Introduction to Contemporary Mathematics

Review for Test 2

1. Using empirical probability, it is discovered that the probabilities associated to throw-

ing a paper cup are
84
P100 (side) =
100
13
P100 (top) =
100
3
P100 (bottom) =
100
(a) What are the odds against it landing on its bottom?
(b) Suppose you were playing a game with a friend where she threw the cup and if
it landed on its bottom you paid $10 but she paid 50 cents if it landed any other
way. Based on the empirical probabilities above, what is the expexted value of
this game for you? What is the expected value for her?

2. A jar contains 3 red marbles, 6 blue marbles and 1 green marble.

(a) Suppose that a single marble is drawn.

i. P (R) =
ii. P (G) =
iii. P (R or G) =
iv. P (R or G or B) =
v. What are the odds in favor of obtaining a red or green?
vi. What are the odds against obtaining a blue?
(b) Suppose that you drew one marble and were paid $1 for any red or blue marble
drawn, and you were paid $50 for any green marble drawn. What are your
expected winnings per game if you were allowed to play this game many times?
(c) If you had to pay $2 to play the above game, what would your expected winnings
be per game?
(d) Suppose you were to draw three marbles in succession with replacement.
i. P (R1 and R2 and R3) =
ii. P (B1 and R2 and G3) =
(e) Suppose you were to draw two marbles in succession without replacement.
i. P (R1 and R2) =
ii. P (B1 and R2) =
iii. What is the probability of getting a red and a green when it doesn’t matter
in what order you obtained them?

1
 3. There are two jars on a table. Jar 1 contains 1 red marble and 4 blue marbles. Jar
2 contains 1 red marble and 1 blue marble. A jar is selected and then a marble is
drawn from the jar.

(a) P (J1 and R) = i.e. What is the probability of picking Jar 1 and then a red from
that jar?
(b) P (J2 and R) =
(c) P (R) =
(d) P (R|J1) =
(e) P (J1|R) =

4. 6 C4 =
5. 63 C0 =
6. 63 C1 =
7. 63 C62 =
8. 63 C63 =
9. There are two dogs living on a certain block; a chihuahua and a bloodhound. They
are never allowed in their respective yards at the same time because they can’t stand
each other. However, whenever the chihuahua is in the yard, the bloodhound is in
the house, and vice-versa.The probability that the chihuahua is in his back yard is
0.25 while the probability that the bloodhound is in his yard is obviously 0.75. If the
chihuahua is in his yard, the probability that he annoys a neighbor is 0.95 while the
probability that the bloodhound annoys a neighbor is 0.4. A neighbor is annoyed by
a dog. What is the probability that it is the chihuahua that does the annoying?
10. A fair coin is flipped 4 times. You are paid $2 for each head in the sequence (for
example, if you flipped HHTH, you would get $6). What is the expected value for
this game?
11. You have 4 math books and 5 science books that you wish to arrange on a shelf.

(a) How many different arrangements of these books are possible?

(b) Suppose you wanted all of the science books to be first. How many different
arrangements are possible?
Note: To do this you notice there are 5! ways to arrange the 5 science books
and 4! ways to arrange the 4 math books, so the total number would be 5! × 4!.
(c) Suppose you wanted your copy of The Origin of the Species to be the last book
in the line. How many ways can you arrange the books?
(d) Suppose you wanted Mathematics Beyond the Numbers to be first and The Ori-
gen of the Species to be last. How many arrangements are possible?

12. A jar contains the following Scrabble tiles: A, B, C, R, R, S, T. You remove four
tiles one at a time and line them up in a straight line.

(a) What is the probability that you spell BATS?

(b) What is the probability that you spell STAB?
(c) What is the probability that you spell STAR?