CONJUNCTIONS (A conjunction is used to join words, phrases and clauses.

1.Coordinating Conjunctions

2.Correlative Conjunctions

3.Subordinating Conjunctions

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

Used to join words, phrases and clauses.

You may use coordinating conjunctions in the following situations:

1.To join two words: We can go hiking or swimming.

2.To join two phrases: Mike has submitted his journal writing and essay writing.

3.To join clauses: I tried to help her with her homework, but she refused my
assistance.

List of coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS

Examples:

For (to show a reason): He decided not to buy the watch, for it was expensive.

And: They bought a laptop and a printer.

Or (choices): You can have this blue handkerchief or that green handkerchief.

Nor: He refuses to attend the meeting, nor will he come for the rehearsal.

But: I will tell you the secret, but you must not tell anyone.

Yet: He was the last person to arrive, yet his name was called first.

So (to show effect): They woke up late, so they missed the bus.
Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are used to join two similar structures.

You may use these correlative conjunctions in the following situations:

1.To join two words: They will not only sing but also dance.

2.To join two phrases: We can either go jogging or watch a movie.

3.To join two clauses: Neither does he want to cook, nor does he want to do
the dishes.

The following are some common correlative conjunctions:

Examples

Either...or: Either James or Mike will attend the party.

Neither...nor: Neither the doctors nor the dentists will attend the conference.

Not only...but also: Not only Lisa but also Sammi will attend my wedding
ceremony.

both...and: Both Lisa and Sammi will attend my wedding ceremony.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are words that are used to join together a dependent
clause (subordinating clause) and an independent clause (main clause).

Example: She left work early because she had to meet a client at 5pm.

Main clause: She left work early

Subordinating clause: because she had to meet a client at 5pm

The following are some common subordinating conjunctions which are used to
indicate a time, place, or cause and effect relationship.

Although Unless When After

Because If Whereas Before
So that While As Even if
Since Even though Though Until
Basic Sentence Structure: Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences

Sentence Types

•Simple

•Compound

•Complex

Simple sentences

1 subject + 1 predicate

1 subject + compound predicate

Compound subject + 1 subject

Compound subject + compound predicate

Compound sentences

1. More than one independent clauses

2. Independent clauses are connected by coordinating conjunctions
(FANBOYS), conjunctive adverbs (accordingly, also, anyway, besides) or a
semi-colon (;).

Complex sentences

1. At least two parts: dependent clauses and independent clauses

2. Dependent clauses are connected to independent clauses by a subordinating
conjunction.
Adjectives

 Describe or modify other words

 Examples : sharp, small, blue, glamorous (sexy), mischievous (naughty),
intelligent
 There are five types of adjectives:
 Possessive Adjectives
 Demonstrative Adjectives
 Numbers Adjectives
 Interrogative Adjectives
 Attributive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives

- To indicate possession
- My, your, our, his, their, and its

Demonstrative adjectives

- To indicate or demonstrate specific people, animals, or things

- These, those, this, and that

Numbers adjectives

- How many

Interrogative adjectives

- Which, what, and whose

Attributive Adjectives

- Denote specific traits, qualities, or features

- Observation adjectives: real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful, cheapest
- Size and shape adjectives: small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow
- Age adjectives: old, young, new, five-year-old
- Color adjectives: pink, yellow, blue
 - Origin adjectives: American, Canadian, Mexican, French
- Material adjectives: cotton, gold, wool
- Qualifier adjectives: log cabin, luxury car, pillow cover

Comparative adjectives

- Adding -er to the positive form of the adjective

- Words of two syllables ending with “y” change to “I”
- Adding “more” before the word

Superlatives adjectives

- Adding -est to the positive form of the adjective

- Words of two syllables ending with “y” change to “I”
- Adding “most” before the adjective

Positive form

- No differences between the two compared things or persons

- Use “as” before and after the positive form of the adjective
- For example: as smart as

Exceptions (irregular forms)

Positive Comparative Superlative

Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Much/many/some More most
Adverb

- Change, modify or qualify several types of words

- how, where, when, in what manner and to what extent something is done
or happens
- often formed by adding the letters “-ly” to adjectives
- Types of Adverbs:
 Adverbs of Manner
 Adverbs of Place
 Adverbs of Frequency
 Adverbs of Time
 Adverb of Purpose

Adverbs of Manner

- how an action is carried out

- exp: She passed the exam easily.

Adverbs of Place

- where an action happens

- exp: New York is located north of Philadelphia.

Adverbs of Frequency

- express time or how often something occurs

- exp: Johnathan has always been keen on music.

Adverbs of Time

- when something happens

- exp: Harvey forgot his lunch yesterday.

Adverbs of Purpose

- why something happened

- exp: I was sick, thus didn’t go to work today.
Order of Adverbs

Adverbs are placed in the following order:

▪ Adverbs of manner.

▪ Adverbs of place.

▪ Adverbs of frequency.

▪ Adverbs of time.

▪ Adverbs of purpose.

EXP: I run (verb) quickly (manner) down the road (place) every morning
(frequency) before school (time) because (purpose) I might miss the bus.