THE PARTS OF SPEECH

Course Name : Basic English

Course Teacher : Dr. Mizanur Rahman
Department : World Religions and Culture
Presentation Topic : The Parts of Speech
Group Members : 1.Fatema Tuj Zohora Lata
2.Swasreeya Roy Prapti
3.Nafizul Islam Nahid
4.Sathi Biswas
5.Mehrab Ahsan Shovon
Learning Outcomes

Sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself.Every

sentence is made of some parts of speech.Those are the
parts that help the sentence to be meaningful.Thus parts
of speech make a sentence worthy.

In our presentation on the topic ‘Parts of Speech’,we have

tried to put effort to come up with the basic yet
informative and effective knowledge of parts of speech as
well as the common uses with the advanced names.

A brief discussion like this on parts of speech bound to

help people to arrange the parts of speech and create
wonderful expression of their thoughts both through
verbal speech and writing.
Source:
Most of the information of this presentation on the
topic ‘Parts of Speech’ is collected from-
Preceptor’s Digest
• What is Part of Speech?
 The definition of a part of speech is a class of words based
on the word’s function,the way it works in a sentence.It
defines the structure of a sentence.
• Classification of parts of speech

 Parts of speech are eight in number.

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
• Noun
 A noun is aword that functions as the name of a specific
object or set of objects,such as living
creatures,places,group of people etc.
 Classifications of noun
 Concrete Noun:
i.Proper noun: Name of a person,place or thing.
Example: His name is Sumit.
ii.Common Noun: A common name for same kinds of
people,place or object.
Example: The cow gives us milk.
iii.Collective Noun: Name of a collection of something taken
as a whole.
Example: The class agreed with the teacher.
iv. Material Noun: Name of something which is uncountable
but measureable.
Example: Rice sells cheap.
 Abstract Noun: Name of an idea,quality or state rather
than a concrete object.
Example: He lives by honest means.
Her anger frightened me.

Easy ways to recognize nouns:

Nouns usually carries-
tion,sion,ness,age,ence,ance,ty,y,er,or,ure,ice,let,men
t,tude,dom,th etc.
• Countable and Uncountable/Non-
count Noun
 Among 5 types of nouns,only Proper,Common and
Collective nouns are countable.
Example: Pen,Book,Pencil etc.
 Material and Abstract nouns are uncountable.
Example: Information,Furniture,News,Money etc.
 ‘A/An’ can be placed before countable nouns.
Example: A pencil.
 ‘A/An’ can’t be placed before uncountable nouns.
Example: He bought a furniture. (Inc.)
He bought furniture. (Corr.)
3. Countable nouns have both singular and plural form.
Examples: lots of pens.
4. Uncountable nouns have no plural form.
Examples: He has got a lot of information.
5. Numbers or digits can be used before countable nouns.
Example: three pens.
6. Numbers or digits can’t be used before non-count nouns.
Examples: There were four luggages with them. ( Inc.)
There were luggage with them. ( Corr.)

List of some uncountable noun

1. News
2. Economics
3. Equipment
4. Permission
5. Bread
6. Politics
• Pronoun
Pronoun is a type of word that replaces noun.It prevents
the repetition of noun.
 Classification of pronoun: There are 8 types of pronoun

Pronoun
Personal Pronoun
Demonstrative Pronoun
Interrogative Pronoun
Relative Pronoun
Indefinite Pronoun
Distributive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Reciprocal Pronoun
Example
I,we,he,she,you,they etc.
This,that,those,there,such,it etc.
Who,which,whose,what,whom etc.
Who,which,whose,that etc.
Both,any,some,none,all,many etc.
Each,every,either,neither etc.
Myself,yourself,ourself,himself etc.
Each other,one another etc.
• Usage of Relative Pronoun

1.Relative pronouns ar those pronous that are placed after

noun or pronour for indicating the noun or pronoun.
Example: I saw the girl who was singing.
2.Relative pronoun ‘who/whoever’ works as subject and
‘whom/whomever’ works as object.
Example: She is the person who can help you.
She is the girl whom teacher called.
Talk to whoever can provide you information.
I will team up with whomever teacher selected.
• Miscellaneous Information on Pronoun

 ‘each other’ –when idicating two and ‘one another'-

when indicating more than two.
Example: Two friends love each other.
All the sisters respect one another.
 ‘both,either,neither’ –when indicating two and
‘all,any,none’ –when indicating more than two.
Example: I have two pens.Both of them are good.
I have four pens.All of them are good.

Source: Preceptor’s Digest

 If any sentence provides more than one Subjective
Pronoun,the order will be 2nd person,1st person,3rd
person.In short 231 and the verb will be in plural form.
Example: You,he and I were present in the class.
 If subject to guilt or crime,the order will be 1 st person,2nd
person,3rd person.In short 123 and the verb will be plural.
Example: I,you and he are guilty.
 Possessive form of ‘one’ will be ‘one’s’.
Example: One should obey one’s parents.
 Possessive form ‘no one/everyone’ will be ‘his/her’.
Example: Everyone should do his/her responsibilities.
 Possessive form of common gender can be ‘his/her/its’.
Example: The baby cried for its mother.
• Adjective
An adjective is a word that gives more information about a noun
or a pronoun,such as it’s state,quality,quantity etc.Adjective is
also called quality word.
Some easy rules to identify adjectives:
Rule-1: An adjective usually carries-
tive,sive,ful,ary,ory,ed,ry,less,ish,some,al,able,like,ous,nt,ic etc.
Examples: Dramatic,Abortive,Wholesome,Edible,Sustainable etc.
Rule-2: By adding ‘ly’ with a noun,a noun can be converted into
an adjective.
Examples: Weekly,Friendly,Manly,Lovely etc.
Rule-3: By adding ‘y’ with a noun,a noun can be converted into an
adjective.
Examples: Oily,Snowy,Dewy etc.
• Classification of Adjective
Adjectives are of 4 types.
1. Adjective of Quality: Adjective of quality indicates the
state of a person,thing or place.
Examples: He is an intelligent boy.
The house is dirty.
More examples: lazy,clever,fool,Asian,healthy etc.
2. Adjective of quantity: Adjective of quantity indicates the
quantity of a noun.
Examples: I have a few friends.
I have enough money for the tour.
More examples: much,little,a
little,sufficient,some,any,whole etc.
3. Adjective of number: Adjective of number indicates the
number or order of nouns.It is also called Numerical
Adjective.
Examples: Tahiat won the first prize in the competition.
We have five fingers in each hand.

4. Pronominal Adjective: Pronominal adjectives are those

kind of adjective that sits before a noun and gives extra
information about it and thus works as an adjective.
Pronominal adjectives are of 5 kinds.
i.Possessive Adjective
ii.Demonstrative Adjective
iii.Distributive Adjective
iv.Interrogative Adjective
v.Indefinite Adjective
• Verb
A verb is a word or group of words (phrase) that
is used to describe an action,state or
occurrence.
 Classification of Verb
Verb are of two types
1. Finite Verb Principal Auxiliary
 Principal • Transitive • Primary auxiliary
• Intransitive • Modal Auxiliary
 Auxiliary
2. Non-Finite Verb
Participle
 Gerund • Present Participle
 Infinitive • Past Participle
• Perfect Participle
 Participle
• Brief examples of different kinds of verbs
 Principal Verb
Gerund
- Mouni lives in Dhaka. • Reading is a good habit.

1. Transitive Verb
Infinitive
- Mother loves me. • To tell a lie is a great sin.
2. Intransitive Verb
- Birds sing. Participle
• I saw a flying bird.
 Auxiliary Verb • We couldn’t call the sleeping child.
- We should always tell the truth. • Having finished the work,he ate
lunch.
1. Primary Auxiliary Verb
- I am eating rice.
2. Modal Auxiliary Verb
- I might go there.
• Adverb
An adverb is a word or part of speech that modifies an
adjective,verb or adverb or even a whole sentence.Adverb modifies
evrything except noun and pronoun.
Some easy rules to identify adverbs
Rule-1: Usually suffix like y,ly,wards,ways,ways,ally etc.
Rule-2: There are some adjectives with suffix ‘ly’ and those should
be memorized.
Examples: cowardly,friendly,fatherly,motherly,ugly,lonely,costly
etc.
Rule for converting ly added adjectives into adverbs:

in + a/an + adjective (ly added) + way/manner/fashion

Source: Preceptor’s Digest

Examples: Mrs. Geeta talked to me in a friendly way.
She waved her hands in a lively fashion.

 An adverb is a word or phrase that modifies an adjective,verb or

adverb.
 Classifications of Adverb
1. Adverb of time: ago,now,tonight,late etc.
2. Adverb of place: inside,outside,nowhere etc.
3. Adverb of manner: aloud,wisely,fast,well etc.
4. Adverb of frequency: never,occasionally,once etc.
5. Adverb of degree: often,almost,nearly etc.
6. Adverb of purpose: so,so that,in order to etc.
7. Adverb of cause and effect: therefore,hence,consequently etc.
Position of Adverbs
1. Adverbs of manner,place and time are used after verb and
object.If three of them are put together then the order will be
Manner---place---time

Example(Inc.): He works everyday sincerely at his office.

(Cor.): He works sincerely at his office everyday.
2. Adverb of frequency is used between subject and verb.If auxiliary
verb is added with the main verb then the adverbs will be used
between the aux. Verb and main verb.
Example: He has passed a test (never).
He has never passed a test.

Source: Preceptor’s Digest

• Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun
or a pronoun and some other words in the sentence.Preposition sits
before a noun or a noun phrase.
Preposition are of 6 kinds.
1. Simple Preposition: at,by,on etc.
-You can meet me at 7 pm.
2. Double Preposition: upon (up+on), within (with+in) etc.
- You must finish the work within 3 hours.
3. Compound Preposition: behind (by+hind), beyond (by+yond) etc.
- The stranger sat behind me.
4. Phrasal Preposition: In lieu of,by dint of etc.
-She succeeded by fint of hard work.

5. Participle Preposition: regarding,during etc.

- Merlin called during the meeting.

6. Disguised Preposition: a week (on week), o’ clock (of

clock) etc.

Source: Preceptor’s Digest

• Uses of some important preposition
(using diagram)
Above ( positioned without touching the surface)
Over ( moving upward without touching the surface)
On ( positioned while touching the surface)
to(moved toward some direction) out
In

through
into (moved inwards out (moved outwards)

under (uninterruptedly positioned down without touching the surface)

below (positioned bottom apart without touching the surface)
2. ‘at’-before clock time/meal time, ‘in’-before
morning,evening,afternoon, ‘on’- before date/whole day and ‘in’
before week,month,year.
Example: Call me at 11 am.
Call me in the evening.
Call me on Friday.
3. ‘between’-between two, ‘among’-when more than
two.
Example: Aunt divided those mangoes between two of us.
There is unity among the brothers.
4. ‘beside’-something close, ‘besides’-additional.
Example: Mother sat beside me.
Besides playing basketball,Tuhin is active in
swimming.
5. ‘at’-before proper noun, ‘in’-before common noun.
Examples: I first talked to Neela at a nursery.
She works at General Insurance.
6. IN TIME means ‘early enough’
ON TIME means ‘at the exact time’, ‘on schedule‘.
Example: The plain took off on time.
We got to the airport in time.
7. ‘in/within’-Future period of time/duration.
Example: I will complete the presentation within 3 hours.
‘by’-Future point of time.
Example: Transcription must be collected by 31st January.
‘at’-Future exact time.
Example: Shams will arrive at 10 am.
8. ‘since’-Point of time.
Example: He has been ill since Friday last.
‘for'-Period of time.
Example: I have been reading for five hours.

Source: Preceptor’s Digest

• Conjunction
 A conjunction connects words,clauses or
sentences.Conjunctions make it easy for us to express
our feelings shortly and simply.

 Classification of Conjunction: There are 3 types of

conjunctions.
1.Co-ordinating Conjunction: and,as well as,but etc.
- He is poor but honest.
2.Sub-ordinating Conjunction: if,as if,though,although etc.
- He talks as if he was mad.
3.Correlative conjunction: not only..but also,both..and
etc.
- Tashdida is both honest and kind.
• Interjection
 An interjection is a word or a phrase that expresses
feelings of the subject.It can be used anywhere in a
sentence.It expresses
anger,happiness,sadness,regret,wonder etc.
 Examples
- Alas! He didn‘t live long.
- Hurrah! We have won the match.
Thanks everyone for your precious time and
attention.