No Form/prefix Root/base Process Complex words Function Meaning

1. {dis-} /agree/ , Adj Dis+agree /Disagree/, Adj CM Reverse

2. {ir-} /regular/, Adj Ir + regular /Irregular/, Adj CM Not, without
3. {Il-} /illegal/, Adj Il + legal /Illegal/, Adj CM Not
4. {Dis-} / honest/, Adj Dis + honest /Dishonest/, Adj CM Reverse
5. {re-} /try/, V Re + try / Retry/, V CM again
6. {auto-} /focus/, N and V Auto-focus /Autofocus/, N and CM and CC By itself
V
7. {de-} /motivate/, V De + motivate /Demotivate/, V CM and CC Reverse/change
8. {down-} /grade/, N and Down + grade / Downgrade/, V CM and CC Reduce/lower
V
9. {dis-} /qualify/, V Dis + qualify / Disqualify/ V CM Reverse/remove
10 {im-} /possible/, Adj Im + possible /Impossible/, Adj CM Not
.
11 {in-} /secure/, Adj In + secure / Insecure/, Adj CM and CC Not
. and V
12 {mid-} /night/, Adj Mid + night /Midnight/, Adj CM Middle
.
13 {mid-} /day/, N Mid + day / Midday/, N CM Middle
.
14 {Over-} / charge/, V Over + charge /Overcharge/, V CM Too much
.
15 {re-} /write/, V Re + write / Rewrite/, V CM Again
.
16 {re-} / consider/,V Re + consider / Reconsider/, V CM Again
.
17 {semi-} / circle/, N and Semi + circle / Semicircle/, N and CM and CC Half
. V V
18 { inter-} / national/, Adj Inter + / International/, Adj CM and CC Between
. and N national and N
19 { inter-} / mediate/, V Inter + / Intermediate/, Adj CM Betrween
. mediate
20 { auto-} /pay/, V Auto + pay / Autopay/, V CM By itself
.
21 {tele-} /vision/, N Tele + vision / Television/, N CM At a distance
.
22 { Un-} / happy/, Adj Un + happy / Unhappy/, Adj CM Remove,
. reverse, not
23 { inter-} / active/, Adj Inter + active / Interactive/, Adj CM Between
.
24 { anti-} / war/, N Anti+war / Anti-war/, Adj CM and CC Against/
. opposite to
25 {anti-} / racist/, N Anti + racist / Anti-racist/, Adj CM and CC Against /
. opposite to
26 { auto-} / mobile/, Adj Auto + / Auto-mobile/, N CM and CC By itself
. mobile
27 {auto-} / biography/, N Auto + / Autobiography/, N CM By itself
. biography
28 { Mega-} / byte/, N Mega + byte / Megabyte/, N CM Very big,
. important
29 { over-} / cook /, V Over + cook / Overcook /, Adj CM and CC Too much
.
30 { over-} / rate/, V Over + rate / Overrate/, V CM Too much
.
31 { mis -} /lead/, V Mis + lead / Mislead/, V CM Incorrectly,
. badly
32 {mis-} / understand/, V Mis + / Misunderstand/, V CM Incorrectly,
. understand badly
33 { Un-} / pack/, N Un + pack / Unpack/, V CM and CC Remove,reverse,
. not
34 { Sub-} / marine/, Adj Sub + marine / Submarine/, N CM and CC Under, below
.
35 { under-} / estimate/, V Under + / Underestimate/, V CM Less than,
. estimate beneath
36 { Up-} / grade/, N Up+grade / Upgrade/, V CM and CC Make or move
. higher
37 { Up-} / hill/, N Up + hill / Uphill/, Adv CM and CC Make or move
. higher
38 {Ultra-} / sound/, N Ultra + sound / Ultrasound/, N CM Extremely
.
39 { Mis-} / aligned/, V Mis + aligned / Misaligned/, Adj CM and CC Incorrectly,
. badly
40 {anti-} /climax/, N Anti + climax / Anticlimax/, Adj CM and CC Against or
. opposite to
41 {de-} /contaminate/, De + / Decontaminate/, V CM Reverse/change
. V contaminate
42 { Extra-} /ordinary/, Adj Extra + / Extraordinary/, Adj CM Beyond
. ordinary
43 { extra-} /errestrial/, Adj Extra- /Extraerrestrial/, Adj CM and CC Beyond
. errestrial
44 {out-} /perform/, V Out + /Out-perform/, V CM Go beyond
. perform
45 {hyper-} /tension/, N Hyper + / Hypertension/, N CM Extreme
. tension
46 { pre-} / historic/, Adj Pre + historic / prehistoric/, Adj CM Before
.
47 {up-} /date/, N Up + date / Update/, V CM and CC Make or move
. higher
48 { ultra-} /compact/, Adj Ultra + / Ultra-compact/, CM and CC Extremely
. compact Adj
49 { un-} /do/, V Un + do /Undo/, V CM Remove,
. reverse, not
50 {pro-} / democracy/, N Pro + / Pro-democracy/, CM and CC In favour of
. democracy Adj

Table 2 The Process of Suffixation and its Form, Function, and Meaning
Form/
No Root/base Process Complex word Function Meaning
prefix
1. {-i } /Pakistan/, N Pakistan + i /Pakistani/, N CM inhabitant
2. {-er } /read/, V read + er /reader/, N CC Person/object
3. {- er} / listen/,V listen + er /listener/, N CC Person/object
4. {- ed } / laugh/, V laugh + ed /laughed/, V CM Past tense
5. {-ed } /climb/, V climb + ed /climbed/, V CM Past tense
6. {- ed } /call/,V call + ed /called/, V CM Past tense
7. {-en } /soft/, Adj soft + en /soften/,V CC become
8. {-en } /fast/,Adj fast + en /fasten/, V CC become
9. {-en } /strength/,N strength + en /strengthen/,V CC become
10. {-ing } /swim/, V swim + ing /swimming/,N CC Verb form
11. {-ing } /drive/, V drive + ing /driving/, N CC Verb form
12. {-ing } /paint/, V paint + ing /painting/, N CC Verb form
13. {-ing } /write/, V write + ing /writing/ N CC Verb form
14 {-ize } /memorial/,N memorial + ize /memorialize/,V CC become
15. {-ize } /author/,N,V author + ize /authorize/, V CM, CC become
16. {-ize } /commercial/, commercial + ize /commercialize/V CC become
Adj,N
17. {-ly } /brave/,Adj brave + ly /bravely/,Adv CC A characterized
of
18. {-ly } /simple/, Adj simple + ly /simply/,Adv CC A characterized
of
19. {-ly } /honest/,Adj, Adv honest + ly /honestly/,Adv CM, CC A characterized
of
20. {-ly } /glad/,Adj,N glad + ly /gladly/, Adv CC, CC A characterized
of
21. {-less } /hope/,N, V hope + less /hopeless/,Adj CC, CC without
22. {-less } /fault/,N, V fault + less /faultless/,Adj CC, CC without
23. {-less } /fear/, N,V fear + less /fearless/,Adj CC, CC without
24. {-less } /rest/, N, V rest + less /restless/, Adj CC, CC without
25. {-y } /brain/,N, V brain + y /brainy/,Adj CC, CC Characterized
by
26. {-y } /fruit/,N fruit + y /fruity/, Adj CC Characterized
by
27. {-y } /taste/, N, V taste + y /tasty/,Adj CC, CC Characterized
by
28. {-ic } /iron/, N, V iron + ic /ironic/,Adj CC, CC Having the form
29. {-ic } /organ/, N organ + ic /organic/, Adj CC Having the form
30. {-ful } /beauty/, N beauty + ful /beautiful/,Adj CC Notable for
31. {-ful } /wonder/, N, V wonder + ful /wonderful/, Adj CC, CC Notable for
32. {-able } /adapt/, V adapt + able /adaptable/,Adj CC Can be done
33. {-able } /predict/, V predict + able /predictable/,Adj CC Can be done
34. {-al } /nature/,N nature + al /natural/,Adj, N CM, CC Character of
35. {-al } /season/,N, V season + al /seasonal/,Adj CC, CC Character of
36. {-ship } /owner/,N owner + ship /ownership/,N CM Position held
37. {-ship } /intern/,N, V intern + ship /internship/,N CM, CC Position held
38. {-or } /distribute/,V distribute + or /distributor/, N CC Person/object
39. {-sion } /confuse/,V confuse + sion /confusion/, N CC State of being
40. {-ness } /fond/,Adj fond + ness /fondness/,N CC The state of
quality
41. {-ness } /aware/, Adj aware + ness /awareness/, N CC The state of
quality
42. {-ion } /celebrate/,V celebrate + tion /celebration/N CC The
action/process
of
43. {-ity } /equal/,Adj, N equal + ity /equality/,N CM, CC Quality of
44. {-ity } /civil/,Adj civil + ity /civility/,N CC Quality of
45. {-ment } /move/, V, N move + ment /movement/,N CM, CC The
action/result of
46. {-ment } /retire/,V retire + ment /retirement/,N CC The
action/result of
47. {-er } /long/,Adj, N, Adv long + er /longer/,Adj, Adv CM, CM, CC Person/object
48. {-er } /develop/,V Develop + er /developer/, N CC
49. {-wise } /clock/, N, V clock + wise /clockwise/,Adv CC, CC In relation to
50. {-wise } /edge/, N, V edge + wise /edgewise/, Adv CC, CC In relation to

TABLE 3 THE PROCESS OF CIRCUMFIXATION AND ITS FORM, FUNCTION,

AND MEANING

Form/
No circumfi Root/base Process Complex word Function Meaning
x
1. {under- /develop/, V under+develop+ /underdevelopment/ CC the result or
ment} ment ,N the process of
being
underdevelop
ed
2. {under- /develop/, V under+develop+ /underdevelopment CC the condition
mental} ment+al al/, Adj of being
underdevelop
ed
3. {un-able } /imagine/, V Un+imagin+able /unimaginable/, Adj CC Not able,
incapable
4. {un-able} /accept/, V Un+accept+able /unacceptable/, Adj CC Not able,
incapable
5. {un-able } /attain/, V Un+attain+able /unattainable/, Adj CC Not able,
incapable
6. {im-able} /practice/, V, N Im+practice+able /impracticable/, Adj CC Cannot be done
7. {im-able} /probe/,V, N Im+prob+able /improbable/,Adj CC Cannot be done
8. {in-able} /surmount/, V In+surmount+able /insurmountable/, Adj CC Cannot be done
9. {il-ity } /legal/, Adj Il+legal+ity /illegality/, N CC The quality of
being
10. {il-ity } /liberal/, Adj Il+liberal + ity /illiberality/, N CC The quality of
being
11. {im-ity} /mortal/, Adj Im+mortal+ity /immortality/, N CC Opposite
12. {im-ity} /moral/, Adj Im+moral+ity /immorality/,N CC opposite
13. {in-ly} /correct/, Adj In+correct+ly /incorrectly/,Adv CC To do something
14. {in-ly} /adequate/, Adj In+adequate+ly /inadequately/,Adv CC To do something
15. {in-ly} /different/, Adj In+different+ly /indifferently/,Adv CC To do something
16. {un-ly} /changeable/,Adj Un+changeab+ly /unchangeably/,Adv CC Not character of
17. {un-ly} /fortunate/,Adj Un+fortunate+ly /unfortunately/,Adv CC Not character of
18. {counter- /act/,V,N Counter+act+ion /counteraction/,N CM,CC Opposite
ion}
19. {dis-ment} /appoint/,V Dis+appoint+ment /disappointment/,N CC A different result
or process of
doing something
20. {dis-ment} /courage/,Adj Dis+courage+ment /discouragement/,N CC A different result
or process of
doing something
21. {in-ness} /complete/,Adj In+complete+ness /incompleteness/,N CC The quality of
being or
condition
22. {dis-ment} /agree/,V Dis+agree+ment /disagreement/,N CC A different result
or process of
doing something
23. {dis-ion} /connect/,V Dis+connect+ion /disconnection/,N CC Opposite
condition
24. {in-ly} /coherent/,Adj In+coherent+ly /incoherently/,Adv CC Not to do
something
25. {dis-al} /approve/,V Dis+approv+al /disapproval/,N CC Opposite /
character of