Parts of Speech: Learning Aid

Types of Nouns
Are words that are used to name people, places, animals, objects and
ideas.
Nouns can be of the following types:
1. Proper Nouns: Nouns that are used to name a person, place or thing
specifically are called a proper noun. Proper nouns always begin with a
capital letter.
● My name is Rose.
● Louis Philippe is a famous brand of men’s clothing.

2. Common nouns: Common nouns are those nouns that refer to a generic
item, group or place.
● I bought a pen yesterday.
● The car is out of fuel.

3. Singular nouns: These are words that are used to name a single person,
place, animal, bird or object.
● There is a little boy in front of our house.
● A red van has been following us for a long time.

4. Plural nouns: Plural nouns refer to a number of people, places, animals

or things. Nouns are made plural by adding an ‘s’ or ‘es’ or ‘ies’ or ‘ves’ to
the existing root word.
Some nouns remain the same in both their singular and plural forms, and
some others have totally different spelling.
● I need some apples.
● Did you find the boxes you were looking for?
5. Countable nouns are those nouns that can be counted or measured.
● Tom brought ten packets of lays for the trip.
● I saw an aeroplane around seven in the morning.

6. Uncountable nouns are those nouns that cannot be counted. This

category of nouns includes both concrete and abstract nouns.
● I have a lot of homework to do. (Not specific)
● We are facing terrible weather today. (Cannot count)

7. Collective Nouns: A collective noun is a naming word that is used to

denote a group of objects, animals or people.
● Collective nouns for groups of animals
● A pride of lions
● A herd of elephants
● Collective nouns for groups of people
● A band of musicians
● A crew of sailors
● Collective nouns for a number of things/objects
● A pair of shoes
● A fleet of ships

8. Concrete Nouns: A concrete noun refers to objects that are material and
can be perceived by the human senses.
● The book is on the table.
● I had a cup of coffee.

9. Abstract Nouns: Any entity that cannot be perceived by the five senses of
the human body are called an abstract noun.
● Love is a strong emotion.
● You should not misuse the freedom you are given.
Pronouns

Are words that are used to substitute a noun in a sentence.

Person Singular Pronoun Plural Pronoun

First Person Pronoun I, Me We, Us

Second Person Pronoun You, Your You

Third Person Pronoun He, She, It, Him, Her They, Them, Their

Some Important Types of Pronouns

Personal pronouns that are Some examples are:

Pronouns used to substitute I, you, he, she, we, they, him, her, he,
proper names she, us and them

Possessive pronouns that are Some examples are: mine, yours,

Pronouns used to show his, hers, theirs and its
possession

Reflexive pronouns that refer Some examples of reflexive

Pronouns back to the subject pronouns are myself, yourself,
in the sentence herself, himself, oneself, itself.
Demonstrative pronouns that are Some examples of demonstrative
Pronouns used to point to pronouns are this, that, these and
specific objects those.

Interrogative pronouns that are Some examples of interrogative

Pronouns used to ask pronouns are who, what, when, why
questions and where

Main types of Verbs

Verbs Referring to Actions

Verbs referring to action (action verbs). Some examples are:
● Read
● Jog
● Cough

To Be Verbs
These verbs refer to the state of existing or being. Some examples are:

● Am ● Were
● Is ● Have
● Are ● Has
● Was ● Will be
Other Verbs
Some verbs help other main verbs in a sentence. For example: She is
singing my favourite song. The main verb is singing; helping verb is is

Some examples are:

● Am ● Have
● Is ● Has
● Are ● Do
● Was ● Will
● Were ● Can

Types of Adverbs
Words that are used to provide more information about verbs, adjectives
and other adverbs.

Manner (How)
They describe the manner in which an action is done. For example,
calmly, carefully, lazily, truthfully

Time
Tells when some action is occurring. Adverbs of time include general time
periods and specific times.

Examples are: Soon, now, later, then, tomorrow, today, day after tomorrow,
everyday, yesterday, last month, tonight, last week, immediately, still

Place
They describe the location or the place where an action is taking place.
They can also refer to distances or the movement of an object in a
particular direction.
Examples of Adverbs of Place:

Here Upstairs North Northwards

There Downstairs West Southwards
Somewhere Away East Westwards
Everywhere Forward South Backwards
Anywhere Nearby Someplace Towards

Frequency
Denotes how often an action or event is happening.

For example: seldom, rarely, never, often, weekly, monthly, yearly, annually,
usually, sometimes, occasionally, constantly, frequently

Degree
Indicates how intense an action of quality is. For example: very, too,
extremely, much, more, most, little, less, incredibly, totally, greatly, hardly,
deeply, barely

Examples
● The boy was asked to keep the cups here.
● The little girl ran towards her mother the moment she saw her
● Normally, we go to church on Sundays.
● Don’t you think the coffee is too sweet?
● Do not worry. You will gradually learn how to do it.
Adjectives
Are words that are used to describe the noun or pronoun in a sentence.
Some examples of adjectives include good, ugly, quick, beautiful.

● The place we visited yesterday was serene.

● The weather is pleasant today.
● My brother had only one chapati for breakfast.

Prepositions
Are words that show the position of a thing in a sentence. Some examples
of prepositions are in, out, besides, in front of, below, opposite etc.

● Mom asked me to go to the store near my school.

● The thieves jumped over the wall and escaped before we could reach
home.

Interjections
Are words that are used to convey strong emotions or feelings. Some
examples of interjections are oh, wow, alas, yippee, etc. It is always
followed by an exclamation mark.

● Alas! That is really sad.

● Yippee! We won the match.