ASSUMPTION SCHOOL PASSI CITY ILOILO, INC.

Saligumba Street, Passi City, Iloilo

Government Recognition No. SHS-010, s. 2016

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Grade 12 – Accountancy, Business, and Management Strand

Managerial Skills of Business Owners and Monthly Income

of Major Business Types in Passi City

A Research Presented to

the Faculty of Assumption School Passi City Iloilo, Inc.

Saligumba Street, Passi City, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Subject

Practical Research 2

By:

Dianne Fatima Alarba

Athaliah Eunice Denamarca

Shann Renz Landrito

Daniella Marie Mateo

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 Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Chapter 1 is made up of five parts: (1) Background and Conceptual Framework of the

Study. (2) Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses, (3) Significance of the Study,

(4) Definition of Terms, and (5) Limitation of the Study.

Part One, Background and Conceptual Framework of the Study, provides the

introduction, and presents and study's frame reference that serves as the base and

strengthens the reason for the investigation. It also discusses the principles and the ideas

on which the study is anchored, and the various variables adjoining the problem onto

which the problem may have a relation or influence.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses, states the general as well as the

specific problems of the study that seeks answers. It also presents the hypotheses of the

study.

Part Three, Significance of the Study, identifies the beneficiaries as well as describes

the benefits they may be able to get from the study.

Part Four. Definition of Term, defines conceptually and operationally the different terms

used in the study.

Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, specifies the bound of the research in terms of

research design. Locale. data-gathering instruments, and statistical tools that were

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 Managerial skills are the knowledge, abilities, and traits a manager requires in

carrying out his managerial responsibilities. They can be positive, negative, or effective

and can be learned, or acquired through experience, training, or heredity. Business

organization, which is the framework within which managers and employees perform

their duties, is constantly being adjusted and restructured. (Hochschule Göttingen, 2022)

Management skills are necessary to help the people who work in an organization

to collect and analyze the vital information. It is also conscious of the changes that

happen in the industry and it is necessary to be able to lead a group of employees to make

decisions on some problems or work order. Managerial skills can be learned through

various ways where management lectures can help individuals to have the right

knowledge on how managerial skills can help them to become successful managers (CFI

Team, 2022)

Corporate governance of business organizations demands that management is

responsive to shareholders, financiers, clients or customers, and other stakeholders of the

firm with a view to creating organizational efficiency in production and operation.

Managerial skills can be defined as certain attributes or abilities that an executive should

possess in order to fulfill specific tasks in an organization. They include the capacity to

perform executive duties in an organization while avoiding crisis situations and promptly

solving problems when they occur. Managerial skills can be developed through learning

and practical experience as a manager. The skills help the manager to relate with their

fellow co-workers and know how to deal well with their subordinates, which allows for

the easy flow of activities in the organization. Good managerial skills are vital for any

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organization to succeed and achieve its goals and objectives. A manager who fosters

good managerial skills is able to propel the company’s mission and vision or business

goals forward with fewer hurdles and objections from internal and external sources.

Management and leadership skills are often used interchangeably as they both involve

planning, controlling, leading, and organizing. Good managers are almost always good

leaders as well. (James Chen, 2022)

In addition to leading, a critical role of a manager is to also ensure that all parts of

the organization are functioning cohesively. Without such integration, several issues can

arise and failure is bound to happen. Managerial skills are crucial for various positions

and at different levels of a company, from top leadership to intermediate supervisors to

first-level managers. (CFI Team, 2022)

Leading. Entails directing a team's efforts in the direction of goals. Guidance,

instruction, and supervision of subordinates are all parts of the management's leading

function. (Fazel Haque, 2022)

Controlling. Making sure that actual performance is in line with intended

performance and taking necessary corrective action are both parts of the managerial job

of managing. (Fazel Haque, 2022)

Organizing. Organizing setting up and distributing tasks among team members in

order to achieve the objectives of the organization. (Fazel Haque)

Planning. It entails formulating the policies, processes, goals, objectives, and

other plans required to carry out the organization's objectives. (Fazel Haque, 2022)

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 According to Andre Lavoie, Poor managerial skills carry long-lasting effects and

may infect an entire organization. The results of toxic, misguided leadership reach far and

wide. They can even affect employee retention. In Gallup's 2015 state of the American

Manage report, one out of two professionals surveyed said they had quit a job at some

point in their career to "get away" from their boss. On the other hand, strong leaders who

use good managerial skills positively impact a company in various ways, like reducing

turnover, improving morale and empowering employees to be more productive.

Management needs to lead by example and create a positive working environment for

employees to perform at their best capacity. One of the challenges that organizations have

been continually facing is the absence of good management skills in the workforce. As

globalization takes over the functioning of organizations, the need for excellent

managerial skills among all employees has become pressing. Effective management skills

are not only instrumental in driving companies to heights of success but equally,

contribute to the career progression of employees. Possessing these skills prepares

professionals to take on higher-level roles across industries.

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between Independent

Variables which includes the three types of business (Manufacturing Business, Service

Business, and Merchandising Business), the Dependent Variables that includes the

monthly income, Managerial skills, and the Moderating Variable which includes (Sex,

Age, and Number of years in the field)

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Theoretical framework

This study is anchored on the theory of Management skills by Henri Fayol. They

were initially identified as five functions by Henri Fayol in the early 1900s. Over the

years, Fayol’s functions were combined and reduced to the following four main functions

of management (Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling). No matter which

industry you work in, the functions of management are consistent and applicable across

all sectors. It’s important to understand that each function isn’t exclusive. Instead, each

one builds upon the function before it — when they’re all in place, the most effective

management happens (Boogaard, 2022).

Moreover, every manager fulfills the same core responsibilities, known as the

four functions of management. When a manager checks the box of each of those major

functions, they’re well-equipped to lead projects, teams, departments, or even entire

companies to their objectives. 

The management process is quite detailed. It creates an environment in which

people working together accomplish different aims. A manager, therefore, needs a

systematic way of doing things. Even though most organizations’ positions have specific

duties that can be executed based on particular skill sets, he/ she may have to do more

than just that. These top officials usually have a broader and more detailed set of

responsibilities.

A manager must know how to find his/ her way around several procedural,

structural and interpersonal challenges while guiding the team to achieve different goals.

This to the four commonly accepted management functions that detail the necessary roles

a manager should be ready for. Henri Fayol initially identified these as five elements.

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 However, they have, over time, been classified into four. They refer to a systematic way

of doing things. Management is a process that requires managers to take part in several

interrelated functions regardless of their skill sets. These four management functions are

planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Managers are first required to develop a

plan, organize resources following the plan, lead the employees through it, and control

everything regarding the plan, which may involve monitoring and measuring its

effectiveness (Project Practical, to 2022).

Independent Variables Dependent Variables Moderating Variables

The following Business  Monthly Income

types: ● Profile

● Manufacturing Managerial Skills: ● Sex

Business ● Planning ● Age

● Service Business → ● Organizing ← ● Number of years in

● Merchandising ● Controlling the field

Business ● Leading

To respond to the call for a more comprehensive integrated model, the researchers

formulated the Conceptual Framework. The purpose of this research is to determine the

relationship between Independent Variables which includes the three types of business

(Manufacturing Business, Service Business, and Merchandising Business), the

Dependent Variables that includes the monthly income and Managerial skills.

Figure 1 shows the relationship between Independent Variables which includes

the three types of business (Manufacturing Business, Service Business, and
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Merchandising Business), the Dependent Variables that includes the monthly income,
and the Moderating Variable which includes (Sex, Age, and Number of years in the field)
Statement of the Problem

This study entitled " Managerial Skills of Business Owners and Monthly Income

of Major Business Types in Passi City '' aims to determine the relationship between

Independent Variables which includes the three types of business (Manufacturing

Business, Service Business, and Merchandising Business), the Dependent Variables that

includes the monthly income, Managerial skills, and the Moderating Variable which

includes (Sex, Age, and Number of years in the field)

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1.) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

A. Sex?

B. Age?

C. Number of years in the Field?

D. Monthly Income?

2.) What is the dominant managerial skills of the business managers in the following

business types:

A. Merchandising Businesses?

B. Manufacturing Businesses?

C. Service Businesses?

4.) What is the Dominant Managerial Skill of business managers in the 4 business types

in terms of:

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 A. Sex?

B. Age?

C. Number of years in the field?

5.) Is there a significant relationship between the dominant managerial skills and monthly

income of the following Business types:

A. Merchandising Businesses?

B. Manufacturing Businesses?

C. Service Businesses?

6) Is there a significant relationship between the dominant managerial skill and monthly

income of the 3 Business types in terms of:

A. Sex?

B. Age?

C. Number of years in the field?

7.) Is there a significant difference among and between the levels of Managerial skills of

the Business when arranged according to:

A. Sex?

B. Age?

C. Number of years in the field?

Hypothesis

The null hypotheses were developed in the investigation:

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 1. There is no significant relationship between the levels of Managerial skills

(Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling) and monthly income of the Business

when arranged according to: (a) Merchandising (b). Manufacturing (c) Service

2. There is no significant relationship between the levels of Managerial skills

(Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling) and the monthly income of the

Business when arranged according to: (a) Sex (b). Gender (c)Number of years in this

field of expertise

3. There is no significant difference between the levels of Managerial skills

(Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling) of the Business when arranged

according to: (a) Sex (b) Gender (c) Number of years in this field of expertise

Significance of the Study

The Company, Business Owners, Managers, Employees, Consumers, and Future

Researchers all found value in the current study.

Business Owners. The findings in this study may provide them with knowledge

that Managerial skills are best suited for their type of business and also for every business

to prosper and accomplish its goals and objectives.

Managers. The result of this study will help business managers to become aware

of their dominant managerial skills and learn/improve their lacking skills which can be a

great benefit to the business that they are handling.

Employees. The result of this study will create a positive working environment for

employees to perform at their best capacity. As a result, the business will flourish.

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 Consumers. Through this study, Consumers will receive better service from the

different major business types as a result of the good managerial skills of its managers.

Future Researchers. They may use this study to collect information from students

who are conducting independent research on the study's issue, particularly accountant,

business, and management students, about how managerial skills relate to the monthly

income of business managers in Passi City. They can widen the scope of the current study

to create more comprehensive research.

Definition of Terms

For clarification and understanding of the study, the following terms are defined

conceptually and operationally:

Managerial Skills. Managerial skills refer to as a certain attributes or abilities that

an executive should possess in order to fulfill specific tasks in an organization. They

include the capacity to perform executive duties in an organization while avoiding crisis

situations and promptly solving problems when they occur (CFI Team, 2022).

In this study, “Managerial skills” referred to as the 4 functions of organization

and management which are planning, controlling, leading, and organizing. The data for

these managerial skills will be taken from the result of the researcher-made survey

questionnaire.

Business Owner. A business owner is one person who is in control of the

operational and monetary aspects of a business. Any entity that produces and sells goods

and services for profit, such as an ecommerce store or freelance writer, is considered a

business. Businesses can be run alone or with a group of people. Regardless, its owners

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have complete control over the company and are responsible for defining a strategy,

training staff, and managing day-to-day business operations (Braveen Kumar, 2021)

In this study, the “Business Owner” referred as a respondent in the surveys used

to collect data for this study.

Manager. A person who controls the activities, business dealings, and other aspects of the

career of an entertainer, athlete, group of musicians, etc. (Oxford languages dictionary,

2021)

In this study, “Manager” referred in the same manner as a business owner would

in response to the survey questions used to collect data for this study.

Consumers. An Individual that purchases goods or services. Consumers are important

because they drive revenues; without them, businesses cannot continue to exist.

(Will Kenton, October 29, 2021).

In this study, “Consumers” referred as they are the ones who will allow us to

assess if the managers' managing abilities serve them well.

Monthly Income. Monthly income means the gross countable income received or

projected to be received during the month or the monthly equivalent. (Law Insider, 2009)

In this study, “Monthly income” referred as a tool to evaluate a company's

performance.

Employee. The employee is hired by the employer after an application and interview

process results in his or her selection as an employee. This selection occurs after the

applicant is found by the employer to be the most qualified of their applicants to do the

job for which they are hiring. (Susan M. Heathfield, 2021)

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 In this study, “Employee” referred to express their opinion about whether or

whether their manager exhibits great managing skills.

Leading. Leading is the third element of management, one of the management cores

functions. Here, a manager spends time connecting with his/her employees. Leadership

skills include inspiring, communicating, motivating, and influencing employees for

efficient output. All managers are not leaders, but all leaders are managers. An employee

follows all the directions a manager gives because they have to, because managers have

all the legitimate powers. But an employee voluntarily follows the direction of a leader

because they have believed in him\her. (Faizul Haque, 2022). Leading will be one of the

crucial variables in this study to determine the manager's level of leadership abilities.

In this study, “Leading” referred to as one of the managerial competencies to be

identified in each manager in each of the four (4) business types and to be gathered via a

survey questionnaire created through research.

Controlling. Controlling is one of the four core elements and also the last element of

management. A management of an organization is not an accurate one without the

controlling part. In the first step of management, a plan is developed in which an

organization’s goals and objectives are clarified. Additionally, the methods to achieve

those goals and objectives are established. In controlling, a process is developed in which

the current status of actual performance against the planned goals of the organization is

measured and evaluated. (Faizul Haque, 2022)

In this study, “Controlling” referred to identified as one of the core competencies

to be evaluated in each manager throughout four (4) different business types and gathered

using a survey questionnaire created through research.

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Planning. Planning is one of the most important tasks in business or any type of

management as well. It really does not matter of the size of the business. Does not matter

if it is a profitable or non-profitable business organization you are going to start, planning

is a must. Why? The reason is that planning is the first element of the four core elements

of management. It is very easy to start a business, but without proper planning it will fall

apart soon after the inception. So, planning is one of the most important tasks an

entrepreneur must do. (Faizul Haque, 2022)

In this study, “Planning” referred to as one of the managerial competencies to be

examined in each manager within four (4) different business types and gathered using a

survey questionnaire created through research.

Organizing. Organizing is the second most important core function of management. It

includes developing an organizational structure, allocating resources, and ensuring those

resources most efficiently. It helps to accomplish the objectives of the organization most

efficiently. (Faizul Haque, 2022)

In this study, “Organizing” referred to as one of the managerial attributes that

will be analyzed in each manager through four (4) different business types using a survey

questionnaire created through research.

Manufacturing Business. A manufacturing business is a type of business in which a

company produces goods by converting raw materials, parts, and components. The goods

that are produced by manufacturing businesses are sold to other manufacturers,

wholesalers, distributors, retailers, or end customers. (Kenton, 2022)

In this study, “Manufacturing Business” referred to Bakery Business, Tailor

Shop, Carpentry Business, etc.

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Service Business. A Service business is a company that offers intangible items;

individuals or groups often provide traditional service businesses. However, with the

technological advances available, services can also be provided by online companies or

apps.

(Schofield , 2022)

In this study, “Service Business” referred to as Salon Business, Massage and Spa

Business, Car washes Business, etc.

Merchandising Business. A Merchandising Business is the presentation and promotion of

goods that are available for purchase for both wholesale and retail sales. This includes

marketing strategies, display design, and competitive pricing, including discounting.

(Hayes , 2022)

In this study, “Merchandising Business” referred to as Groceries Stores, Retail

Clothing Store, Drug Stores, Home Furniture Business, etc.

Scope and delimitation of the study

The correlational research design will be employed to determine the Dominant Managerial

skills and their relationship to the monthly income of the three business types of Passi city.

The participants of the study were 15 for Merchandising Business, 15 for Manufacturing, and

15 For Service Business, the participants were chosen through a random sampling method.

The data to determine the dominant managerial skills for the three business types will be

gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire. The independent variables of this study are

The three business types and the dependent variables are limited to the monthly income of

the three business types. The mean and standard deviation as descriptive tools will be utilized

for the analyses of the data that were gathered from the study.

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 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

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 This chapter discusses the topics and literature related to this study. A number of

literature and studies are reviewed by the researcher in an effort to gain information that

is relevant and similar to the present study.

Those in this chapter assist in familiarizing readers with knowledge that is

pertinent to and related to the current study. This chapter contains the ideas, the

completed thesis, the creation of findings, methodology, and other information. Those in

this chapter help in order to familiarize readers with relevant and similar information to

the current study.

Managerial skills

Managerial functions of a manager position are similar, whether they have

supervision of a production line, a sales force, a laboratory, or a small office. The primary

managerial functions are the same regardless of the level in the hierarchy of management:

first-level M, middle-level manager, or top-level management. Similarly, the type of

organization does not matter, Managerial functions are the same whether the supervisor is

working in a profit-making firm, a nonprofit organization, or a government office.

Supervisors as well as other managers perform the same basic managerial functions in all

organizations. In this textbook, we classify these functions under the major categories of

planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling.

Planning

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 The initial managerial function- determining what should be done in the future is

called planning. It consists of setting goals, objectives, policies, procedures, and other

plans needed to achieve the purposes of the organization. In planning, the manager

chooses a course of action from various alternatives. Planning is primarily conceptual. It

means thinking before acting, looking ahead and preparing for the future, laying out in

advance the road to be followed, and thinking from numerous sources, and using the

information from numerous sources and using that information to make decisions.

Planning is the managerial function that comes first. As the supervisor proceeds with

other managerial functions, Learning continues, plans are revised, and alternatives are

chosen as needed arise. This is particularly true as a manager evaluates the results of

previous plans and adjusts future plans accordingly.

Organizing

Once plans have been made the organizing function primarily answers the

question, ‘How will the work be divided and accomplished?’ This means that the

supervisor defined various job duties and group duties into distinct areas, sections, units,

or teams. The Managers must specify the duties, assign them, and, at the same age, give

subordinates the authority they need to carry out their tasks. Organizing means arranging

and distributing work among members of the work group to accomplish the

organization’s goals.

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Leading

Leading means guiding the activities of employees toward accomplishing

objectives. The leading function of management involves guiding, teaching, and

supervising subordinates. This includes developing employees to their potential by

directing and coaching those employees effectively. It is insufficient for a supervisor just

to plan, organize, and have enough employees available. The Manager must attempt to

motivate employees as they go about their work. Leading is the day-to-day process

around which all managerial performance revolves. Leading is also known as directing,

motivating, or influencing because it plays a major role in employee morale, job

satisfaction, productivity, and communication. It is through this function that the manager

seeks to create a climate that is conducive to employee satisfaction and at the same time

achieves the objectives of the department. Finding ways to satisfy the needs of an

employee workforce is a significant challenge. In fact, most of a manager’s role normally

is spent on this function, because it is the function around which departmental

performance revolves

Controlling

The managerial function of controlling involves entering that actual performance

is in line with intended performance and taking corrective action as needed. Here, too, the

importance for a manager determines whether work was proceeding properly if there

were no plans again which to check. if plans or standards are superficial or poorly

conceived and controlling function is limited. Therefore, controlling means not only

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maintains that objectives are achieved but taking corrective action in case of failure to

achieve planned objectives. It also means revising plans as circumstances require.

Manufacturing Business

The manufacturing industry involves converting raw materials, parts, and

components into finished goods utilizing a combination of manpower, machinery, and

equipment. The most prevalent use of this phrase is in the context of industrial

production, where huge quantities of inputs are transformed into completed items. By

transforming inputs into goods that may be sold, manufacturing creates additional value.

The procedure could involve molding, casting, or assembly. Examples include: beverages

and food, clothing made of base metal, and chemistry.

Examples include

● Food and beverage

● Automotive

● Clothes

● A scrap metals

● Simple chemistry

Businesses that manufacture goods favor locations with lower rent. Another factor

in location selection is logistics expenses. They also typically congregate in one region

(industrial estate). The proximity of a location to consumers and raw resources is another

consideration. (Nasrudin, 2020)

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Service Business

A company that sells services directly to customers or other businesses is known

as a service business. The service sector is active worldwide, and many people deal with

these companies on a daily basis. Companies can also have divisions that provide

services. For instance, a computer corporation might include a service arm that offers

user support. Services are intangible in nature and only manifest when a consumer needs

them, which distinguishes this sort of business from others. The hospitality industry,

consulting, computer support, appliance repair, health care, utilities, business services,

real estate, legal services, and education are a few examples. In each of these situations,

people are receiving services rather than products. (McMahon, 2022)

Merchandising Business

Merchandising is the display and advertising of products that are offered for sale

in both wholesale and retail markets. This comprises a price that is competitive, including

discounts, and display design. For merchants trying to build their brand, enhance

customer experiences, compete with others in the industry, and ultimately generate sales,

merchandise is crucial. (Hayes, 2022)

Managerial Skills Development of Selected Private Institutions of Higher Learning in

Batangas, Philippines

Magbojos (2012). This research offers some brand-new opportunities as well as

some unexpected risks. College and university administrators must prevent their

organizations from drifting in light of the future's uncertainties. In this study, the

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managers of five reputable private schools of higher education in Batangas, Philippines,

had their managing skills evaluated. To ascertain the managerial traits displayed by the

administrators, a descriptive-purposive research design and survey method were

combined. Mean, Likert Scale, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson Product

Moment Correlation Coefficient, and Bivariate Correlation were employed. Regarding

effective problem-solving and communication abilities, there are no appreciable

differences between the three groups of respondents' assessments. The ability to lead

oneself, manage the task, manage the people, and manage interpersonal relationships

effectively, however, differs significantly from those abilities. All of the managing skills

aspects necessary for institution administrators employing the same managerial

dimensions have a very high significant association. To raise the quality of employees at

the institution, administrators must improve their managing abilities. It is highly advised

that you use the proposed executive development program and training model.

Continuous Learning Skill Demands: Associations with Managerial Job Content, Age,
and Experience
Given that competency in ongoing learning is an increasingly important

component of successful work, the researchers looked at which aspects of management

jobs call for continuous learning proficiency. The researchers also looked into whether

age or experience is related to the observed need for continual learning competency for

effective performance given the aging workforce. The following job content

characteristics were strongly linked to the requirement for ongoing learning: handling

information, dealing with subordinates, overcoming technical problems, and providing

company service and networking. When controlling for age and job, managerial

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experience was a unique predictor of the needs for continuous learning skills, but age was

not a unique predictor when controlling for experience and job.

Henri Fayol’s four essential management functions

It is well known that Henri Fayol (1841–1925) made significant improvements to

traditional management theory. He was not recognized for being the first to develop calm

and relevance to management practice itself, but rather for being the first to initiate the

study of managing behavior. According to Fayol, good management practices are

essential to the overall effectiveness of any firm. He created a framework for an

aggressive management philosophy from this fundamental idea, outlining many of the

managerial techniques employed in contemporary management (Koontz & O'Donnel,

2019)

Ongoing impact of Henri Fayol’s management theories

As a result of his contributions to Administrative Theory, Henri Fayol is still

regarded as one of the most important management thinkers of all time. Clearly, this is

well deserved as his theories have stood the test of time and influenced well-regarded

developments since. Therefore, Fayolism is a great subject of study and worth keeping

around as management reference material. (Ward, 2021)

Does Sex in Managerial Positions Really Matter?

The aim of the current study was to test hypotheses regarding differences in work-

related feelings (ie, dejection, anxiety, anger, and happiness) and behaviors (aggressive,

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avoidance-passive, and proactive) between males and females, managers and non-

managers, and male and female managers. The results revealed significant differences

between managers and non-managers, with managers being happier in their jobs and

exhibiting more proactive behaviors. However, there were no differences in work-related

feelings or work-related behaviors between males and females in the total sample of

respondents or in the group of employees holding managerial positions. In terms of work-

related feelings and behaviors, there are no sex differences among working people.

However, some differences between managers and non-managers were observed.

Organizing and Managing business education in Nigeria

According to Christian A. Oduma, The world today is challenged with a high

motion of knowledge explosion giving rise to new dimensions of thought among scholars

in all disciplines. There is no area of human endeavor that has not been affected by the

current challenge of knowledge explosion and technological advancements. This

phenomenon has further challenged tertiary institutions’ administration in their effort

towards adopting best practices in organizing and managing knowledge instruction and

learning. Business education is not left behind in the current challenges. Thus, this

package focuses on organizing and managing business education with a special affinity to

business teacher education and training, business studies at the basic education level,

professionalism in business education, and work skills acquisition in Business education.

The discipline of Business education has been conceived in this paper as a course of

study that enables its recipients to acquire basic knowledge, attitudes, and work skills

required for business office routine functions like creating and keeping records of

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accounting and marketing transactions, entrepreneurial exploits, and business studies

pedagogy. The paper briefly conceived the concept and academic components of business

education, and the administrative and academic functions involved in organizing and

managing business education. The various bodies involved in organizing and managing

business education were equally discussed. To capture the direction suggested in the title

of this paper it further discussed organizing and managing business teacher education and

training, business studies at the basic education level, professionalism in business

education as well as skills acquisition in business education. The paper also uncovered

the challenges of organizing and managing business education in Nigeria and drew up a

conclusion that the task of organizing and managing business education is not an easy

one since it involves bodies and functions that are critical to the growth and development

of business education and business educators in tertiary institutions. Finally, the paper

recommends among other measures that business educators should remain committed in

the discharge of their employment responsibilities, and function with good interpersonal

relations in support of business education leadership and their employers at all times.

Managerial Skills for the Entrepreneur

This article aims to assist the small business owner in realizing the importance of

key managerial skills in both himself and his employees. Too many small businesses

have failed, or at best floundered, because the owner was unable to choose and train a

team that was complementary to his company's needs and did not realize his own skills

and deficiencies. Building the greatest staff possible to manage the business successfully

is sometimes the part most disregarded when a business is first starting out. While it is

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necessary for his personnel to effectively blend complementary principles, the

entrepreneur typically employs people who share his traits. It is not enough to have a

sound business idea, a supporting business plan and appropriate financing. "Successful

new ventures are the result of the right combination of a capable and realistic lead

entrepreneur, with a balanced and compatible entrepreneurial team". Margerison and

McCann stress that "problems in team management often occur because...managers select

too many people in their own image... A key step for all managers is to have a clear

concept of people's work preference and to know how all members, including

themselves, relate"

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 CHAPTER 3

Research Design and Methodology

Chapter 3 discusses the research design and methodology used in the study. This chapter

consists of three parts: (3) The Purpose of the Study and the Research Design, (2)

Methodology, and (3) Data Gathering Procedures and Strategy.

Part One, The Purpose of the Study and Research Design reiterates the purpose of

the study and describes the research design used in this study.

Part Two, Methods, describe the participants, the research instrument, and the

procedure that will be employing in the conduct of the study.

Part Three, Data Gathering Procedures and Strategy, discusses the descriptive and

inferential statistics that will be used in the analysis of the data.

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

This research study aims to determine the dominant managerial skills of the four

business types in Passi City and their relationship to the monthly income as well as to

determine if there is a correlation between the different factors (Planning, Organizing,

Leading, Controlling) to the monthly income of a business. The researchers will utilize a

correlational research design.

A Correlational research design seeks to ascertain relationships between two or

more variables. Simply put, it examines whether an increase or decrease in one variable

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corresponds to an increase or decrease in another variable. Findings from a correlational

study enable researchers to determine whether or not-and the degree to which-two

variables change together. (Tan, L. 2014)

Methodology

Procedure

First (1) The researchers will create a survey questionnaire that is appropriate for the

research. Second (2) The questionnaire will undergo validation with the three experts in

the field of assessment and business. The corrections, suggestions, and recommendations

will be applied. Third (3), the questionnaire will be pilot tested to determine its reliability

by determining its Cronbach’s alpha value. The respondents for the pilot testing will be

the managers who are not part of the final sample of respondents. Fourth (4) The

researchers determine who will be included in the study by using availability sampling.

Fifth (5) After receiving the data and passing the reliability test, the researchers

conducted the final survey with the selected respondents. Lastly, the data will be

analyzed and interpreted using the appropriate statistical tools.

Instruments

The research instrument will be undergone pilot testing, and reliability testing

using Mindtools Formula with 41 respondents involved. The validated questionnaires

were utilized in gathering the data. This was composed of two parts. Part I focused on the

personal background of the respondents including Monthly Income, Gender, Age, Sex,

and the Number of years in the field. Part II was the questionnaire proper that consisted

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of 40 questions, 10 questions for each Managerial skill (Planning, Organizing, Leading,

Controlling) The respondent answered each item using the Likert 5- point scale with the

option: Strongly disagree= 1, Disagree= 2, Neither = 3, Agree = 4, and Strongly Agree =

5, That undergone validity test. The questionnaire aimed to determine which managerial

skill is Dominant for different types of Business

Participants

The target participants of the study will be the 15 Merchandising Business, 15

Manufacturing Business, and 15 Service Business around Passi City. The researchers will

use availability sampling to identify the respondents.

Research Locale.

The study will be conducted at Passi City Iloilo.

Validity of the Study

The researchers created the questionnaire. Three management and assessment

specialists verified the questions in relation to the research goals and study scope for

validation reasons. Additionally, the researchers ran a pilot test in various locations to

ensure reliability.

Data Gathering Procedures and Strategy

After determining the validity and reliability of the study, Forty One (41) copies

of the issued surveys will be successfully completed and returned. As a result, their

related answers to the question are retained in line with the respondents' and researchers'

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agreement. The information obtained was grouped and tallied using the results of the

statistical analysis.

Statistical Tools

Frequency Count. A frequency count is a recording of the number of times that a you

engaged in a behavior during a specific time-period. Frequency counts can be used to

track behaviors that you want to increase or decrease. (Interventioncentral, 2013)

This will be used to describe the profile of the respondents.

Mean. The mean is a parameter that measures the central location of the distribution of a

random variable and is an important statistic that is widely reported in scientific

literature. Although the arithmetic mean is the most commonly used statistic in

describing the central location of the sample data, other variations of it, such as the

truncated mean, the interquartile mean, and the geometric mean, may be better suited in a

given circumstance. (Shihe Fan, 2022)

This will be used to determine the levels of managerial skills of the business

managers in Merchandising Businesses, Manufacturing Businesses, and Service

Businesses.

Standard Deviation. The standard deviation (SD) measures the extent of scattering in a

set of values, typically compared to the mean value of the set. (Omda, 2022)

This will be used to describe the dispersion of the responses.

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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). An ANOVA test is a type of statistical test used to

determine if there is a statistically significant difference between two or more categorical

groups by testing for differences of means using variance.

This will be used to determine if significant difference exists among and between

the levels of Managerial skills of the Business when arranged according to age, number

of years in the field, and monthly income.

T-test for Independent Samples. Use an independent samples t test when you want to

compare the means of precisely two groups—no more and no less! Typically, you

perform this test to determine whether two population means are different. This

procedure is an inferential statistical hypothesis test, meaning it uses samples to draw

conclusions about populations.

This will be used to determine if significant difference exists among and between

the levels of Managerial skills of the Business when arranged according to sex.

Pearson’s r. is a measure to determine the relationship (instead of difference) between

two quantitative variables (interval/ratio) and the degree to which the two variables

coincide with one another—that is, the extent to which two variables are linearly related:

changes in one variable correspond to changes in another variable. 

This will be used to determine if significant relationship exists between the

dominant managerial skills and monthly income of the following Business types:

Merchandising Businesses, Manufacturing Businesses, and Service Businesses.

Moreover, this will be used to determine if significant relationship exists between the

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dominant managerial skill and monthly income of the 3 Business types in terms of sex,

age, and number of years in the field.

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