ENGAGE

Unit 2:

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IB Learner Profile: Heat and Ene
rgy in the Ear
th System
Investigation
_____________

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Notebook
Approaches to Sathmi Austin

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, Dayris Rivera
Learning: Ryan Moon
, Euniel Quint
o,

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_____________ Group F

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Fountaining lava on Mauna Loa, March 26th, 1984 (USGS/JD Griggs)

Controlling Energy Transfer

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Your Challenge is to build a device that will
minimize energy transfer. Your device can be a

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prototype of a small system, or it can be a model
of a system that is too large or complex to build
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as a prototype. Use the engineering design

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process to improve the device. Prepare a report
that describes your design process.
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Controlling Energy Transfer

Introduction Design Challenge

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Controlling the transfer of energy has important
implications for how we live. Whether we’re trying to
Your challenge is to develop, test,
keep cold items cold, or hot items hot, the materials we and optimize an inexpensive,

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use to prevent the transfer of energy in the form of portable device that keeps food
heat can have a great impact on success. cold enough to prevent the growth
of foodborne pathogens for several

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Consider an ice chest. The chest is designed to keep
food and drinks cold by minimizing the transfer of hours in a warm outdoor
energy into the system. Keeping food cold prevents the environment
growth of pathogens that can make people sick.

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However, it can be difficult to keep items cold when
In this project, you will use the
they are kept outside for long periods of time. That is
engineering design process to
why your company has hired you to develop a food

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protection system that will keep food safe and protect
develop a system that keeps food
people from foodborne illnesses, even when they are safe for human consumption by
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away from refrigeration facilities for long periods of minimizing energy transfer in the

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time. form of heat.

Materials
• indirectly vented chemical splash goggles,
nonlatex apron
POSSIBLE MATERIALS
• duct tape • hair driers • ice • stop watch •
thermometers • tools, such as scissors, pliers, and
screwdrivers • variety of building materials, such as
wood, aluminum foil, aluminum sheets, pliable or
stiff foam, cardboard, plastic cups or sheets, and
paper of many types
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Safety Information
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● Wear indirectly vented chemical
splash goggles and a nonlatex
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apron during the setup, hands-on,
and takedown segments of the
activity.
● Use caution when using sharp
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tools, which can cut or puncture
your skin.
● Use caution when working with hot
materials, which can cause burns.
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● Use only GFI protected circuits
when using electrical equipment,
and keep away from water sources
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to prevent shock.
● Wash your hands with soap and
water immediately after completing
this activity.
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 What is the highest air temperature a person

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Make a Claim might encounter in an outdoor environment?
How much weight can a person comfortably
bear?

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By what amount can the temperature in the system Humans can actually survive at around 108.14°
increase before food becomes unsafe for human F. Anything above than the limit can cause

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consumption? irreparable damage to the brain. And the limit
for one person to carry should be able to lift an
object comfortably, weighing up to at least 51
pounds.

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I believe that the unsafe temperature for the food is
in between 40°F and 140°F. The reason behind it is
because the bacteria can grow most rapidly in that How do different materials compare in terms

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range, doubling in number in as little as 20 minutes. of their properties, durability, and cost?

The properties of a material determine its

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suitability for a particular use. For example,

Absorbency
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●
● Flexibility

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Conduct Research 2. What types of materials are typically used for making ice
chests, lunch boxes, and other insulated devices? What
properties do these materials have in common, and how
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Use this section to begin thinking are their properties related to their functions in these
about the background of your unit devices?
The outer layer is made of a tough plastic fabric like vinyl,
performance task

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nylon or polyester. The inner layer is usually made from a
water-resistant material. This contains plastic, aluminum,
vinyl and foil liners. These are common as it help keep food
1. At what temperature should cold food be kept to
fresh and dry.
prevent the growth of pathogens? What practices

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are recommended for ensuring that food stays safe
for human consumption? 3. What types of methods are typically used for
determining the amount of energy transferred in the form

We know for sure that we have to keep the cold food at at
least 40°F. In order to keep the food safe for human
consumption are here on the following:
1. Keep clean
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of heat between a device and its surroundings? How might
you apply these methods to this project?
From what I learned and remember from the labs, I believe

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2. Separate raw and cooked food that the calorimetry can be used as it is for measuring the
3. Cook thoroughly amount of thermal energy that is transferred in either a
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4. Keep the food at safe temperature chemical reaction or physical process.

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5. Use safe water
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Asking Investigative Questions

What are some questions that we must answer before we can start to design our portable device?
Come up with at least 3 investigative questions that are directly related to the unit performance task

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and explain why you choose them.

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Investigative Question Why is this question important to my project?

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How do we make the device sturdy? It is important because the device should not
break/damage easily.
How stable would the device be? Because we need to know how much liquid it

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can hold.
How can the device keep the foods and drinks This is important because we have to figure
cold/hot? out a way on how we can make our device keep

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what’s inside of it hot/cold.
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Define Engineering Criteria and Constraints

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What are the criteria (goals) for the portable What are the constraints (limits) for the portable
device project? device project? What will impact a successful
solution? What limitations must you consider? How

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will you weigh factors such as time, cost, and the
Our goal is to: availability of materials to develop the best possible
● Create a device that will keep the food solution under the given constraints?
warm.

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● Make the icebox portable We wanted to make sure that the project is
● Make the device as sturdy as possible. well made and have the budget not too
expensive to make. Nothing too

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complicated.

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Design Initial Solution
1. As a team, brainstorm some possible solutions to the problem. Consider what materials and

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other design features will help the device minimize the transfer of energy and meet the criteria
for a successful solution. Make a decision matrix to choose the solution that best meets the
criteria and satisfies the constraints. Record your output here. Include images.

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An example of glass bottle
We planned on making a thermos which means
we needed some sort of a container with There is a chance that we will
something inside to make the energy flow. add a foil on the outside as it

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(depending on the temperature) seems impossible to put it in.

Keep in mind that this is a early design and a prototype. ←Foil wrapped
around.

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List of possible items
● Aluminum foil
● Cloth material

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● Wood (Unknown) After the foil, wrap
● Plastic/Glass bottle
it again but with
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● Tape
● Glue cloth material.

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● Styrofoam material (Unknown)
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Design Initial Solution
2, Once you have chosen a solution, make a conceptual model of your design that includes the

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energy transfer problem your device will solve. Label the components of the device and the
materials used for each one. Record your output here. Include images.

Purpose of Energy Transfer on

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Materials:

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Aluminum foil: Aluminum helps by how it doesn’t
radiate the heat out to the surroundings or
environment.

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Cloth: The cloth either prevents or slow the
transfer of heat energy from the heat source,
depending on what type of cloth it is.

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Glass: I think that the heat would be gained,
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consists of solar radiation and conduction. This is

due to the room temperature heat that is

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absorbed.
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Design Initial Solution
3. Develop a plan for building a prototype of your device. As you develop the plan, make sure to

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include the steps for constructing your device and the materials and technology you will use.
Record your output here. Include images.

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Materials:
Aluminium foil, scissors, glass
jar, cotton cloth.

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Process:
I took a glass jar, and covered it

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in a two thick layers of
aluminum foil around it on the

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outside. Afterwards, I took a
cotton cloth and wrapped it
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around the jar.

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TEST
1. Develop a plan for testing your prototype. Write
out a description of your plan and make sure to
include the following: materials and
technology you will need necessary safety
procedures the number of trials you will
perform how you will measure the amount of
energy transferred between the device and its
surroundings how you will record your data
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You can insert videos, images, audio files and
external links.
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I will be using a heat resistant glass jar that
would not cause harm to the substance
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inside it, I need a timer which will help me
check how long the food would stay warm
and i wrap the glass jar with aluminium foil
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which stops the evaporation of hot water
from food as water and air can't pass
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through it. This stops a lot of heat loss
through convection. Finally I cover the Jar
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with a cotton cloth to trap the heat.
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TEST You can insert videos, images, audio files and

external links.

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2. Test your prototype to determine how well it
meets the most important criteria for an effective
solution. Pay close attention to detail as you record

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your observations and measurements. Document
the testing procedure using drawings or digital
photos or video. This will be useful to include in your

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presentation at the end of the project.

The Thermos that we built, helped maintain the heat

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of the food for 3 and half hours. On the first hour our
food was warm, and hot, and continued to be so for
the next 2 hours. After 3 hours were done, it started

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to slow down on its heat maintenance. After 3:30
our food was lukewarm.
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Optimize - page 1
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1. Review your test results. What parts of the 2. Which change do you plan to make to improve
design could you change to optimize the your design? What additional materials do you need
performance of the device? How will these to make your design changes?
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changes decrease the transfer of energy?

I would add wool in the outer layer, and
I think our design was successful in use a pyrex jar.

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maintaining the heat for a long time, But to
optimize the performance of this design, I
would wrap it with more aluminium to trap

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with heat, and refrain it from transferring to
the air, and use a wool cloth. I would use

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wool instead of cotton because wool is a
good insulator than cotton.
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Optimize - Page 2 4, Revise the design plan for your device. Include an
updated materials list and a complete description of
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your proposed changes. Also provide any revisions

3. Evaluate your testing procedure. Can it be to your testing procedure. Submit your new plans to
improved so that you obtain more accurate or more your teacher for approval. Once approved, make the
reliable results? How? design changes and test your new design.
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I think that our testing procedure, which is to check Materials:

the temperature before we put it in our device and ● Aluminum foil
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check after some time if or how much the ● Cloth material/Wool

temperature will change already gave us an ● Glass bottle
● Tape
accurate result on how efficient our device is.

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We didn’t really change materials, we would just add
more of aluminum foil and wool.

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Analyze
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1. How did your design changes affect the 2. Which parts of your device could be further
performance of the device? Explain your changed to improve its performance?
answer.
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What we could have done differently is if we had a

It affected the performance of the device we made better container that would make it very much
because with trapping the heat by using a cloth easier to wrap the foil and have it stick together
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material, it somehow worked with the temperature strongly instead of struggling by how it keeps
being just about the right amount. I also believe that slipping off. This is due to the glass being too
we did a decent job on how it functions. smooth.

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Reflect - LESSON 1: THERMAL ENERGY AND 2. What happens to the kinetic energy and motion of
THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER the molecules as thermal energy increases and
decreases? How do changes in kinetic energy affect
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1. Describe the direction of the transfer of energy in the function of your device?
the form of heat between objects. Explain the
When thermal energy increases, the kinetic energy
direction that energy flow between parts of your
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also increases. Those changes affect the function of

device and between the device and its
our device because the amount of kinetic energy
surroundings.
determines how long it will keep the food warm or
cold.
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We know that the direction of transfer energy

flows from the high temperature to the low
temperature (object). And as it flows, it goes on
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like a loop. It stops only if the object is in

“thermal equilibrium”.

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Reflect - LESSON 1: THERMAL ENERGY AND Reflect - LESSON 2: ANALYZING THE FLOW
THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER Page 2 OF ENERGY IN SYSTEMS
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1. How was energy conserved when energy was

3. Describe what happens when two objects in transferred between parts of your device or when
contact with each other reach thermal equilibrium. energy was transferred between your device and its
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Did parts of your device reach thermal equilibrium, environment?

or did the device reach thermal equilibrium with its
surroundings? How do you know? The energy was conserved because we covered our
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device in aluminum foil which helps reaching

Our device reached thermal equilibrium because the thermal equilibrium.
environment we tested the liquid in the jar in, was
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similar to to the liquid put to test.

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Reflect - LESSON 2: ANALYZING THE FLOW Reflect - LESSON 2: ANALYZING THE FLOW
OF ENERGY IN SYSTEMS OF ENERGY IN SYSTEMS
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2. What factors influence how rapidly a substance

3. Describe the three modes of energy transfer in
will heat up or cool down? Describe how you can
the form of heat. Which modes were involved in the
apply these concepts to help you select materials
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function of your device?

for your device

The three modes of energy transfer are: conduction,

The temperature of the environment the substance
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radiation and convection.

is exposed to and the mass of the substance play a
big role in determining how fast a substance will
The mode that was involved in the function of our
heat up or cool down.
device was convection because convection is the
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form of heat transfer in which energy transition

occurs within the substance.
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Reflect - LESSON 3: ENERGY TRANSFER IN Reflect - LESSON 3: ENERGY TRANSFER IN

EARTH’S INTERIOR EARTH’S INTERIOR
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1. How do scientists use inference to construct

2. Energy transfers at different rates through solids,
explanations about how energy transfers through
liquids, and gases. How is this observed in how
the Earth system? Did you have to use inference to
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energy travels through Earth’s interior? How might

explain how energy transferred through your
the physical state affect the
device? Explain.
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P- waves and S-waves are body waves that move

The scientists studies the energy that transfers
through the solid body of Earth’s interior. P- waves
through the Earth system by understanding the
travel through solid, liquid and gases. S- waves only
conduction within solids, with the flow of liquid or
move through solids.
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gas and the radiation. We tested with the liquid

before making the thermos because in order to
make the energy transfer work, we need to
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understand the flow and how it would work.

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