CH 1/ INTRODUCTION

Transportation Definition: The movement of people and/or goods from one place to another.
‫ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻷﺷﺧﺎص أو اﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﻣن ﻣﻛﺎن إﻟﻰ آﺧر‬:‫ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻧﻘل‬.

What is Traffic Engineering? Traffic Engineering is that phase of engineering which deals with the planning, geometric design
and traffic operations of roads, streets, and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands and relationships with other
modes of transportation for the achievement of safe, efficient, and convenient movement of persons and goods. Traffic
Engineering applies engineering principles to help solve transportation problems, and brings into play a knowledge of psychology
and habits of users of the transportation systems.
‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣرور؟ ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣرور ھﻲ ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط واﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﻲ واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣرورﯾﺔ ﻟﻠطرق واﻟﺷوارع واﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬
‫ ﺗطﺑﻖ ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣرور اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ‬.‫ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻷﺷﺧﺎص واﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ‬.‫وﺷﺑﻛﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﺣطﺎﺗﮭﺎ واﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺧﻣﺔ واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻣﻊ وﺳﺎﺋط اﻟﻧﻘل اﻷﺧرى ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ آﻣﻧﺔ وﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ وﻣرﯾﺣﺔ‬
‫ وﺗؤدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﻠم اﻟﻧﻔس وﻋﺎدات ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻲ أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﻘل‬، ‫اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻓﻲ ﺣل ﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﻧﻘل‬.

Speed, flow and density are the most significant factors of the traffic stream that are used in evaluating the operations and
performance of traffic
‫ﺗﻌد اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ واﻟﺗدﻓﻖ واﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣن أھم ﻋواﻣل ﺗدﻓﻖ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت وأداء ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور‬

Speed and density could be used to represent the quality measure of the traffic stream which can estimate the level of service
(LOS) for any type of road (for example urban area roads and highways)
‫( ﻷي ﻧوع ﻣن اﻟطرق )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل طرق‬LOS) ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ واﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل ﻣﻘﯾﺎس اﻟﺟودة ﻟﺗدﻓﻖ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور واﻟذي ﯾﻣﻛﻧﮫ ﺗﻘدﯾر ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ‬
.(‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ اﻟﺣﺿرﯾﺔ واﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬

Flow represents the quantity measure of the traffic stream

.‫ﯾﻣﺛل اﻟﺗدﻓﻖ ﻣﻘﯾﺎس ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﺗدﻓﻖ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور‬

.Speed can be defined as the rate of movement of a vehicle which is expressed by distance per unit time (mph or km/hr)
.(‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬/ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻌدل ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻛل وﺣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ )ﻣﯾل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ أو ﻛم‬

.Density is the number of vehicles occupying a given length of road at a specific instant (veh/km)
ً
.(‫ ﻛم‬/ ‫طوﻻ ﻣﻌﯾﻧًﺎ ﻣن اﻟطرﯾﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺣظﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ )ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ھﻲ ﻋدد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻐل‬

Flow is defined as the number of vehicles passing a given section during a specified period of time (veh/hr)
.(‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬/ ‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﺗدﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻋدد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣر ﺑﻘﺳم ﻣﻌﯾن ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة )ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬

The fundamental stream characteristics are speed, flow, and density

‫اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﯾﺎر ھﻲ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ واﻟﺗدﻓﻖ واﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬
CH2/ VOLUME STUDIES

Traffic volume can be defined as the total number of vehicles that pass over a given point or section of a lane or roadway during
.a given time interval; volumes can be expressed in terms of annual, daily, hourly, or sub hourly periods
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻌرﯾف ﺣﺟم ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ اﻟﻌدد اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣر ﻋﺑر ﻧﻘطﺔ أو ﻗﺳم ﻣﻌﯾن ﻣن ﺣﺎرة أو طرﯾﻖ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ؛ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن‬
.‫اﻷﺣﺟﺎم ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻟﻔﺗرات اﻟﺳﻧوﯾﺔ أو اﻟﯾوﻣﯾﺔ أو ﻛل ﺳﺎﻋﺔ أو ﻛل ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓرﻋﯾﺔ‬

Traffic flow can be defined as the equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass a given point on the roadway. The 15-minute
volume can be converted to a flow by multiplying the volume by 4
..4 ‫ دﻗﯾﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗدﻓﻖ ﺑﺿرب اﻟﺣﺟم ﻓﻲ‬15 ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣوﯾل ﺣﺟم‬.‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻌرﯾف ﺗدﻓﻖ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ اﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻠﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟذي ﺗﻣر ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﺑﻧﻘطﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطرﯾﻖ‬

(AADT) ‫ﻣﺗوﺳط ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور اﻟﯾوﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﻧوﯾﺔ‬

AADTs may be used for:
• Estimation of highway user revenues.
• Evaluation of the economic feasibility of highway projects.
• Development of freeway and major arterial street systems.
• Computation of crash rates (e.g. number of crashes per 100 million vehicle miles).

‫ ﻣن أﺟل‬AADTs ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬:

• ‫ﺗﻘدﯾر إﯾرادات ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻲ اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬.
• ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم اﻟﺟدوى اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬.
• ‫ﺗطوﯾر اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ وﺷوارع اﻟﺷراﯾﯾن اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬.
.(‫ ﻣﻠﯾون ﻣﯾل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬100 ‫ ﻋدد اﻟﺣوادث ﻟﻛل‬، ‫• ﺣﺳﺎب ﻣﻌدﻻت اﻻﺻطدام )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬

(ADT) ‫ﻣﺗوﺳط ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور اﻟﯾوﻣﯾﺔ‬

ADTs may be used for:
• Planning of highway activities.
• Measurement of current demand.
• Evaluation of existing traffic flow.

‫ﻣن أﺟل‬ADTs ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام‬:

• ‫ﺗﺧطﯾط أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬.
• ‫ﻗﯾﺎس اﻟطﻠب اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬.
.‫• ﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﺗدﻓﻖ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

Peak Hour Volume (PHV): is the maximum number of vehicles that pass a point on a highway during a period of 60 consecutive
.minutes
.‫ دﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬60 ‫ ھو اﻟﺣد اﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﻟﻌدد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ طرﯾﻖ ﺳرﯾﻊ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة‬:(PHV) ‫ﺣﺟم ﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟذروة‬
METHODS OF CONDUCTING VOLUME COUNTS ‫طرق إﺟراء ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺣﺟم‬
1-Manual Method: This method involves one or more persons recording observed vehicles. Manual counts are typically used for
periods of less than a day. Normal intervals for a manual count are 5, 10, or 15 minutes. Manual counts are recorded using one
of three methods: tally sheets, mechanical counting boards, or electronic counting boards
‫ اﻟﻔواﺻل اﻟزﻣﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬.‫ ﺗُﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺗﻌداد اﻟﯾدوي ﻋﺎدة ً ﻟﻔﺗرات ﺗﻘل ﻋن ﯾوم واﺣد‬.‫ﺻﺎ أو أﻛﺛر ﯾﺳﺟﻠون اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣرﺻودة‬
ً ‫ ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺷﺧ‬:‫اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﯾدوﯾﺔ‬
‫ أو ﻟوﺣﺎت اﻟﻌد اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ‬، ‫ أو ﻟوﺣﺎت اﻟﻌد اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬، ‫ أوراق اﻟﻌد‬:‫ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﺟﯾل اﻷﻋداد اﻟﯾدوﯾﺔ ﺑﺈﺣدى اﻟطرق اﻟﺛﻼث‬.‫ دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬15 ‫ أو‬10 ‫ أو‬5 ‫ﻟﻠﻌد اﻟﯾدوي ھﻲ‬

2-Automatic Method: Automatic counts are usually taken in 1-hour intervals for each 24-hour period. The counts may extend
for a week, month, or year. Several technology could be used such as camcorders, detectors, laser scanning, and infrared.
‫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻌدﯾد‬.‫ ﻗد ﺗﻣﺗد اﻷﻋداد ﻟﻣدة أﺳﺑوع أو ﺷﮭر أو ﺳﻧﺔ‬.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬24 ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم أﺧذ اﻟﻌد اﻟﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺗرات زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣدﺗﮭﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ واﺣدة ﻟﻛل‬:‫اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت ﻣﺛل ﻛﺎﻣﯾرات اﻟﻔﯾدﯾو وأﺟﮭزة اﻟﻛﺷف واﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﯾزر واﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺣﻣراء‬.

There are many reason for that fluctuation in traffic volume .‫ھﻧﺎك أﺳﺑﺎب ﻋدﯾدة ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻠب ﻓﻲ ﺣﺟم ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور‬
1- Time of day 2- Day of week 3- Month of year / season 4-Characteristics of road 5-Direction
‫ اﻻﺗﺟﺎه‬-5 ‫ ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟطرﯾﻖ‬-4 ‫ اﻟﻣوﺳم‬/ ‫ اﻟﺷﮭر ﻣن اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬-3 ‫ اﻟﯾوم ﻣن اﻷﺳﺑوع‬-2 ‫اﻟوﻗت ﻣن اﻟﯾوم‬1

Hourly Expansion Factor (HEF) ‫ﻋﺎﻣل اﻟﺗﻣدد ﻟﻛل ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬

Daily Expansion Factor (DEF) ‫ﻋﺎﻣل اﻟﺗﻣدد اﻟﯾوﻣﻲ‬

Monthly Expansion Factor (MEF) ‫ﻋﺎﻣل اﻟﺗﻣدد اﻟﺷﮭري‬

Design Hourly Volume (DHV): is the number of vehicles that travel through a segment of roadway during the design hour. The
DHV is used for making roadway structural and capacity design decisions because traffic volume varies by hour and from day
to day throughout the year.
‫ ﻻﺗﺧﺎذ ﻗرارات ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ھﯾﻛل اﻟطرق‬DHV ‫ ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام‬.‫( ھو ﻋدد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﯾر ﻋﺑر ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟطرﯾﻖ ﺧﻼل ﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬DHV): ‫ﺣﺟم اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺑﺎﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
.‫واﻟﺳﻌﺔ ﻷن ﺣﺟم ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ وﻣن ﯾوم ﻵﺧر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدار اﻟﻌﺎم‬

Directional distribution is an important factor in highway capacity analysis

‫اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻻﺗﺟﺎھﻲ ھو ﻋﺎﻣل ﻣﮭم ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬

Flow rate (q) is the equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass over a given point or section of a lane or roadway during a
.given time interval of less than 1 hr, usually 15 min
‫ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ‬، ‫( ھو ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺊ اﻟذي ﺗﻣر ﺑﮫ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻋﺑر ﻧﻘطﺔ أو ﻗﺳم ﻣﻌﯾن ﻣن ﺣﺎرة أو طرﯾﻖ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ أﻗل ﻣن ﺳﺎﻋﺔ واﺣدة‬q) ‫ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗدﻓﻖ‬
.‫ دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬15 ‫ﺗﻛون‬

The peak hour volume is the volume of traffic during the hour of the day that observes the highest traffic volumes
.‫ﺣﺟم ﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟذروة ھو ﺣﺟم ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور ﺧﻼل ﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﯾوم اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﮭد أﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺟﺎم ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻣرور‬
CH3 / SPEED STUDIES

Speed is defined as the rate of movement of a vehicle; it is usually expressed in miles per hour (mi/hr) or kilometers per hour
.(km/hr)
.(‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬/ ‫( أو ﻛﯾﻠوﻣﺗرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ )ﻛم‬MI / HR) ‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻌدل ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة؛ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺄﻣﯾﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬

.Speed is a fundamental measure of traffic performance for use in operations, design, and safety
.‫اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻘﯾﺎس أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻸداء اﻟﻣروري ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧدام ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم واﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬

Speed is an important measure for traffic operations, because highway users relate speed to economics, safety, time, comfort,
.and convenience
.‫ ﻷن ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻲ اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ ﯾرﺑطون اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎد واﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ واﻟوﻗت واﻟراﺣﺔ واﻟراﺣﺔ واﻟراﺣﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ھﻲ إﺟراء ﻣﮭم ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣرور‬

.Speed is a basic measure of traffic performance

.‫اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ھو ﻣﻘﯾﺎس أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻷداء اﻟﻣرور‬

Speed characteristics determined from a spot speed study may be used to Establish parameters for traffic operation and
control, such as:
• Speed zones.
• Speed limits (85th-percentile speed).
Evaluate and or determine the adequacy of highway geometric characteristics, such as radii of horizontal curves and lengths of
vertical curves.
Evaluate the effect of speed on highway safety through the analysis of crash data for different speed characteristics.
:‫ ﻣﺛل‬، ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣددة ﻣن دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ ﻹﻧﺷﺎء ﻣﻌﻠﻣﺎت ﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور واﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬
.‫•ﻣﻧﺎطﻖ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ‬
.(85 ‫•ﺣدود اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ )اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺋوﯾﺔ‬
.‫ ﻣﺛل ﻧﺻف ﻗطر اﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﯾﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ وأطوال اﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﯾﺎت اﻟرأﺳﯾﺔ‬، ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم أو ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣدى ﻛﻔﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬
.‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺻطدام ﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬

When spot speed studies are being conducted, it is important that unbiased data be obtained.
This requires that drivers be unaware that such a study is being conducted.
Equipment used therefore, should be concealed from the driver.
Observers conducting the study should be inconspicuous.
‫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﮭم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺣﯾزة‬، ‫ﻋﻧد إﺟراء دراﺳﺎت اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬.
‫ﯾﺗطﻠب ھذا أن ﻻ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺳﺎﺋﻘون ﻋﻠﻰ دراﯾﺔ ﺑﺈﺟراء ﻣﺛل ھذه اﻟدراﺳﺔ‬.
‫ﯾﺟب إﺧﻔﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدات اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻋن اﻟﺳﺎﺋﻖ‬.
.‫ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣراﻗﺑون اﻟذﯾن أﺟروا اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﻏﯾر واﺿﺣﯾن‬
METHODS FOR CONDUCTING SPOT SPEED STUDIES
Manual Method: Stopwatch method can be used to carry out the spot speed study by using a small sample size taken over a
relatively short period of time. The manual method is seldom used, because it has low accuracy due to human errors
‫طرق إﺟراء اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬
:‫اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﯾدوﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺎدرا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
ً .‫ ﻹﺟراء دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻋﯾﻧﺔ ﺻﻐﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟم ﻣﺄﺧوذة ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻗﺻﯾرة ﻧﺳﺑﯾًﺎ‬Stopwatch ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧدام طرﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ اﻟدﻗﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب اﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬، ‫اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﯾدوﯾﺔ‬
Automatic Method:
Several automatic devices that can be used to obtain the instantaneous speeds of vehicles. These automatic devices can be
grouped into three main categories:
Road detectors (such as Pneumatic road tubes and inductive loop).
Radar-based (such as Radar speed gun).
Principles of electronics (such as electronic camera).
:‫اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
:‫ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ ھذه اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻓﺋﺎت رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻷوﺗوﻣﺎﺗﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳرﻋﺎت اﻟﻠﺣظﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت‬
.(‫ﻛﺎﺷﻔﺎت اﻟطرﯾﻖ )ﻣﺛل أﻧﺎﺑﯾب اﻟطرق اﻟﮭواﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻘراﺋﯾﺔ‬
.(‫ﻗﺎﺋم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرادار )ﻣﺛل ﺑﻧدﻗﯾﺔ ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟرادار‬
.(‫ﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺎت )ﻣﺛل اﻟﻛﺎﻣﯾرات اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ‬
It is first necessary to define certain significant values that are needed to describe speed characteristics. They are:
• Average Speed
• Median Speed
• Modal Speed
• The ith-percentile Spot Speed
• Pace
Standard Deviation of Speeds
:‫ ھم اﻧﮭم‬.‫ﻣن اﻟﺿروري أوﻻً ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗﯾم ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻟوﺻف ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ‬
‫•ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ‬
‫•اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬
‫•ﺳرﻋﺔ ﻣﺷروط‬
‫ اﻟﻣﺋوﯾﺔ‬ith-‫•ﺳرﻋﺔ ﺑﻘﻌﺔ‬
‫•ﺳرﻋﺔ‬
‫• اﻻﻧﺣراف اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎري ﻟﻠﺳرﻋﺔ‬

Average Speed:- which is the arithmetic mean of all observed vehicle speeds (which is the sum of all spot speeds divided by the
number of recorded speeds)
.(‫ وھو اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﺳرﻋﺎت اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣرﺻودة )وھو ﻣﺟﻣوع ﻛل اﻟﺳرﻋﺎت اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ ﻣﻘﺳو ًﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد اﻟﺳرﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ‬- :‫ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ‬

Median Speed:- which is the speed at the middle value in a series of spot speeds that are arranged in ascending order. 50
percent of the speed values will be greater than the median; 50 percent will be less than the median
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن ﻗﯾم اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﺳﺗﻛون أﻛﺑر ﻣن‬50 .‫ وھﻲ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺳرﻋﺎت اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ ﻣرﺗﺑﺔ ﺗرﺗﯾﺑًﺎ ﺗﺻﺎﻋدﯾًﺎ‬- :‫ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ‬
..‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺳﺗﻛون أﻗل ﻣن اﻟوﺳﯾط‬50 ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط ؛‬

.Modal Speed:- which is the speed value that occurs most frequently in a sample of spot speeds
.‫ وھﻲ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدث ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗﻛرر ﻓﻲ ﻋﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺳرﻋﺎت اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬- :‫اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ‬

The ith-percentile Spot Speed:- which is the spot speed value below which i percent of the vehicles travel; for example, 85th-
percentile spot speed is the speed below which 85 percent of the vehicles travel and above which 15 percent of the vehicles
.travel
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ھﻲ‬85 ‫ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬، ‫ وھﻲ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﯾر أﻗﻠﮭﺎ أﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ؛ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬- :‫ اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺋوﯾﺔ ﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺑﻘﻌﺔ‬ith
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت‬15 ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت وﻣﺎ ﯾزﯾد ﻋن‬85 ‫اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﯾر دوﻧﮭﺎ‬
Pace:- which is the range of speed (usually taken at 10 km/hr or mph intervals) that has the greatest number of observations.
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ أو ﻣﯾل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ( اﻟذي ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺑر ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﻣﻼﺣظﺎت‬/ ‫ ﻛم‬10 ‫ وھو ﻧطﺎق اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ )ﻋﺎدة ً ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﺟﯾﻠﮫ ﻋﻧد ﻓواﺻل زﻣﻧﯾﺔ‬- :Pace

Standard Deviation of Speeds:- which is a measure of the spread of the individual speeds.
.‫ وھو ﻣﻘﯾﺎس اﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﺳرﻋﺎت اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ‬- :‫اﻻﻧﺣراف اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎري ﻟﻠﺳرﻋﺔ‬

.The minimum sample size depends on the precision level desired

.‫ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﺣﺟم اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟدﻗﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوب‬

.The precision level is defined as the degree of confidence

.‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﻌرﯾف ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟدﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺛﻘﺔ‬

.The commonly used confidence level for speed counts is 95%

.٪95 ‫ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻊ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام ﻷﻋداد اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ھو‬

Space Mean Speed:- A statistical term denoting an average speed based on the average travel time of vehicles to traverse a
.segment of roadway
.‫ ﻣﺻطﻠﺢ إﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻻﺟﺗﯾﺎز ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟطرﯾﻖ‬- :‫ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺿﺎء‬

Time Mean Speed:- The arithmetic average of speeds of vehicles observed passing a point on a highway; also referred to as the
average spot speed. The individual speeds of vehicles passing a point are recorded and averaged arithmetically
ً ‫ اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻣﻼﺣظﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻧد ﻣرورھﺎ ﺑﻧﻘطﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ طرﯾﻖ ﺳرﯾﻊ ؛ ﯾﺷﺎر إﻟﯾﮭﺎ أﯾ‬- :‫ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟوﻗت ﻟﻠﺳرﻋﺔ‬
.‫ﺿﺎ ﺑﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﺟﯾل اﻟﺳرﻋﺎت اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﺗﺎز ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻣﺎ وﻣﺗوﺳطﮭﺎ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﯾًﺎ‬

Free flow speed:- The average speed of vehicles on a given facility, measured under Free flow speed, low-volume conditions,
..when drivers tend to drive at their desired speed and are not constrained by control delay
‫ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﯾل اﻟﺳﺎﺋﻘون إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﯾﺎدة‬، ‫ وظروف اﻟﺣﺟم اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔض‬، ‫ وﯾﺗم ﻗﯾﺎﺳﮭﺎ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺗدﻓﻖ اﻟﺣر‬، ‫ ﻣﺗوﺳط ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺷﺄة ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬- :‫ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺗدﻓﻖ اﻟﺣر‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣرﻏوﺑﺔ وﻻ ﯾﻘﯾدھم ﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬

Average running speed:- A traffic stream measure based on the observation of vehicle travel times traversing a section of
highway of known length. It is the length of the segment divided by the average running time of vehicles to traverse the
.segment. Running time includes only time that vehicles are in motion
‫ ھو طول اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ ﻣﻘﺳو ًﻣﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﻘﯾﺎس ﻟﺗﯾﺎر ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ أوﻗﺎت اﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻋﺑر ﺟزء ﻣن طرﯾﻖ ﺳرﯾﻊ ﻣﻌروف اﻟطول‬- :‫ﻣﺗوﺳط ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺟري‬
.‫ ﯾﺷﻣل وﻗت اﻟﺟري اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي ﺗﺗﺣرك ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻓﻘط‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت ﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻻﺟﺗﯾﺎز اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ‬

Average travel speed:- A traffic stream measure based on travel time observed on a known length of highway. It is the length of
.the segment divided by the average travel time of vehicles traversing the segment, including all stopped delay times
‫ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻌرﯾﻔﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻗﺻﻰ ﺳرﻋﺔ آﻣﻧﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻋﺑر ﻗﺳم ﻣﻌﯾن ﻣن اﻟطرﯾﻖ اﻟﺳرﯾﻊ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون اﻟظروف ﻣواﺗﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﺣﯾث ﺗﺗﺣﻛم‬- :‫ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬
.‫ﻣﯾزات ﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟطرﯾﻖ اﻟﺳرﯾﻊ‬
Ch4/ TRAVEL TIME AND DELAY STUDIES

Travel time and delay studies data aid the traffic engineer in identifying problem locations, which may require special attention
.in order to improve the overall flow of traffic on the route
ً ‫ واﻟﺗﻲ ﻗد ﺗﺗطﻠب اھﺗﻣﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﺧﺎ‬، ‫ﺗﺳﺎﻋد ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت دراﺳﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر واﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر ﻣﮭﻧدس اﻟﻣرور ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣواﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼت‬
‫ﺻﺎ ﻣن أﺟل ﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﺗدﻓﻖ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.‫اﻟطرﯾﻖ‬

These data also help to develop recommendations for improvements such as traffic signal retiming, safety improvements, turn
.lane additions and channelization enhancement
.‫ﺿﺎ ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ﺗوﺻﯾﺎت ﻟﻠﺗﺣﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﻣﺛل ﺗﻌدﯾل إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻣرور وﺗﺣﺳﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ وإﺿﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻣر اﻟدوران وﺗﺣﺳﯾن اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ‬
ً ‫ﺗﺳﺎﻋد ھذه اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت أﯾ‬

Travel time:- is the time taken by a vehicle to traverse a given section of a highway.
.‫ ھل اﻟوﻗت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻐرق ﻟﻠﺳﯾﺎرة ﻻﺟﺗﯾﺎز ﻗﺳم ﻣﻌﯾن ﻣن اﻟطرﯾﻖ اﻟﺳرﯾﻊ‬- :‫وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر‬

Running time:- is the time a vehicle is actually in motion while traversing a given section of a highway.
.‫ ھو اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ أﺛﻧﺎء ﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻗﺳم ﻣﻌﯾن ﻣن اﻟطرﯾﻖ اﻟﺳرﯾﻊ‬- :‫وﻗت اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬

Delay:- is the time lost by a vehicle due to causes beyond the control of the driver.
.‫ ھو اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي ﺗﺿﯾﻌﮫ ﺳﯾﺎرة ﺑﺳﺑب اﻷﺳﺑﺎب وراء اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﺋﻖ‬- :‫ﺗﺄﺧﯾر‬

Operational delay:- is that part of the delay caused by the impedance of other traffic. This impedance can occur either as side
friction, where the stream flow is interfered with by other traffic (for example, parking or unparking vehicles), or as internal
friction, where the interference is within the traffic stream (for example, reduction in capacity of the highway).
‫ ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗداﺧل ﺗدﻓﻖ اﻟدﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣرﻛﺔ‬،‫ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺣدث ھذا اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ إﻣﺎ اﺣﺗﻛﺎﻛﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ‬.‫ ھل ھذا ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟﻧﺎﺟم ﻋن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور اﻷﺧرى‬- :‫ﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬
،‫ ﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون اﻟﺗداﺧل ﺿﻣن دﻓﻖ اﻟﻣرور )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬،‫ أو ﻛﺎﺣﺗﻛﺎك داﺧﻠﻲ‬،(‫ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات أو اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻣرور اﻷﺧرى )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬
.(‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﻘدرة اﻟطرﯾﻖ اﻟﺳرﯾﻊ‬

Stopped-time delay:- is that part of the delay during which the vehicle is at rest.
.‫ ھل ھذا ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟذي ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﻓﻲ راﺣﺔ‬- :‫ﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟوﻗت اﻟﻣﺗوﻗف‬

Fixed delay:- is that part of the delay caused by control devices such as traffic signals.
.‫ ھل ھذا ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟﻧﺎﺟم ﻋن أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻣﺛل إﺷﺎرات اﻟﻣرور‬- :‫ﺗﺄﺧﯾر ﺛﺎﺑت‬

Travel-time delay:- is the difference between the actual travel time and the travel time that will be obtained by assuming that a
vehicle traverses the study section at an average speed equal to that for an uncongested traffic flow on the section being
studied.
‫ ھو اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾن وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ووﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر اﻟذي ﺳﯾﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻓﺗراض أن اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻗﺳم اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ﻣﺗﺳﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺎوﯾﺔ‬- :‫ﺗﺄﺧﯾر وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر‬
.‫ﻟذﻟك ﻣن أﺟل ﺗدﻓﻖ ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻣرور ﻏﯾر ﻣﮭﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺳم اﻟذي ﺗﺗم دراﺳﺗﮫ‬

Stopped-time delay:- is that part of the delay during which the vehicle is at rest.
.‫ ھو ذﻟك اﻟﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟذي ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ راﺣﺔ‬- :‫وﻗت اﻟﺗوﻗف‬
Fixed delay:- is that part of the delay caused by control devices such as traffic signals. This delay occurs regardless of the traffic
volume.
.‫ ﯾﺣدث ھذا اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر ﺑﻐض اﻟﻧظر ﻋن ﺣﺟم ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣرور‬.‫ ھو ذﻟك اﻟﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟﻧﺎﺟم ﻋن أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻣﺛل إﺷﺎرات اﻟﻣرور‬- :‫اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر اﻟﺛﺎﺑت‬

Travel-time delay:- is the difference between the actual travel time and the travel time that will be obtained by assuming that a
vehicle traverses the study section at an average speed equal to that for an uncongested traffic flow on the section being
studied.
‫ ھو اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾن وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ووﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر اﻟذي ﺳﯾﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﺎﻓﺗراض أن اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﺗﻌﺑر ﻗﺳم اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﺑﻣﺗوﺳط ﺳرﻋﺔ ﻣﺳﺎ ٍو ﻟﺗدﻓﻖ ﺣرﻛﺔ‬- :‫ﺗﺄﺧﯾر وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر‬
.‫اﻟﻣرور ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣزدﺣم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺳم اﻟذي ﺗﺗم دراﺳﺗﮫ‬

METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TRAVEL TIME AND DELAY STUDIES

Several methods have been used to conduct travel time and delay studies. These methods can be grouped into two general
categories: (1) those using a test vehicle and (2) those not requiring a test vehicle.
Methods Requiring a Test Vehicle involves three possible techniques:
• Floating-car,
• Average-speed, and
• Moving-vehicle techniques

‫طرق إﺟراء دراﺳﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر واﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر‬

‫( ﺗﻠك اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺗطﻠب‬2) ‫( ﺗﻠك اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ اﺧﺗﺑﺎر و‬1) :‫ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾف ھذه اﻟطرق ﻓﻲ ﻓﺋﺗﯾن ﻋﺎﻣﺗﯾن‬.‫ﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻋدة طرق ﻹﺟراء دراﺳﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر واﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر‬
‫ﺳﯾﺎرة اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬.
‫ﺗﺗﺿﻣن اﻟطرق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗطﻠب اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﺛﻼث ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ‬:
‫•ﺳﯾﺎرة ﻋﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬
‫•ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ‬
‫• ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ‬

If the test car is traveling at the average speed of all vehicles, it will most likely pass the same number of vehicles as the number
.of vehicles that overtake it
.‫ ﻓﻣن اﻟﻣرﺟﺢ أن ﺗﻣر ﺑﻧﻔس ﻋدد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻣﺛل ﻋدد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﺎوزﺗﮭﺎ‬، ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة اﻟﺗﺟرﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﯾر ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت‬
METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TRAVEL TIME AND DELAY STUDIES
(2) those not requiring a test vehicle:
License-Plate Observations.
• The license-plate method requires that observers be positioned at the beginning and end of the test section.
• Each observer records the last three or four digits of the license plate of each car that passes, together with the time at which
the car passes.
• Matching the license plate recorded by observers then calculate traveling time of each vehicle (difference between times
recorded).
• The average of these is the average traveling time on the test section.
• .It has been suggested that a sample size of 50 matched license plates will give reasonably accurate results
‫طرق إﺟراء دراﺳﺎت وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر واﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر‬
:‫( أوﻟﺋك اﻟذﯾن ﻻ ﯾﺣﺗﺎﺟون إﻟﻰ ﺳﯾﺎرة اﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬2)
.‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت ﻟوﺣﺔ اﻟﺗرﺧﯾص‬
.‫•ﺗﺗطﻠب طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻟوﺣﺔ اﻟﺗرﺧﯾص أن ﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣراﻗﺑﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺑداﯾﺔ وﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻗﺳم اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
.‫ ﺟﻧﺑًﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻧب ﻣﻊ اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي ﺗﻣر ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة‬، ‫•ﯾﺳﺟل ﻛل ﻣراﻗب آﺧر ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أو أرﺑﻌﺔ أرﻗﺎم ﻣن ﻟوﺣﺔ ﺗرﺧﯾص ﻛل ﺳﯾﺎرة ﺗﻣر‬
.(‫•ﻣطﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟوﺣﺔ اﻟﺗرﺧﯾص اﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣراﻗﺑﯾن ﺛم ﺣﺳﺎب وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر ﻟﻛل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ )اﻟﻔرق ﺑﯾن اﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ‬
.‫•ﻣﺗوﺳط ھذه ھو ﻣﺗوﺳط وﻗت اﻟﺳﻔر ﻓﻲ ﻗﺳم اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر‬
.‫ ﻟوﺣﺔ ﺗرﺧﯾص ﻣطﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺳﺗﻌطﻲ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ دﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻌﻘول‬50 ‫• ﺗم اﻗﺗراح أن ﻋﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﺣﺟم‬

Interviews.
• Obtaining information from people who drive on the study site regarding their travel times, their experience of delays, and so
forth.
ITS Advanced Technologies.
• Advanced technology.
• GPS satellite system.
.Determine average speeds and travel times along highways •
‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼت‬.
.‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟك‬، ‫ وﺗﺟرﺑﺗﮭم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر‬، ‫•اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣن اﻷﺷﺧﺎص اﻟذﯾن ﯾﻘودون ﺳﯾﺎراﺗﮭم ﻓﻲ ﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﺑﺧﺻوص أوﻗﺎت ﺳﻔرھم‬
ITS Advanced Technologies.
.‫•اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ‬
GPS.‫•ﻧظﺎم اﻷﻗﻣﺎر اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬
.‫• ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺳرﻋﺎت وأوﻗﺎت اﻟﺳﻔر ﻋﻠﻰ طول اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬
Ch5/ PARKING STUDIES

Any vehicle traveling on a highway will at one time or another be parked for either a relatively short time or a much longer time,
depending on the reason for parking.
The provision of parking facilities is therefore an essential element of the highway mode of transportation.
The need for parking spaces is usually very great in areas where land uses include business, residential, or commercial activities.
In areas of high density, where space is very expensive, the space provided for automobiles usually has to be divided between
that allocated for their movement and that allocated for parking them.

‫ اﻋﺗﻣﺎدًا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑب وﻗوﻓﮭﺎ‬، ‫ﺳﯾﺗم إﯾﻘﺎف أي ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﺗﺳﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ طرﯾﻖ ﺳرﯾﻊ ﻓﻲ وﻗت أو آﺧر إﻣﺎ ﻟﻔﺗرة ﻗﺻﯾرة ﻧﺳﺑﯾًﺎ أو ﻟﻔﺗرة أطول ﺑﻛﺛﯾر‬.
‫ﻟذﻟك ﻓﺈن ﺗوﻓﯾر أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ھو ﻋﻧﺻر أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻧﻘل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطرق اﻟﺳرﯾﻌﺔ‬.
‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺟدًا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﺗﻣل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت اﻷراﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺳﻛﻧﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬.
.‫ ﯾﺟب ﻋﺎدة ً ﺗﻘﺳﯾم اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗوﻓرة ﻟﻠﺳﯾﺎرات ﺑﯾن ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻟﺣرﻛﺗﮭﺎ وﺗﻠك اﻟﻣﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻟوﻗوﻓﮭﺎ‬، ‫ ﺣﯾث ﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎھظﺔ اﻟﺛﻣن‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬

Park-and-ride has also increased the demand for parking spaces at transit stations
ً ‫ أﯾ‬Park-and-Ride ‫أدت ﻣﯾزة‬
.‫ﺿﺎ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟطﻠب ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﻌﺎم‬

Parking facilities can be divided into two main groups: on-street and off-street.
On-Street Parking Facilities:
These are also known as curb facilities.
Parking bays are provided alongside the curb on one or both sides of the street.
These bays can be unrestricted parking facilities if the duration of parking is unlimited and parking is free, or they can be
.restricted parking facilities if parking is limited to specific times of the day for a maximum duration
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺎرع وﺑﻌﯾدا ً ﻋن اﻟﺷﺎرع‬:‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻘﺳﯾم أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات إﻟﻰ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺗﯾن رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺗﯾن‬.
‫ﻣراﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺎرع‬:
ً ‫ﺗُﻌرف ھذه أﯾ‬.
‫ﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳم ﻣراﻓﻖ اﻟرﺻﯾف‬
‫ﯾﺗم ﺗوﻓﯾر ﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﺑﺟﺎﻧب اﻟرﺻﯾف ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣد ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﺷﺎرع أو ﻛﻼھﻣﺎ‬.
‫ أو ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ﻣراﻓﻖ وﻗوف‬، ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ھذه اﻟﺧﻠﺟﺎن ﻣراﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻏﯾر ﻣﻘﯾدة إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣدة وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻏﯾر ﻣﺣدودة وﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻣﺟﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻣﻘﯾدة إذا اﻗﺗﺻر وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻋﻠﻰ أوﻗﺎت ﻣﺣددة ﻣن اﻟﯾوم ﻟﻣدة ﻗﺻوى‬

Off-Street Parking Facilities:

These facilities may be privately or publicly owned; they include surface lots and garages such as multistory garage and
underground garage
‫ﻣراﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺷﺎرع‬
.‫ﻗد ﺗﻛون ھذه اﻟﻣراﻓﻖ ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ أو ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ؛ وھﻲ ﺗﺷﻣل ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت ﺳطﺣﯾﺔ وﺟراﺟﺎت ﻣﺛل ﻣرآب ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻟطواﺑﻖ وﻣرآب ﺗﺣت اﻷرض‬

Space-hour:- is a unit of parking that defines the use of a single parking space for a period of 1 hour.
‫ ھﻲ وﺣدة وﻗوف ﺗﺣدد اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﻛﺎن واﺣد ﻟوﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻟﻣدة ﺳﺎﻋﺔ واﺣدة‬- :‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﺿﺎء‬
.
Parking volume:- is the total number of vehicles that park in a study area during a specific length of time, usually a day.
‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﯾوم‬، ‫ إﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋدد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘف ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة‬- :‫ﺣﺟم ﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬.
Parking accumulation:- is the number of parked vehicles in a study area at any specified time.
..‫ ﻋدد اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗت ﻣﺣدد‬- :‫ﺗراﻛم اﻟﻣواﻗف‬
Parking load:- is the area under the accumulation curve between two specific times. It is usually given as the number of space-
hours used during the specified period of time.
‫ ﯾُﻌطﻰ ﻋﺎدة ً ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻋدد ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻔﺿﺎء اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺗرة اﻟزﻣﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺣددة‬.‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟواﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﺣت ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ اﻟﺗراﻛم ﺑﯾن وﻗﺗﯾن ﻣﺣددﯾن‬:‫ﺣﻣوﻟﺔ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
.
Parking duration:- is the length of time a vehicle is parked at a parking bay.
When the parking duration is given as an average, it gives an indication of how frequently a parking space becomes available.
‫ ھﻲ اﻟﻣدة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗوﻗﻔت ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻧﺗظﺎر‬- :‫ﻣدة وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة‬.
‫ﻣؤﺷرا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى ﺗوﻓر ﻣﻛﺎن ﻟوﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
ً ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌطﻲ‬، ‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم إﻋطﺎء ﻣدة وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻛﻣﺗوﺳط‬
.
Parking turnover:- is the rate of use of a parking space.
.It is obtained by dividing the parking volume for a specified period by the number of parking spaces
‫ ھو ﻣﻌدل اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﻛﺎن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬- :‫ﻣﻌدل دوران ﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬.
.‫ﯾﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺑﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻟﻔﺗرة ﻣﺣددة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
METHODOLOGY OF PARKING STUDIES
A comprehensive parking study usually involves:
(1)inventory of existing parking facilities,
(2)collection of data on parking accumulation, parking turnover and parking duration,
(3)identification of parking generators, and
(4)collection of information on parking demand.
‫ﻣﻧﮭﺟﯾﺔ دراﺳﺎت ﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
:‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﺿﻣن اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟوﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
، ‫(ﺟرد ﻣراﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬1)
، ‫(ﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻋن ﺗراﻛم اﻟﻣواﻗف ودوراﻧﮭﺎ وﻣدة وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬2)
‫(ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣوﻟدات وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬3)
.‫(ﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋن طﻠب وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬4)
1- Inventory of existing parking facilities:
An inventory of existing parking facilities is a detailed listing of the location and all other relevant characteristics of each legal
parking facility, private and public, in the study area. The inventory includes both on- and off-street facilities.
• Type and number of parking spaces at each parking facility
• Times of operation and limit on duration of parking, if any
• Type of ownership (private or public)
• Parking fees, if any, and method of collection
•Restrictions on use (open or closed to the public)
:‫ﺟرد أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬- 1
‫ ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ اﻟﺧﺎص واﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬، ‫ﺟرد ﻣراﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣوﺟودة ھو ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣوﻗﻊ وﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻷﺧرى ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻛل ﻣرﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬
.‫ ﯾﺷﻣل اﻟﻣﺧزون ﻛﻼً ﻣن اﻟﻣراﻓﻖ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺎرع وﺧﺎرﺟﮫ‬.‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟدراﺳﺔ‬
‫•ﻧوع وﻋدد أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻣرﻓﻖ وﻗوف‬
‫•أوﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﻣل وﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣدة وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات إن وﺟدت‬
(‫•ﻧوع اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ )ﺧﺎﺻﺔ أو ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫•رﺳوم اﻟﻣواﻗف إن وﺟدت وطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺣﺻﯾﻠﮭﺎ‬
(‫•ﻗﯾود ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام )ﻣﻔﺗوح أو ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻟﻠﺟﻣﮭور‬
2- Collection of Parking Data:
Accumulation:
• Accumulation data are obtained by checking the amount of parking during regular intervals on different days of the week.
• The checks are usually carried out on an hourly or 2-hour basis between 6:00 a.m. and 12 midnight.
.•The information obtained is used to determine hourly variations of parking and peak periods of parking demand

:‫ﺟﻣﻊ ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣواﻗف‬- 2

:‫اﻟﺗراﻛم‬
.‫•ﯾﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗراﻛم ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣن ﻋدد ﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرات ﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ أﯾﺎم ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻷﺳﺑوع‬
.‫ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﻠﯾل‬12 ‫ ﺻﺑﺎ ًﺣﺎ و‬6:00 ‫•ﯾﺗم إﺟراء اﻟﻔﺣوﺻﺎت ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻛل ﺳﺎﻋﺔ أو ﺳﺎﻋﺗﯾن ﺑﯾن اﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
.‫• ﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات وﻓﺗرات اﻟذروة ﻟﻠطﻠب ﻋﻠﻰ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬

Turnover and Duration:

• Information on turnover and duration is usually obtained by collecting data on a sample of parking spaces in a given block.
• This is done by recording the license plate of the vehicle parked on each parking space in the sample at the ends of fixed
intervals during the study period.
• The length of the fixed intervals depends on the maximum permissible duration.
• For example, if the maximum permissible duration of parking at a curb face is 1 hour, a suitable interval is every 20 minutes.
:‫دوران واﻟﻣدة‬
.‫•ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺣول ﻣﻌدل اﻟدوران واﻟﻣدة ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺣول ﻋﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺑﻧﻰ ﻣﻌﯾن‬
.‫•ﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﺗﺳﺟﯾل ﻟوﺣﺔ ﺗرﺧﯾص اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛل ﻣﻛﺎن وﻗوف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺎت ﻓﺗرات زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗرة اﻟدراﺳﺔ‬
.‫•ﯾﻌﺗﻣد طول اﻟﻔواﺻل اﻟزﻣﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣد اﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﻟﻠﻣدة اﻟﻣﺳﻣوح ﺑﮭﺎ‬
.‫ دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬20 ‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺎﺻل اﻟزﻣﻧﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب ھو ﻛل‬، ‫ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻣدة اﻟﻘﺻوى اﻟﻣﺳﻣوح ﺑﮭﺎ ﻟﻠوﻗوف ﻋﻧد ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟرﺻﯾف ﺳﺎﻋﺔ واﺣدة‬، ‫• ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬

3- Identification of Parking Generators:

This phase involves identifying parking generators (for example, shopping centers or transit terminals) and locating these on a
.map of the study area
:‫ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣوﻟدات اﻟﻣواﻗف‬- 3
.‫ ﻣراﻛز اﻟﺗﺳوق أو ﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﻌﺑور( وﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣوﻗﻌﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧرﯾطﺔ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟدراﺳﺔ‬، ‫ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ھذه اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣوﻟدات ﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬

4- Parking demand:
Information on parking demand is obtained by interviewing drivers at the various parking facilities listed during the inventory.
Information sought should include (1) trip origin, (2) purpose of trip, and (3) driver’s destination after parking.
The interviewer must also note the location of the parking facility, times of arrival and departure, and the vehicle type.
Parking interviews also can be carried out using the postcard technique, in which stamped postcards bearing the appropriate
questions and a return address are handed to drivers or placed under windshield wipers
Analysis of parking data includes summarizing, and interpreting the data so that the relevant information required for decision
making can be obtained.
The relevant information includes the following:
• Number and duration for vehicles legally parked
• Number and duration for vehicles illegally parked
• Space-hours of demand for parking
• Supply of parking facilities
.The analysis required to obtain information on the first two items is straightforward
:‫طﻠب وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬- 4
.‫ﯾﺗم اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺣول طﻠب وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺋﻘﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﻣراﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣدرﺟﺔ أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺟرد‬
.‫( وﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﻌد وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬3) ، ‫( اﻟﻐرض ﻣن اﻟرﺣﻠﺔ‬2) ، ‫( ﻣﻧﺷﺄ اﻟرﺣﻠﺔ‬1) ‫ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺗﺿﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬
.‫ﺿﺎ ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻣرﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات وأوﻗﺎت اﻟوﺻول واﻟﻣﻐﺎدرة وﻧوع اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة‬
ً ‫ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋم ﺑﺈﺟراء اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ أﯾ‬
‫ ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻟﺑطﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺑرﯾدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗوﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻣل اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ وﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣرﺳل‬، ‫ﺿﺎ إﺟراء ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼت وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺑطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺑرﯾدﯾﺔ‬
ً ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾ‬
.‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺳﺎﺋﻘﯾن أو وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﺗﺣت ﻣﺎﺳﺣﺎت اﻟزﺟﺎج اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
.‫ﯾﺷﻣل ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﺗﻠﺧﯾص اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﻔﺳﯾرھﺎ ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻻﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار‬
:‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ذات اﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺷﻣل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
‫•ﻋدد وﻣدة اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻔﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬
‫•ﻋدد وﻣدة اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻔﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻏﯾر ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﻲ‬
‫•ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﻟﻠطﻠب ﻋﻠﻰ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
‫•ﺗورﯾد أﻣﺎﻛن وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
..‫اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﻣطﻠوب ﻟﻠﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋن اﻟﺑﻧدﯾن اﻷوﻟﯾن واﺿﺢ وﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

PARKING STALL LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS

The objective of the layout design is to maximize the number of stalls, while following the guidelines below.
• The layout of the parking facility must be flexible enough to adapt to future changes in vehicle dimensions.
• The stall and aisle dimensions must be compatible with the type of operation planned for the facility.
The critical dimensions are the width and length of stalls, the width of aisles, the angle of parking, and the radius of turns. All of
these dimensions are related to the vehicle dimensions and performance characteristics.
The popularity of minivans and sport utility vehicles has had an impact on the design of parking facilities
‫اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺗﺧطﯾط ﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
.‫ ﻣﻊ اﺗﺑﺎع اﻹرﺷﺎدات أدﻧﺎه‬، ‫اﻟﮭدف ﻣن اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﺗﺧطﯾطﻲ ھو زﯾﺎدة ﻋدد اﻷﻛﺷﺎك إﻟﻰ أﻗﺻﻰ ﺣد‬
.‫•ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﻛون ﺗﺧطﯾط ﻣرﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻣرﻧًﺎ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻛﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﯾف ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة‬
.‫•ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻛﺷك واﻟﻣﻣر ﻣﺗواﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧوع اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧطط ﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄة‬
‫ ﻛل ھذه اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺳﯾﺎرة وﺧﺻﺎﺋص‬.‫ وﻧﺻف ﻗطر اﻟﻣﻧﻌطﻔﺎت‬، ‫ وزاوﯾﺔ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬، ‫ وﻋرض اﻟﻣﻣرات‬، ‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺣرﺟﺔ ھﻲ ﻋرض وطول اﻷﻛﺷﺎك‬
.‫اﻷداء‬
.‫ﻛﺎن ﻟﺷﻌﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﻧﻲ ﻓﺎن وﺳﯾﺎرات اﻟدﻓﻊ اﻟرﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻣراﻓﻖ وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‬
There are three approaches for handling the layout:
Design all spaces for large-size vehicles (about 6 feet (1.8m) wide and 17-18 ft (5.5) long).
Design some of the spaces for large vehicles and some for small vehicles (these are about 5 ft (1.5m) wide and 14-15 ft long
(4.5m)).
Provide a layout with intermediate dimensions (too small for large vehicles and too big for small vehicles).
For design, it is customary to work with stalls and aisles in combinations called "modules".
A complete module is one access aisle servicing a row of parking on each side of the aisle.
The width of an aisle is usually 12 to 26 feet (3.7 – 7.9m) depending on the angle at which the parking stalls are oriented
 ‫ھﻧﺎك ﺛﻼث طرق ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟم )ﺣواﻟﻲ ‪ 6‬أﻗدام )‪ 1.8‬م( ﻋرض و ‪ 18-17‬ﻗدم )‪ (5.5‬طوﯾﻠﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻣم ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة وﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة )ﯾﺑﻠﻎ ﻋرﺿﮭﺎ ﺣواﻟﻲ ‪ 5‬أﻗدام )‪ 1.5‬م( وطوﻟﮭﺎ ‪ 15-14‬ﻗد ًﻣﺎ )‪ 4.5‬م((‪.‬‬
‫ﺗوﻓﯾر ﻣﺧطط ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ )ﺻﻐﯾر ﺟدًا ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة وﻛﺑﯾر ﺟدًا ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺻﻣﯾم ‪ ،‬ﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﺗﺎد اﻟﻌﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻷﻛﺷﺎك واﻟﻣﻣرات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت ﺗﺳﻣﻰ "اﻟوﺣدات اﻟﻧﻣطﯾﺔ‪".‬‬
‫اﻟوﺣدة اﻟﻧﻣطﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﻣر وﺻول ﯾﺧدم ﺻﻔًﺎ ﻣن ﻣواﻗف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛل ﺟﺎﻧب ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣر‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺗرا( اﻋﺗﻣﺎدًا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟزاوﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﺗوﺟﯾﮫ أﻛﺷﺎك وﻗوف اﻟﺳﯾﺎرات‪..‬‬
‫ﯾﺗراوح ﻋرض اﻟﻣﻣر ﻋﺎدة ﻣن ‪ 12‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 26‬ﻗد ًﻣﺎ )‪ً 7.9 - 3.7‬‬