective Fading, 49
Customize Systems, 14 Functions sheet, 8

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
* 1
G.821, 12, 63 Name, 24
G.826, 12, 65 National portion, 12, 67
gain of plane reflector, 44 Nera antennas, 72
Geoclimatic factor, 47 net path loss, 41
New, 10
13/, 41
+
High grade objectives, 12, 63 2
High power, 33
Hills, 21, 48 objectives, 8
hot standby, 55 Objectives, 12, 63
Open, 10
Open File, 10
, Other loss, 26
output, 9
Improvement, 50
combined, 57
frequency, 53 3
redundant N+1, 55
space, 51 passive repeater, 43
Info, 18 Passive repeater, 26
Info sheet, 8, 10 gain, 26
Info Window, 8 password, 9
Inland, 25 Path
Inland, 21 latitude, 26
Inland links, 47 position, 26
Inland, many lakes, 21, 25 Path echo delay, 50
input, 9 path length, 36
Insert Path, 28 Path length, 25, 36
Insert system, 39 Path parameters, 25
Installation, 5 Paths, 17, 20
intermediate, 12 menus, 20
Intermediate country, 66 Paths sheet, 7
International portion, 12, 65 Performance objectives, 63
Plains, 21, 25, 48
Plane passive repeater, 26
/ plane reflector, 43
Plane reflector
Link budget, 41 Area, 26
Local grade objectives, 12, 65 gain, 44
long haul, 12 Reflection angle, 26
Long haul, 67 Planning method, 25
PL-factor, 25
PL-maps, 74
Position, 24
0 Power budget, 40
precipitation effects for co-channel systems, 62
macros, 7 Prediction model, 40
maps, 74 preferences, 13
maximum path length, 36 pressure, 41
Medium grade objectives, 12, 63 Print, 18
menus, 9 All paths separately, 19
Modulation, 33 Equipment, 20
Mountains, 21, 25, 48 Info, 19
Move path, 29 Paths, 19
Multipath fading, 45 Project, 19
Selected Path, 19

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
Systems, 19
project
7
information, 11
Project, 9 terminating, 12
Project information, 10 Termination country, 66
Project menus, 9 Threshold level, 33
Project objectives, 12 Today, 10
Pro-rata chart, 16 total outage due to multipath, 46
Tune, 29
Antennas, 29
5 Diversity, 34
Feeder length, 35
Frequency diversity, 34
Radio, 32 Path length, 36
Radio database, 18, 72 Radio, 32
Radio family, 33 Space diversity, 34
Radio type, 25, 28, 33 Threshold degradation, 34
rain Tune Threshold degradation, 34
cell, 61 type of link terrain, 48
coefficients, 25
Rain
intensity, 25
rate, 25
8
rain rate, 61
Rain sheet, 8 unavailability
Rainfall maps, 78 objectives, 65, 66, 68
UF, 49 Unavailability due to rain, 60
Unavailability due to rain attenuation, 62
References, 69
Unavailability objectives, 63
regions with many lakes, 49
uncertain size of body of water, 49
regression coefficients, 61
Update, 37
Reset page set-ups, 20
All parameters, 38
Feeder only, 38
Radio only, 38
6 This path only, 37
User preferences, 13
Save, 10 User set-up, 6
Save As, 10
Selected path, 17
selective correlation coefficient, 52 9
setup, 5
set-up, 6
Variation Charts, 17
short haul, 12
View, 14
6KRUWKDXO, 67
Absolute chart, 16
signature factor, 50
Absolute Chart, 16
Single sheet, 9
Antenna database, 18
Site level, 24
Customize Paths, 14
Site parameters, 24
Customize Single, 16
space diversity
Equipment, 18
improvement factor, 51
Info, 18
Space Diversity, 34
Paths, 17
specific attenuation, 61
Pro-rata chart, 16
Start program, 5
Pro-rata Chart, 16
Systems, 17, 38
Radio database, 18
Add, 38
Selected path, 17
Clear all, 38
Systems, 17
Delete, 39
Variation charts, 17
Insert, 39
Visual Basic, 7
Systems sheet, 8

99.08.31 C
WEDIG 2.0c
: structure, 71
workspace, 7
water vapour, 40
WEDIG, 5
What’s new, 6
;
workbook, 7
Workbook XPD, 58
contents, 7, 72 XPIC, 33, 59
sheets, 7 XPIF, 59

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3URGXFW'RFXPHQWDWLRQ

Rev.Date Rev. Document no.

© Nera $6$ 

NERA Networks AS Page 1(85)

Page 2(85) NERA Networks AS

4.1.11.8 Reset page set-ups................................................................................................................................................20

NERA Networks AS Page 3(85)

5.8 UNAVAILABILITY DUE TO RAIN ............................................................................................................................. 60

Page 4(85) NERA Networks AS

The following files are installed:

WEDIG20.XLS, WEDIG20.ICO, WED-HELP.HLP, ANT-DATA.XLS, NL-DATA.XLS, WG-DATA.XLS,

NERA Networks AS Page 5(85)

Select the Project-View-Enable menus command to enable access to all commands.

Page 6(85) NERA Networks AS

3.1.1 Paths sheet

NERA Networks AS Page 7(85)

3.1.2 Systems sheet

3.1.3 Info sheet

3.1.4 Rain sheet

3.1.5 Functions sheet

3.1.6 Single sheet

Page 8(85) NERA Networks AS

3.1.7 Equipment sheet

3.1.8 Workbook password

Project View Customize Paths Print Project

NERA Networks AS Page 9(85)

4.1.5 Export to file

Page 10(85) NERA Networks AS

NERA Networks AS Page 11(85)

4.1.7 Project objectives

Objectives based on ITU-T Rec. G.821 [2]

Objectives based on ITU-T Rec. G.826 [3]

Page 12(85) NERA Networks AS

4.1.8 Project preferences

NERA Networks AS Page 13(85)

4.1.9.2 Customize Systems

Page 14(85) NERA Networks AS

NERA Networks AS Page 15(85)

4.1.10 Customize Single

Page 16(85) NERA Networks AS

)D GLQJUH OD WH GRXWD JH6(6 These charts are NOT automatically updated!

5DLQUHOD WH GRXWD JH YH UWLFDOSRO + 3 dB additional loss

Activates the 3DWKV worksheet. Equivalent to pressing the Paths tab.

Activates the 6\VWHPV worksheet. Equivalent to pressing the Systems tab.

NERA Networks AS Page 17(85)

Page 18(85) NERA Networks AS

Info The project information sheet

NERA Networks AS Page 19(85)

This menu contains all commands relevant to path parameters.

Paths Tune Antennas... Update This path only

4.2.1 Add New path

Page 20(85) NERA Networks AS

3DUDPHWHU 'HVFULSWLRQ 8QLW

7HUUDLQW\SH Classification of the terrain type.

NERA Networks AS Page 21(85)

Page 22(85) NERA Networks AS

Use the move buttons to move between the paths.

NERA Networks AS Page 23(85)

Page 24(85) NERA Networks AS

Terrain type Classification of the terrain type

Plains The path is in a largely plain area.

Water vapour Water vapour density. ( see map in 7.5.3 )

NERA Networks AS Page 25(85)

© Nera $6$

)D GLQJUH OD WH GRXWD JH6(6 These charts are NOT automatically updated!

5DLQUHOD WH GRXWD JH YH UWLFDOSRO + 3 dB additional loss

&RVWDOPHGLXP /DUJHVL]HRIZDWHU Distance > 50 km

/ IV (G%) = 92.45 + 20 ⋅ log10 (G ⋅ I ) [dB]

- gain of antennas in dB over isotropic

/I/I - feeder loss in dB

) (G% ) = 3U − 37KU − /7KU _ 'HJ

plane reflectors back-to-back antennas

3U (G%P) = 3W − / IV1 − / IV 2 − $D1 − $D 2 + 2 ⋅ * S − / I 1 − / I 2 − /E + 1 + 2 − /R