English 1

(Structure)
STMIK PalComTech

MULAI MATERI
 Introduction

Pengenalan Materi
• Mengenalkan Bahasa Inggris untuk menjadi bahasa kedua dalam kegiatan
sehari-hari.
• Mengenalkan Bahasa Inggris untuk membantu meningkatkan kemampuan
mengerjakan TOEFL.
PERTEMUAN1
INTRODUCTION AND SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE NOMINAL
 Highlight

• Introduction
• Simple Present Tense
• Nominal Sentence
 Introduction
Introduction
It is the act of introducing or the state of being introduced
Some questions and answers for an Introduction
-What’s your name?
My Name is ...........
-Where do You live?
I live at..................
-Wher do you come from originally?
I originally come from............
 Some question and answer for an Introduction

-How old are you?

I am ...................
-What’s your hobby?
My hobby is...........
-Nice to meet you
Nice to meet you, too
 Simple Present Tense

It is used
1. to express habits, general truth, repeated action
2. To give an instruction or direction
 Simple Present Tense

Examples
- He drinks tea at breakfast
- They Catch the bus every morning
- Water freezes at zero degrees
- Open the package and pour it into the water
- Indonesia is rich and beautiful
 Nominal Sentence
Formula OF NOMINAL SENTENCE

• I am
• You
• They are
• We
• She
• He is
• It
 Nominal Sentence

• Example
1. He is good at English (+)
2. He is not good at English (-)
3. Is he good at English ? (?)
PERTEMUAN 2
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE VERBAL
 Highlight

• Verbal Sentences
• asessment
 Verbal Sentence
Formula of Verbal Sentence

Subjects Helping Verbs

I
YOU Do/Don’t
THEY
WE
SHE
HE Does/Doesn’t
IT
 Verbal Sentence
Examples
They speak English (+)
They don’t speak English (-)
Do they speak English? (?)
She teaches English everyday
She doesn’t teach English everyday
Does she teach English everyday?
 Asessment

Write your daily activity in 100 words

PERTEMUAN 3
PART OF SPEECH 1
 Highlight

• Kinds of part of speech

• Noun
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Asessment
 Part of Speech

• Part of Speech is any of the classes of words of given

language to which a word can be assigned
• 8 kinds of part of speech ( verb, noun,
adjective,adverb,pronoun, preposition, conjunction and
inerjection)
 Nouns
1. Noun is a word that identifies a person, animal, place, or thing
Example
My mother is beautiful
The dog barked
I went to Lampung
Close the door, please
 Classes of Nouns
Proper nouns and Common Nouns
1. Proper nouns
It will name a specific item and begin with capital letter no matter where
it occurs in the sentence
2. Common nouns
Words used to to name general item rather than specific ones
 Classes of Nouns
Examples
1. Common Nouns
I want to be a writer
I would like to adopt a cat
Let’s go to the city
2. Proper Nouns
Agatha Christie wrote many books
Cleopatra is the cutest kitten ever
Let’s go to San Francisco
 Classes of Nouns

Abstract Noun is type of noun which a person can not physically interact
(peace, pride,loyality, anger, honesty, charity, etc)

Collective noun is a name for a collective or a number of people or things

(class, jury, team, family, group, choir, crew, gang,etc)
 Classes of Nouns
Examples
3. Abstract Nouns
-Send them my love
-He could not keep his anger
4. Collective Nouns
-The jury return unanimous verdict
-A board of directors is having a leadership training
 Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify another noun
-tall professor
-thick book
Kind of Adjectives
1. Adjective of quality - Sheila is a beautiful woman
2. Adjective of quantity - She drinks much water
3. Adjective of number - Many people came to the meeting
4. Demonstrative adjective - That bag is expensive
5. Interrogative adjective - Whose pen is this?
 Verbs
Verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being
Example
- I eat cheese
- I am a teacher
Some kinds of verb
-Transitive verb (arrest, enjoy, avoid, like, give, touch, etc)
It needs object and usually followed by noun
I need a chair
-Intransitive verb ( appear,come, fall, sleep,swim, etc)
It doesn’t need an object but it needs adverbial modifier
She cries loudly
 Asessment
EXERCISE
Name the underlined words by using correct part of speech completely
1. The town is beautiful
2. She sleeps well every night
3. We got many friends
4. The team won the competition
5. I met that man in Jakarta
6. Whose book is it?
7. Palembang is a big city
8. She enjoyed the party last night
9. They celebrated the freedom
PERTEMUAN 4
PART OF SPEECH 2
 Highlight

• Pronouns
• Prepositions
• Adverbs
• Conjunctions
 Pronouns
Pronoun is a word that takes the place of noun
Types OF Pronouns
Subjective Pronouns Objective Pronouns Possessive Pronouns
I Me Mine
You You Yours
They Them Theirs
We Us Ours
She Her Hers
He Him His
It It Its
 Kinds of Pronouns
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Myself
Yourself/selves
Themselves
Ourselves
herself
himself
itself
 Kinds of Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
This tastes good Near far
Singular
Have You seen that? This That
Do youPlural
like these? These Those
Examples
This tastes good
Have you seen that?
Do you like these?
These are bigger than those
 Kinds of Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
It is a pronoun that introduces a ralative clause/an adjective clause, they are
“who,whom,whose,which,that”
Example
-This is the book which everyone is talking about
-People who are clever can always find a way
-I have a friend whose cat is annoying
-The house that Jack built is beautiful
-This is George, whom you met at our house last year
 Prepositions
Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or
a pronoun and some other word or element in the rest of the sentence.

• The types of preposition are as follows:

• 1. Preposition for Time

2. Preposition for Place
3. Preposition for Direction
 Kinds of Preposition

Preposition of time
in 1. 1. Month or year ( in March, in 1830)
2. Particular time of day, month or year (in morning, in first
week)
3. Season (in winter, in summer
on 1. Day (on Monday)
2. Date (on 5th March)

at 1. Time of clock (at 5 O’clock)

2. Precise time (at noon, at lunch time)
 Adverbs
An adverb is a word that describes - or modifies, - a verb, an adjective or
another adverb.
Kinds of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of manner
2. Adverb of place
3. Adverb of time
4. Adverb of frequency
 Kinds of adverbs
• Adverbs of Manner
• These adverbs tell us that in which manner the action occurs or how the
action occurs or occurred or will occur.
• Examples.
• She speaks loudly.
He was driving slowly.
You replied correctly.
He runs fast.
They solved the problem easily.
Listen to me carefully.
 Kinds of Adverbs
• Adverb of Place.
• Adverb of place tells us about the place of action or where action
occurs/occurred/will occur.
e.g. here, there, near, somewhere, outside, ahead, on the top, at some place.
• Examples.
• He will come here.
The children are playing outside.
He was standing near the wall.
They were flying kites on the top of hill.
He lives somewhere in New York.
She went upstairs.
 Kinds of Adverbs
• Adverb of frequency
• Adverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or
will occur.
e.g. daily, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently, always, ever,
generally, rarely, monthly, yearly.
• Examples.
• He goes to school daily.
She never smokes.
He is always late for class.
They always come in time.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
The employees are paid monthly.
The employees are paid every month.
 Conjunctions
1. A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrases and clauses
Coordinating Conjunction.
Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. (fanboys)
Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence,
Word + word
Phrase + phrase
Clause + clause
Independent clause + independent clause.
Examples.
Word + word: She likes tea and coffee.
Phrase + phrase: He may be in the room or on the roof.
Clauses + clause: What you eat and what you drink affect your health.
Independent clause + independent clause: The cat jumped over the mouse and the
mouse ran away.
 Kinds of Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions (called subordinators) join subordinate clause
(dependent clause) to main clause.
e.g. although, because, if, before, how, once, since, till, until, when, where,
whether, while, after, no matter how, provided that, as soon as, even if,
MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSE
1. Examples.
He does not go to school because he is ill.
I will call you after I reach my home.
I bought some cookies while I was coming from my office.
 Kinds of Conjunctions
3. Correlative Conjunction.
These are paired conjunctions which join words, phrases or clauses which
have reciprocal or complementary relationship.
The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are as follows
Either … or
Neither … nor
Whether … or
Both … and
Not only … but also
 Kind of Counjunctions
Examples.
Neither John nor Marry passed the exam.
Give me either a cup or a glass.
Both red and yellow are attractive colors.
I like neither tea nor coffee.
 Asessment
Exercise
Name the underlined words by using correct part of speech
1. She sang a song beautifully
2. He can speak not only English but also Frech
3. they looked everywhere
4. your book is old, mine is new
5. If we run this program well, we can get extra bonus from our boss.
6. I haven’t finished my project because I am very busy.
7. We got a room with very beautiful view here but it is very expensive.
8. She was the best students in this university.
9. He has never come late to office
10. They are coming from a small village
PERTEMUAN 5
SIMPLE FUTURE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
 Highlight

. Form and Formula of Simple Future Tense

.Form and Formula of Present Progressive
 Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense
It is used to predict future event
Simple Future Verbal Simple Future Nominal
-He will win -She will be in Jakarta
-He will not win -She will not be in Jakarta
-Will he win -Will she be in Jakarta?

1. S+WILL+VERB1/BE+COMPLEMENT
 Present Progressive
Present Progressive
It is used to express on going action in the present

Examples
They are studying with Maria
They are not studying with Maria
Are they studying with Maria?
S+verb tobe+verb1+ing+Complement
Kilas Balik Negasi (2)

Exercise

Write your future plan in 70 words

PERTEMUAN 6
CLAUSE
 Highlight

• Dependent and independent

Clause
• Adjective Clause
• Adverb Cluse
• Noun Clause
 Main and Subordinate Clause
• Main or Independent Clause
“Main (or independent) clause is a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand
as a sentence.
Examples
I met the boy who had helped me.
She is wearing a shirt which looks nice.

• Subordinate or dependent Clause

Subordinate (or independent) clause is a clause which does not express complete thought
and depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete thought.
Examples
He likes Chinese rice which tastes good
 Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause is a type of subordinate clause that acts as an

adjective (modify noun or pronoun) and it starts with Relative Pronouns
(who,whom,which,whose,that)
Example
-the woman, who looked happy danced accross the street
-the book that is on the floor should be returned to library
-the carpet which you bought last year has gone moldy
 Adverb Clause

Adverb clause is a group words which plays a role as an adverb

Examples
-we left after the speech ended
-when the storm started, she was at the store
-if you save some money , you can buy a new game
-Although you gave it your best, you didn’t win the match
 Noun Clause

A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun.

Examples
She didn't know that the directions were wrong.
He didn't realize that the stove was off.
They now understand that you should not cheat on a test.
 Asessment
Exercise
Rewrite the sentences by using adjective clause
-A lion is an animal, it is very strong
A lion..............................................
-A novelist is a person, he writes novels
A novelist........................................
-the man is sick, he looks very pale
The man............................................
-she gave an injection, it made him go to sleep
She..........................................................
-the competition was very exciting, a Canadian won it
A Canadian...................................
PERTEMUAN 7
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
 Highlight

• Active Voice of some tenses

• Passive Voice of some Tenses
 Active Voice
Active Voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the
action stated by the verbormula
Formula= S+ verb+object+complement
Examples
-Harry eats rice everyday
-She sweeps the floor twice a day
-They read novels at school every break
-You do your homework every evening
-She will call us on the weekend
 Uses of passive

The uses of passive

-To mention the doer of the activity
The rubbish hasn’t been collected by the students
-the doer of the acticity is unknown exactly
The minister wae murdered
 Formula of Passive
Forming the Passive
Form of the passive; be + Past Participle
Active :Mary helped the boy
Passive : The boy was helped by Mary
In Passive, The object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive
verb
 Formula of Passive
The passive Form of Modals
The passive form: modal + be + Past Participle
-will be invited
-can be opened
-should be taught
-may be excused
-had better be returned
-ought to be sent
-has to be told
 Asessment
Exercises
Change the following sentences into passive voice!
-Harry ate shrimp at dinner
-Sue changes the flat tire
-We keep the butter here
-They broke the window
-People have seen wolves in the street
-They were carrying the injured player
PERTEMUAN 8
UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER
PERTEMUAN 9
COMPARISON DEGREE
 Highlight

• Positive Degree
• Comparative Degree
• Superlative Degree
 Comparison
• Definition of Comparison Degree
• Comparison degree is adjectives are used to clarify the difference
between 2 objects/nouns. In English grammar the comparison degree of
an adjective or adverb describes the relational value of one thing with
something in another a sentence. An adjective or adverb may simply
describe a quality
 Degree of Comparison
There are three comparison degree in English :
1. Positive degree
Example : Nino is as tall as Rai.
2. Comparative degree
Example : Rose is more beautiful than Jasmine.
3. Superlative degree
Example : Bear is the biggest animal.
 Contoh Comparison

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Some boys are as tall as Jill John is taller than other John is the tallest boy in
boys the class
 Positive Degree
Positive Degree
The Positive Degree is used to denote the mere existence of quality.
The Positive Degree of an adjective in comparison is the adjective in its
simple form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what
we speak about. It is used when no comparison is made.
 Positive Degree

Positive degree - this form is used when you compare two persons with the
same quality.
Using the formula: S+ Verb+as+Adjective+as+ Complement
Examples
1. Luis is as tall as Roy
2. The blue car is as exspensive as the black
 Comparative Degree
• Comparative adjectives
• Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two
objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in
sentences where two nouns are compared, in this pattern:
Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).
The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the
context (final example below)
 Comparative Degree
• One-syllable adjectives.
• Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by
adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.

One-syllable adjective Comparative degree Superlative Degree

tall taller tallest
old older oldest
long longer longest
 Comparative Degree
• Two-or more syllables adjectives.
With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more
and the superlative with most.

Two/more syllable Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

adjectives
careful More careful Most careful
peaceful More peaceful Most peaceful
careless More careless Most careless
 Comparative Degree
• Examples
• My house is larger than hers.
• This box is smaller than the one I lost.
• Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog.
• The rock flew higher than the roof.
 Comparative Degree
A superlative is the highest attainable level or degree of something. And
Superlative degree id used to compare three or more things with unequal
quality
Formula: S+verb+superlative adjective+of/among+Complement
Examples
1. My brother is the shortest in my family
2. He is the most dilligent student in my class
 Asessment
Exercise
• Complete the following sentences using the correct degree of the adjective given in
the brackets.
• 1. My brother’s handwriting is …………………….. (bad) mine.
• 2. Health is …………………….. wealth. (important)
• 3. Blood is …………………… water. (thick)
• 4. Everest is …………………….. peak in the world. (high)
• 5. This is ……………………. play I have ever heard on the radio. (interesting)
• 6. Susie is …………………………. of all the four sisters. (beautiful)
• 7. The planet Mars is ……………………. from the earth than the satellite Moon. (far)
• 8. The elephant is ………………….. animal in the world. (large)
• 9. An ocean is certainly ……………………… a sea. (big)
• 10. I am …………………… in cricket than in football. (interested)
PERTEMUAN 10
GERUND
 Highlight

• Gerund as Subject
• Gerund as complement
• Gerund as Object
• Gerund as object of preposition
 Gerund and Present Participle

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of
the verb "read" is "reading.“
The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle, but it is useful to
understand the difference between the two
Gerunds function as nouns while present participle acts as modifier
 Gerund’s Function
The function of Gerund :
a. As the subject
Example : 1. Cooking is a good hobby
2. Swimming makes us healthy
3. Driving a car isn’t easy
4. Playing tennis is fun
 Gerund as object
b. As the Object
1) Object the verb:
Example :
1. I don’t like smoking
2. We enjoy playing tennis
3. They don’t mind coming to the party
 Gerund as object of preposition
c. The object of the preposition
Example :
1. We talked about going to Canada for our vacation
2. I’m interested in learning more about your work
3. Ali goes on speaking in the class
4. I’m used to sleeping with the window open
Negative form of a gerund : not precedes a gerund
Example : We talked about not going to the meeting, but finally decided
we should go
 Gerund as Complement
d. As the complement :
Example :
1. My hobby is drawing
2. What he wants is playing tennis .
3. My hobby is swimming
Gerund as complement always was despised after to be (am, Is, are, was,
were)
PERTEMUAN 11
INFINITIVE
 Highlight

• Infinitive as subject
• Infinitive as object
• Infinitive as complemet
• Infinitive as adjective
• Infinitive as adverb
 Infinitives
The infinitive is the base form of a verb or the basic form of a verb.
The functions of infinitive
1. Infinitive as Subject
2. Infinitive as Object
3. Infinitive as Complement
4. Infinitive as Adjective
5. Infinitive as Adverb
 Uses of Infinitives
1. Subject
An infinitive can constitute the subject of a sentence. For example, in “To
go, even after all that trouble, didn’t seem worthwhile anymore,” “to go”
is the action that drives the sentence.
Examples
- To travel in this season is a bad idea
- To suvive in this city is my hope
 Uses of Infinitives
2. Direct Object
In the sentence “We all want to see,” “to see” is the direct object, the noun
(or noun substitute) that receives the action of the verb. “To see” refers to a
thing being done — or, in this case, desired to be done: the act of seeing.
Examples
-He wants to come tomorrow
-The children learn to write letters
-They came to visit their friend
 Uses of Infinitives
3. Subject Complement
In “My goal is to write,” “to write” is the subject complement. A subject
complement looks just like a direct object, but the difference is in the type of
verb preceding it. The verb in the previous example, want, is a transitive verb.
(Transitive verbs have two defining characteristics: They precede a direct
object, and they express an action.)
Examples
-His dream is to win the tender
-The decision was to extend the deadline by three months.
 Uses of Infinitives
4. Adjective
In “She didn’t have permission to go,” “to go” modifies permission — it
describes what type of permission is being discussed — so the phrase serves
as an adjective.
Examples
-It is the wrong way to ask a question
-The best time to talk to him is at night
 Uses of Infinitives

5. Adverb
In “He took the psychology class to try to understand human behavior,” “to
understand (human behavior)” explains why the taking of the class occurred,
so it’s an adverb modifying the verb took.
Examples
-To watch the movie, you must buy a ticket.
-Jack Jones returned to recuperate from the heart attack.
 Asessment

Form sentences into Gerund and Infinitive as subject, object and subject
complement
PERTEMUAN 12
CONDITIONAL IF
 Highlight

• Zero
• Type 1
• Type 2
• Type 3
• Mix type
 Conditional If
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what
might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most
sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional
forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the
past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past”
 Zero Conditional
• 1. The zero conditional
• The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or
always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often
used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is
the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually
be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
If clause + Main clause
If + simple present + simple present
 Zero Conditional
Examples
• If this thing happens that thing happens.
• If you heat ice it melts.
• If it rains the grass gets wet.
• If you dry fruits or vegetables, they lose their nutrient and calorie.
 Conditional Type 1
• Type 1 conditional
• The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the
situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and
its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple
present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
• If clause + Main clause
• If + simple present + simple future
 Conditional Type 1
Examples
• If this thing happens that thing will happen.
• If you don't hurry you will miss the train.
• If it rains today you will get wet.
• If the bell rings, I’ll go home.
 Conditional Type 2
• Type 2 conditional
• The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time,
and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The
type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its
probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the
simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
• If clause + Main clause
• If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional
 Conditional Type 2
Examples
• If you went to bed earlier you would not be so tired.
• If it rained you would get wet.
• If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.
• If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
 Conditional Type 3
• Type 3 conditional
• The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a
situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the
opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an
unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional
sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses
the perfect conditional.
• If clause + Main clause
• If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
 Conditional Type 3
Examples
• If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.
• If it had rained you would have gotten wet.
• If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan.
• If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
 Mixed Type of Conditional
• Mixed type conditional
• The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past,
and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based
on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is
used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the
present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past
perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
• If clause + Main clause
• If + past perfect or simple past present conditional or perfect conditional
 Mixed Type of Conditional
Examples
• If I had worked harder at school I would have a better job now.
• If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
• If you weren't afraid of spiders you would have picked it up and put it
outside.
• If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
 Asessment
Exercise
1. If it (rain), I'll wear a raincoat.
2. If we (take) enough water, we wouldn't have been thirsty.
3. If the children (be) older, they would go to the party.
4. Harry (fly) to Helsinki if he had more money.
5. If I (be) you I would keep the secret.
6. Ron would understand more if the teacher (speak) clearly.
7. If Doris (get up) earlier, she wouldn't have been late for school.
8. If it (be) so late, I would go shopping.
9. Henry would have phoned his mother if he (not text) her.
10. I would buy a Ferrari if I had a lot of money.
PERTEMUAN 13
PRESENT PARTICIPLE AND PAST PARTICIPLE
 Highlight

• Participles
• Present Participle
• Past Participle
 Participle

A participle is a word formed from a verb which can be used as an adjective.

The three types of participles are the present participle (ending ing), the past
participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n). And Perfect Participle (the
word Having + Past Participle)
The Verb The Past Participle The Present Participle
To rise the risen sun the rising sun
To boil the boiled water the boiling water
To break the broken news the breaking news
 Present Participle

• Present participle
• The present participle is often used when we want to express an active
action. In English we add -ing to the infinitive of the verb.
• This non-finite verb can be recognized from its -ing ending (e.g. eating,
playing, singing, studying, sleeping). However, this fact alone is not enough
to recognize it for sure, because the gerund also has the same ending.
• A present participle does the work of an adjective, but a gerund does the
work of a noun.
 Present Participle

• I enjoy singing.
('singing' is the object of the verb 'enjoy' - being an object of a verb is the
mark of a noun - therefore, 'singing' is a gerund.)
•
She is a singing girl.
('singing' describes the noun 'girl' - describing a noun is the function of an
adjective - therefore 'singing' is a participle.)
 Present Participle

• Present Participle as Adjective

in front of a noun
Poirot solved the puzzling mystery. (modifies “mystery”)
The smell of burning leaves stirs memories of my childhood. (modifies
“leaves”)
 Present Participle

• after a verb of perception

They heard someone screaming. (modifies “someone”)
The woman watched the cat creeping toward the bird. (modifies “cat”)
I saw my friend running down the street
• with the verbs spend and waste
Don’t waste your time trying to convince him he’s mistaken. (modifies
understood subject “You.”)
The inefficient blogger spent her entire afternoon researching and writing
one post. (modify the subject “blogger”)
 Past Participle

A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called

the 'ed' form as it is formed by adding d or ed, to the base form of regular
verbs, however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs.
Past Participle is considered to be the third form of verb. the past participle
usually has a passive meaning.
Examples
The survey revealed some worrying results. (present participle)
The wind was blowing through the broken living room window. (past
participle)Examples
 Past participle

• Past Participles as adjectives

Past Participles can also be used like an adjective in front of a noun:
Examples
The stolen baby was found by the police unharmed.
Dean's broken arm was set in plaster by the doctor at the hospital.
Please bring all of the required documents for your interview tomorrow.
 Past Participle

• When used as an adjective, the past participle has a passive meaning.

A burnt child = a child who is burnt.
A painted doll = a doll which is painted.
 Asessment
• 1. chase 2. land 3. shake 4. come 5.look at 11 redecorate
• 6. sing 7. knock 8. ring 9. take off 10 revise
•

• 1. When I was downtown yesterday, I saw the police ….a thief.1

• 2. There was an earthquake in my hometown last year. It was just a small one, but I could feel the ground…3
• 3. Polly was working in her garden, so she didn’t hear the phone…8
• 4. I like to listen to the birds …when I get up early in the morning.6
• 5. The guard observed a suspicious-looking person…into the bank.4
• 6. I was almost asleep last night when I suddenly heard someone…on the door.7
• 7. Did you notice Max …another student’s paper during the exam?5
• 8. While I was waiting for my plane, I watched other planes …... and........
• 9. I've spent the whole weekend ........... for my exam.
10. Did you spend a lot of money ..........your apartment?
PERTEMUAN 14
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT TENSE
 Highlight

• Present Perfect Tense

• Past Perfect Tense
• Asessment
 Present Perfect

The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the
past participle of a verb
• the present perfect tense is used
1. for something that started in the past and continues in the present:
Examples
They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
S+have/has+past participle/been+Complement
 Present perfect

2. For something that happened in the past but is important at the time of
speaking:
Examples
I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
I’m tired out. I’ve been working all day.
 Present Perfect

• For something we have done several times in the past and continue to do
Examples
• I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one
 Past perfect

• Past perfect tense is used.

1. A completed action before something else in the past.
When we arrived, the film had started. (= first the film started, then later
we arrived)
Susan had ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
2.To explain or give a reason for something in the past.
I'd eaten dinner so I wasn't hungry.
It had snowed in the night, so the bus didn't arrive.
I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet
 Past Perfect

3. Something that started in the past and continued up to another action in

the past.
Examples
When he graduated, he had been in London for six years.
When I arrived at the office this morning, I discovered that I had left my
computer on the night before.
 Asessment
Exercises
1. When I arrived home last night, Jane (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner.
2. It is already 9:30 PM and I (wait) here for over an hour. If John does not get here in the next
five minutes, I am going to leave.
3. Sarah (climb) the Matterhorn, (sail) around the world, She is such an adventurous person.
4. My best friend and I (know) each other for over fifteen years
5. How sad! George (dream) of going to California before he died
6. I (visit, never) Africa, but I (travel) to South America several times.
7. I (lose) my keys - can you help me look for them? .
8. She (live) in London since 1994.
9. Before my trip lo Paris two years ago, I ---- (never be) to France.
10. You look tired. How long ---- (run)?
PERTEMUAN 15
SIMPLE PAST TENSE AND PREFERENCES
 Highlight

• Simple Past Tense

• Prefer
• Would rather
• Would prefer to
• Like
• Had better
 Asessment

• The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before
now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent
past or the distant past.
• Examples
• John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
• My father died last year.
• He lived in Fiji in 1976.
• We crossed the Channel yesterday.
 Simple Past Tense Verbal

• Forming the Simple Past Tense

• Patterns of simple past tense for regular verbs
• Affirmative
• Subject + verb + ed ( I skipped. )
• Negative
• Subject + did not + infinitive without to (They didn't go.)
• Interrogative Did + subject + infinitive without to (Did she arrive?)
 Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense of to be

I
She was
He
it
you
We were
they
 Simple past Nominal
• Forming the Simple Past Tense
• Patterns of simple past tense for nominal
• Affirmative
• Subject +was/were +Complement (she was in Jakarta)
• Negative
• Subject +was/were +not +Complement (she was not in Jakarta)
• Interrogative
• Was/were +S +Complement ? (was she in Jakarta?)
 Prefer
• 1. Prefer
formula
Prefer + to infinitive
• Prefer + nouns + to + nouns
• Prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing
• examples
They prefer to stay home
• My mother prefers lemon to orange juice
• She prefers swimming to dancing
 Would Rather
• 2. Would rather
formula
Would rather + bare infinitives (kata kerja tanpa to)
Would rather + bare infinitives + than + bare infinitives
Would rather + bare infinitives + nouns + than + bare infinitives + nouns
Examples
I would rather study now
She would rather stay home than go shopping
You'd rather speak English than French
 Would prefer to
• 3. Would prefer to
formula
Would prefer + to infinitives + rather than + bare infinitives
Would prefer + to infinitives + nouns + rather than + bare infinitives + nouns
Examples
They would prefer to sing rather than dance.
You'd prefer to play ball rather than take a sleep.
 like
• 4. Like
formula
Like + nouns / V-ing + better than + nouns / V-ing
Examples
I like singing a song better than playing a guitar
I like coffee better than tea.
 Had better
• 5. Had better
formula
Had better + bare infinitives
Had better + not + bare infinitives
Examples
You had better study hard
You had better not work on Sundays
 Asessment
1. CHANGE TO OTHER FORMS OF PREFERENCE
I prefer studying English to Korean.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..
2. I prefer reading English books to Korean books.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..
3. I prefer driving a car to riding a motorcycle.
I like ……. better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..
4. I prefer singing English songs to Korean songs.
I like …… better than …………….
I would rather ……… than ………
I would prefer ……… rather than …..
PERTEMUAN 16
UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER