Level Two, Grammar Points 1

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Adjective
Adjective is a word which modifies noun or pronoun or adjective is an
element (a word) that is used to modify (limit the sense of) the
corresponding noun and pronoun.
e.g. God is the only creator of this beautiful universe.
Adjective noun
Kinds of adjectives:
1. Adjective of Quality good, bad, black, white…
2. Possessive Adjective my, our, your, their, her, his, its.
3. Demonstrative Adjective this, that, these and those.
4. Interrogative Adjective What, who and which.
5. Distributive Adjective each, either, neither etc.
6. Adjective of Quantity some, any, no, many, much etc.
1) Adjective of Quality:
It shows the quality of person, place, thing and animal or the words such
as: good, bad, nice, black and etc are considered as qualitative adjective
and they are used to indicate the existing quality in a noun and pronoun.
e.g. The nature is beautiful. /They are intelligent students.
2) Possessive Adjectives:
It's used to show position or ownership, or the adjectives such as: my,
our, your, their, his and her are considered as possessive adjective and
they are used to indicate something possession regarded to another thing.
e.g. His car is Japanese. / My books are useful.
3) Demonstrative Adjectives:
It's used to point out somebody and something. Demonstrative adjectives
are those such as: this, that, these and those are used to point out an
object to which refers and they are the only adjectives that agree with
their nouns and number.
Note: After demonstrative adjective we use noun.
e.g. This pen mine but that one is yours. /These students are more
intelligent than those students.
4) Interrogative Adjectives:
its used ask question or they are some limited words considered as
interrogative adjectives, such as: What, who and which, they are used to
form interrogative sentences and they are often placed at the beginning of
the sentences.
Note: After interrogative adjectives we use noun.
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Which for selection, what for color, thing, time and who's for
possession.
Structure: which, what, who+ noun+ auxiliary+ subject+ verb+?
e.g. What time do you usually get up? /What color does she like? /who's
pen is this?
5) Distributive Adjectives:
Is shows (refers) a person/ people or distributive adjectives are the words
such as: each, either, neither, every, and they are used to determine their
noun individually and they function as determines.
Each & every: Both of them individually represent a particular number
and amount of things and person, but the difference between these two
words.
Every: implies less emphasize on object.
Each: It implies more emphasize on object.
Neither: From two no one. Neither Ahmad nor Mahmood can get first
position.
Either: From two one. There is a pile of dirty clothes, either of you will
wash.
Position of Adjective;
1) Predicative adjective direct
2) Attributive adjective indirect
1- Predicative adjective is used after (look, be, become, seen) with out
noun. / She looks beautiful.
2- Attributive adjective is used before noun. /She looks beautiful girl.
6) Adjective of Quantity:
Is shows the number or a mount of something or the word such as: some,
any, no, many, much, little, a little, few, a few and etc, and they are
considered as quantitative adjective and also they are used to limit the
amount and number of the nouns and pronouns.
Number A lot of
A few1-3
Fewnegative Amount
Some5-15 A little1-3
Many15-25 Little  It show negative
Lots of Some5-15
Plenty of 25-35-40 Much15-25

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A lot of Plenty of
Lots of 25-35-40
e.g. She has few friends. / There is much water in the river.
Want:
a) Subject+ want+ to+ verb+ object/ complement. e.g. She wants to play
game.
b) Subject+ want+ object/noun+ to+ verb+ object/complement. e.g. I
want him/Ali to play game

Adverb
Adverb is an element that adds extra information about time, place,
manner, degree, circumstance and etc to a verb, an adjective or
another adverb.
e.g The examination has passed happily.
Kinds of Adverbs:
1) Adverbs of Manner Suspiciously, happily, well and etc.
2) Adverbs of Place By, down, near, next, here, up and etc.
3) Adverbs of time Now, than, soon, still, yet and etc.
4) Adverbs of Frequency Always, often, twice, never, and
etc.
5) Adverbs of Sentences Luckily, surly, definitely and etc.
6) Adverbs of Degree Fairly, hardly, rather, very, and etc.
7) Interrogative Adverbs When?, Where?, why?
8) Relative Adverbs When, where, why.

1) Adverb of Manner:
Adverbs which indicate that how or in what manner (way) an action has
been, done, are called adverbs of manner.
e.g. He gave her the money completely. / They secretly decided to leave
the town.
Roles:
1. We put "ly" at the end of adjective of adverb.
e.g. Slowslowly, carelesscarelessly…
2. When adjectives end with "l" add "ly" at the end.
e.g. Beautiful beautifully, carefulcarefully…

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3. When adjectives end with "ly" chang "y" to "i" and add "ly" at the
end.
e.g. Happy happily, easy easily…
4. When adjectives end with (ple, ble) omit () 'e' and add "y" at the
end.
e.g. capable capably, simple simply…
5. We can't put "ly" at the end of (fast, hard and well)
e.g. fast fast fastly, hard hard hardly, well well
wellly…
Position of Adverb of Manner:
1. We use adverb of manner after verb, when there is no object.
e.g. He plays game slowly. /She studies hard.
2. When the sentence has (verb+ preposition+ object) we can use adverb
of manner before preposition after object.
e.g. I spook with him. I spook beautifully with him.
3. We use adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentences.
Note: When we use adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentences
we put comma (,) after it.
e.g. Dangerously, she comes here. /Happily, he goes to school.
Note2: Be careful not mix adjectives and the most common adjectives
are: kindly, lovely, friendly, silly and etc…which end in (ly) with
adverbs.
2) Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place are those adverbs which are used indicate place of
action.
e.g. They study level two in this class. /I bought my bicycle from Iran.
3) Adverbs of Time
The adverbs which are used to show the time of an action are called
adverb of time.
Position: We can use at the beginning of the sentences and at the end of
the sentences.
Note: When we use at the beginning of the sentence put comma (,) after
it.
e.g. She has not understood yet. /Yesterday, I went to bazaar.
4) Adverbs of Frequency
Adverb of frequency shows that how many an action happened/ occurs.

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e.g. I have told her twice about the situation.

Position of adverb of frequency:
1. Adverb of frequency is used after to be verb.
e.g. She is always late. / She is usually abnormal.
2. Adverb of frequency is used after subject before main verb.
e.g. She always speaks Pashto. / He sometimes goes to cinema.
3. If the sentence has auxiliary we can use adverb of frequency, after
auxiliary before main verb.
e.g. They can always sport hard. / He always tires to do his best.
Some common adverbs of frequency and their
Adverb Occurrence
% percentage of occurrence;
Always 100% Adverbs of frequency are normally placed:
Usually 75-90%  After the simple tenses of to be.  He is
Often 60-80% always on time in the class.
Sometime 30-75%  After the simple tenses of all other verbs. 
s
They sometimes stay up all right.
Rarely 10-305
never 0%  With compound nouns, they are placed after
first auxiliary, or with auxiliary verb, after first
auxiliary+ subject.  You can never understand.
5) Adverbs of Sentence:
Adverbs of sentences are used to modify the whole sentences and clause,
and normally express the speaker's opinion. The words such as: Certainly,
surly, honestly, undoubtedly, definitely, exactly, actually, presumably are
called adverbs of sentence.
e.g. They have presumably sold the house. / Honestly, he didn’t get the
money.
Position:
1) Adverb of sentence is used after to be verb.
e.g. He is surly teacher. / She is exactly beautiful.
2) Adverb of sentence is used after subject before main verb.
e.g. He exactly teaches level six. / She undoubtedly goes to America.
3) Adverb of sentence is used after auxiliary before main verb.
e.g. They can certainly go to city. /She can surly speak English.
4) Adverb of sentence is used at the beginning of sentence.
e.g. I always try to learn knowledge exactly.
5) Adverb of sentence is used at the beginning of the sentence.

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Note: When we use adverb of sentence at the beginning of the sentence, we

should put comma (,) after it.
e.g. Honestly, he teaches level two well. / Exactly, I am going to buy
something.
6) Adverbs of Degree:
Adverbs of degree or quantity are used to show how much, in what
degree or to what extent an action occurred. /or modify adjective and
adverb. These words of adverb of degree are as follows: very, too, so,
enough, almost, hardly and just.
Position:
1. We use adverb of degree before adjective or adverb.
e.g. She goes to school very beautifully. /The sea is so stormy.
7) Interrogative Adverbs:
When adverbs are used in asking question they are called interrogative
adverbs. (when, where, why)
When  time, where  place and why  reason.
Structure: when, where, why+ auxiliary+ subject+ verb+
object/complement+?
e.g. When does she go to school?/Where are you going now?
8) Relative Adverbs:
Relative adverb is a word which joins two sentences or two clauses.
When time
Where place
Why reason
e.g. This is the time. I eat lunch.  This is the time when I eat lunch.
e.g. My home is far. I am late in the class. My home is far why I'm late in
the class.
e.g. Star is a center. I study English. Star is a center where is study English.

Tag Question:
Tag question is a short question asking for agreement and
confirmation.
Roles:
1)Positive sentence takes negative tag.
e.g. You are coming late, aren’t you?
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2)Negative sentence takes positive tag.

e.g. You are not intelligent, are you?
3)Put comma (,) before tag question.
e.g. You will pass this level lazily, wont you?
4)Put question (?) mark at the end of tag question.
e.g. She can run fast, can't she?
5)If the sentence doesn’t have auxiliary we use do and does in
simple present tense.
e.g. He goes to school every day, doesn’t she?
6)We use did in simple past tense.
e.g. He wrote a litter yesterday, didn’t he?
7)If the sentences has auxiliary just repeat the auxiliary for tag
question.
e.g. She can not cook lunch very well, can she?
8)For imperative sentence, negative and positive we use the tag
"well you".
e.g. Speak Pashto, well you?
9)When the sentence stars with "let's and let us" we use the tag
'shall we".
e.g. let's go to city, shall we?
10) The subject of pronoun should be pronoun.
e.g. Mr. Ali is intelligent, isn’t he?
11) We use the short form of auxiliary for tag
question.
e.g. Your are late, aren’t you?
12) We use the tag question 'it' for "this&that".
e.g. That is your book, isn’t it?
13) We use the tag pronoun "they" for "these and
those".
e.g. These are books, aren’t they?

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14) When the positive sentence has these words

such as: somebody, someone, something, everybody,
everything we use the tag "they".
e.g. somebody is out, aren’t they?
15) When the positive sentence has these words
such as: never, hard, hardly ever, nothing, nobody and no
one, they following positive tag.
e.g. I never play game, do I ?
16) If the speaker speaks about him/herself he/she
should use "aren’t I" instead of "amnt I ".
e.g. I am late, aren’t I? / I am lazy, aren’t I ?

Too/ enough:
a) Too+ adjective/adverb+ full infinitive.
e.g. She is too lazy to pass this level.
b)Adjective+ enough+ full infinitive.
e.g. He is rich enough to buy a car.
c) Enough+ noun+ full infinitives.
e.g. They have enough books to read.
Be able to: it shows ability.
1. Simple present tense.  You are able to speak English.
2. Simple past tense.  I was able to speak English.
3. Simple future tense.  I will be able to speak English.

Pronoun:
Pronoun is a word which is used to instead of a noun to avoid its
repetition.
e.g. Ali is searching for the keys because of he has lost his keys.
Kinds of pronoun:
1) Personal Pronoun I, we, you, they, he, she, it.
2) Relative Pronoun that, which, who, where.
3) Interrogative Pronoun who, whose, whom, what
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4) Distributive Pronoun each, either, neither.

5) Demonstrative Pronoun this, that, these, those.
6) Reflexive Pronoun myself, yourselves, their selves…
7) Indefinite Pronouns someone, anyone, something…
8) Possessive Pronoun mine, ours, yours, theirs, him, hers, its.

1) Personal Pronouns:
The pronouns which are used to denote person or persons are called
personal pronouns and personal pronouns talk about person or persons.
Personal
Subjective e.g. He studies level two.
Objective
Pronoun Her father is a teacher Pronoun
I, we, you, they, he, Me, you, us, them,
Personal pronoun can be used in:
 Subjective or nominative case: I, we, you, they, he, she, it.
 Objective case: me, you, us, them, her, his, it.
 Possessive case: mine, ours, yours, theirs, his, hers, its.
2) Relative Pronouns:
Relative pronouns are used to join two clauses, two sentences or
introduce them.
Which thing this is the book which I bought yesterday.
Whoperson  He is the boy who teaches level two.
Whomperson as object a person for whom I was waiting is a teacher
That  both (person and thing)  I was a person that was dancing in
the street.
3) Interrogative Pronoun:
The words such as: who, whom and which are used to ask questions and
they are called Interrogative pronouns.
e.g. Who knows the formula of present perfect?
4) Distributive Pronouns:
Distributive pronouns are used to refer a person or persons.
Each every
Either from two, one singular
Neither from two, two
Both from two, two
All of them from two, twoplural
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e.g. Each of the boys will get admission

Note: distributive pronouns are used to refer persons or things one at a time.
There for, they are always singular and are followed by singular verbs.
5) Demonstrative Pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns are those pronouns which are used to point out
at persons or objects which they refer. (this, these, that, those) pray don’t
inconvenience your selves
Note: After demonstrative pronouns we use to be verb.
e.g. This is my computer and that is your laptop.
6) Possessive Pronouns:
Possessive pronouns are used to show possession or ownership.
Note: possessive pronouns are used instead of noun. (Mine, ours, yours,
theirs, his, hers its)
e.g. That compute is mine.
7) Indefinite Pronouns:
Indefinite pronouns are used to show that the subject of the sentence is
not clear.
Person Thing Place
Some one Something Somewhere
Every one Everything Everywhere
Somebody Nothing Anywhere
Every body Anything No where
Nobody Not any thing Not any where
Not any one
Not any body
e.g Someone is knocking the door.
8) Reflexive Pronouns:
Reflexive pronouns are used to return the action back to the subject.
These are the words: myself, your elves, ourselves, their selves, herself,
himself, themselves.
a) Reflexive pronoun
b) Emphasis pronoun
Note:
1) Reflexive pronoun is used after verb when there is no object.
e.g. I speak myself. /She reads herself.
2) Reflexive pronoun is used after object.

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e.g They speak English themselves.

3) "By" is used before reflexive pronoun and it shows "alone".
e.g. He does his homework by himself.
4) Emphasis pronoun is used after object before main verb.
e.g. We ourselves come her.
Addition to remark:
Addition to remark is used to add our comment to somebody else's
statement.
Note:
1) In simple present tense we use "do&does" for addition.
2) In simple past tense we use "did" for addition.
3) If the sentence has auxiliary just repeat the auxiliary for addition.
4) Positive addition to positive remark.
Structure: So+ auxiliary+ subject / subject+ auxiliary+ too/ also.
e.g. She speaks Pashto. So does he/ he does also.
5) Positive addition to negative remark.
Structure: But+ subject+ positive auxiliary.
e.g. I can't swim.  But I can.
6) Negative addition to positive remark.
Structure: but+ subject+ negative remark.
e.g. I'm playing game.  But she is't.
7) Negative addition to negative remark.
Structure:
a) Neither/nor+ auxiliary+ subject.
b) Subject+ negative auxiliary+ either.
e.g I can't play tines .  Neither she can/she can't either.
Indirect to direct:
Structure one: 3) I told him/her not to come
1) Ask her/him to call me. tomorrow. (indirect)
2) Could you call him/her? Structure two:
3) I asked her/him to call you. 1) Tell him to use the phone.
Structure three: 2) Please use the phone.
1) Tell him not to come 3) I told him to use the phone.
tomorrow. (indirect)
2) Please don’t come tomorrow.
(direct)

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Adjective+ preposition:
Good+ at Tired+ of/from Jealous+ of
Bad+ at Pleased+ with Responsible+
Worried+ Rude+ to for
about Guilty+ of Interested+ in
After all these prepositions we use either noun or gerund.
e.g. I'm good at English. E.g. I'm good at speaking English.

Used to: It shows past habit.

e.g. I used to play game.
1) I used play football. (use+ verb= auxiliary)
2) I used to play football. (Use+ to+ verb=main verb.

Noun:
Noun is the name of person, thing, place and animal.

Person Thing Place Animal

Ali Chair Afghanistan Cat
Dawood Marker Kabul Dog
Ahmad Door Bamyan Donkey
Nouns can be used as:
1) As subject.
e.g. Ali plays game.
2) As complement. (seem, look, be)
e.g. He looks Zahra.
3) As object.
e.g. I teach Ali Abbass Kazemi.
4) As object of preposition.
e.g. I speak with Ali Ahmad.
Kinds of noun:
1) Proper noun.
2) Common noun.
3) Obstruct noun.
4) Collective noun.
5) Compound noun.

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1)Proper Nouns:
Proper noun is the name of particular persons and things.
Note: proper noun should be capitalized.
e.g. Ali, Yasmin, Afghanistan, Kabul, Japan…
2)Common Nouns:
Common noun is the name of person, place, thing and animal.
Person Thing Place Animal
Teacher Marker Country Hen
Students Pen City Cat
Worker Door Town Dog

3)Abstract Nouns:
Abstract nouns are those which have meaning, we can't touch but we can
feel.
e.g. freedom, peace, education, security, and…

4)Collective Nouns:
Collective noun is the name of any group, team or more than two nouns is
called collective noun.
e.g. family, team, people, police, army, parents, society, students, team,
troop and …

5)Compound Nouns:
Compound noun is the informal to separate nouns, which
gives separate meaning.
a) Noun+ noun
b)Nouns+ gerund
c) Gerund+ noun
e.g.
Police-station Fruit- picking Writing-
Bus- stop Taxi- driving homework
Ice- cream Hard- working Cleaning- room
House- wife Playing- game Speaking- English
Lorry- driving
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Gender of Noun:
a) Mescaline= refer to male (pronoun he/they)
b)Feminine= refer to female (pronoun she/they)
c) Neater= refer to something/s neither male nor female which
is without (pronoun it/they)
Mescaline Feminine Neater
Boy Girl Marker
Father Sister Door
Brother Mother Chair
Son Daughter Pen
Father-in-law Mother-in-law Computer
Cock Hen Bag

The
End
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