Level Five Grammar Points

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Wish clause
1) Subject+ wish+ full infinitive. / This structure shows future tense.
Ex: We wish to pass level five.
2) Subject+ wish+ somebody+ full infinitive. / This structure shows your wish for somebody
else.
Ex: I wish Mohammad to come on time.
3) Subject+ wish+ simple past. / Talks about present.
Ex: I don’t have badge. / I wish I have badge.
4) Subject+ wish+ past perfect. / Talks about past.
Ex: I didn’t study level five. / I wish I had studied level five.
5) Subject+ wish+ you+ would+ verb. / This structure is formal request.
Ex: I wish you would come to party.
6) Subject+ wish+ subject+ would+ verb.
Ex: I wish I would get first position.

Tenses Information
1) Simple present tense change to simple past.
2) Present progressive tense change to past progressive.
3) Simple past tense change to past perfect tense.
4) Past progressive tense change to past perfect progressive tense.
5) Present perfect tense change to past perfect tense.
6) Past perfect tense change to past perfect tense.
7) Past perfect progressive tense change to past perfect progressive tense.
8) In future tense "will" change to "would".

Ex: I had done my job. I wish I had done not my job. (1-3)
I had been doing my job. Ω I wish I had not been doing my job. (4-7)

Inflection:
Suffixes are words which change grammatical function of the noun or verb is called inflection.
S/es are used as:
1) To form the plural nouns.
2) To form the verb when the subject is third person singular in simple present tense.
Note: s/es can be pronounced /S, Z, iZ/ sound.
1) S, es  pronounced /s/ sound.
1. If the final sound of noun or verb ends in / P, K, F, T, Ө/ sound then the inflection is
pronounced /S/ sound.
Cat cats Chief Chiefs Ex: cap caps
Speakspeaks Bath baths Pick picks
Format formats Cloth cloths Book books
2. If the final sound of the verb or noun ends in /vowel, B, D, G, R, th (Ө), M, N, L,
ÿ(ing) / sound then the inflection is pronounced /Z/.
Bring brings Clean cleans Ex: play plays
Clothe clothes Reform reforms Baby babies
Bathe bathes Call calls Bed beds
Remember Plug plugs
remembers Wave waves

3. If the final sound of the verb or noun ends in / / sound then the
inflection is pronounced /iZ/.
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Ex: wash washes
Garage garages
Damage damages
Bus buses
Quiz quizzes

D/ed is used as:

To form the simple past or past participle form of regular verbs.
D/ed can be pronounced / d, id, t/ sound.
D/ed is pronounced /d/ sound.
1) If the final sound of verbs end in/ vowel, b, g, Ò, m, n, I, z, dg/ sound then the inflection
is pronounced /d/.
Call called Bathe bathed Ex: play played
Buz  buzzed Reform reformed Rob robed
Damage damaged Clean cleaned Plug plugged
Ding dinged Clothe clothed

2) D/ed can be pronounced /id/ sound.

If the final sound of the verb ends in /t,d/ sound, then the inflection is pronounced /id/.
Ex: want wanted
Respect respected
Need needed
Study studied
3) D/ed can be pronounced /t/ sound.
If the final sound of the verb ends in / p, Ó, k, sh, ch, f, s/ sound, then the inflection is
pronounced /t/.

Wash washed Ex: pick picked

Watch watched Jump jumped
Practice practiced Doff doffed
Clothe clothed
Clause
Clause is a group of words which has subject and verb.
Kinds of clauses:
1. Dependent clause / subordinate clause/ in complete clause.
2. In dependent clause/ main clause / complete clause.
Ex: If you study, you will pass.
Dependent in dependent
Kinds of dependent clause:
1. Adjective clause / Relative clause.
2. Adverb clause / Adverbial clause.
3. Noun clause / Nominal clause.
Kinds of adjective clause:
1. Defining adjective clause.( the noun is not clear)
2. Non- defining adjective clause. ( the noun is clear)
3. Connective adjective clause.

1) Defining adjective clause: defining adjective clause gives information about the noun,
which we talk about.
Ex: He was the man. We saw him yesterday.
He was the man whom we saw yesterday.
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Rules:
1. Comma is not used in defining adjective clause.
2. "That" is used in defining adjective clause.
3. Object relative pronoun is omitted in defining adjective clause.
4. Defining adjective clause usually follows by /the+ noun/.
5. We may have nouns in main clause, but we should use adjective clause after the noun,
which we talk about.
Ex: That is the pen. I bought it two days ago.
That is the pen which I bought two days ago/ that is the pen I bought 2 days ago.
Object
Relative pronouns in defining adjective clause:
For person: Subject causes Object cause Possessive cause
Who, that whom, who whose, of which

For thing: Subject causes Object cause Possessive cause

Which, that which, that whose, of which

Ex: I saw the man. He closed the door. (As subject cause)
I saw the man who closed the door.

Ex: The book was good. I read it. (As object cause)
The book which I read was good.
Ex: I had a friend. His hat was white. (As possessive cause)
I had a friend whose hat was white.

2) Non- defining adjective clause: non-defining adjective clause gives extra information to the
noun.
Rules:
1. Comma is used before or after adjective clause.
2. "That" is not used in non-defining adjective clause.
3. Object relative pronoun can't be omitted in non-defining adjective clause.
Note:
1. Put comma after proper noun (person or place).
2. Demonstrative adjective+ Noun.
3. Possessive adjective+ Noun.
4. Superlative adjective+ Noun.
5. Ordinal number.
Ex1: Ahmad study's level five. Ahmad, who got first position in level four, study's level five.
Ex2: Afghanistan is our own country. Afghanistan, which is backward, is our own country.
Relative pronoun in non-defining adjective clause
Subjective cause Objective cause Possessive cause
For person who Whom, who Whose
For thing Which, that Which, that Whose, of which

Quantitative adjective+ of+ relative pronoun (some+ of+ whom, whose)

Ex1: I have markers; some of them are work well. I have some markers, some of which
work well.
Ex2: I have twenty students; most of them are from Barchi. I have twenty two students,
some of whom are from Barchi.
Preposition+ relative pronoun:
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a) Preposition+ relative pronoun/ formal/.
b) Relative pronoun+ preposition/ in formal/.
Note:
1. For formal cause we use preposition before adjective clause.
2. For in formal cause we use preposition after adjective clause.
3. We can only use preposition before whom or which.
Ex1: I saw the man. I talked to him. I saw the man to whom I talked.
Ex2: She is the woman. I told you about her. She is the woman about whom I told you.

Cleft Sentence: Cleft sentence is used for confirmation.

Structure: It+ is/was+ singular / plural+ defining adjective clause.
Ex: I saw the man. He helped me yesterday. I saw Ali who helped me yesterday.

Relative Adverb;
When can replace /in, on+ which/ use of time.
Where can replace/ on, at+ which/ use of place.
Why can replace/ for which/ of reason.
Ex1: I never forget the day. I finished level five on that day. I never forget the day when I finished
level five.  I never forget the day on which I finished level five.
Ex2: The city was beautiful. I was born in that city.  The city where I was born in was beautiful.
 The city in which I was born was beautiful.
Note:
1. When we want to give information about place, we should use which but if the action
happens in a place we should use where.
Ex: School is a place. It was boring for me.  School is place which was boring for me.
Ex2: School is a place. We study something.  School is a place where we study something.
2. When we give information about time, we should use"which" but if we say the period of
time happens in a place we should use "when".
Ex: Yesterday was pollingday. It was good.  Yesterday was polling day which was good.
Ex2: Yesterday was polling day all Afghan people gave vote to somebody.  Yesterday was
polling day when all Afghan people gave vote to somebody.

Connective Clause; connective clause doesn’t give information to the noun, it only continuies the
story.
Note: Comma is used in connective clause to soparate in from main clause.
Structure:
a) Object+ connective clause.
b) Preposition+ object+ connective clause.
Ex: I called Ali. He didn’t pay attention.  I called Ali, who didn’t pay attention.
Ex2: I gave bood to Ahmad. He read it.  I gave a book to Ahmad, who read.
Note: In order to be sure the sentence is connective clause, we replace with/ but, and+ subject+
verb/ if this structure is connetive clause other voice it is not.
Ex: I called Ali who didn’t pay attention.  I called Ali, but he didn’t pay attention.

How to change adjective clause in to adjective phrase?

1. Delete the subject and to be verb.
2. If the sentence doesn’t have to be verb, just remove subject and put (verb+ ing) at the end
of verb.
Ex: I saw a man who was playing morble.  I saw a man playing morble.
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The man poured a glass of water on his face. His beard caught on fire when he lit cigarette.
 The man, whose beard caught on fire, poured a glass of water when he lit cigarette.

Adverb Clause:
1) Adverb clause of purpose
2) Adverb clause of contrast
3) Adverb clause of reason
4) Adverb clause of result
5) Adverb clause of time
6) Adverb clause of manner
7) Adverb clause of compression
8) Adverb clause of condition
9) Adverb clause of place

 ADVERB CLAUSE OF PURPOSE

a) Phrase of purpose
b) Adverb clause of purpose

A. Phrase of purpose: expresses purpose.

I. Full infinitive alone
II. So as+ full infinitive
III. In order+ full infinitive
IV. For the purpose of+ gerund
V. Come+ full infinitive
VI. Go+ full infinitive
Ex: I work hard to save my live. (1)
I work hard so as/ in order to save my live. (2, 3)
I work hard for the purpose of saving my live. (4)
I go to help my brother.
I come to teach you Pashto.
B. Adverb clause of purpose: Is used when the subject is different from the person to whom
purpose refers.
STRUCTURE: Main clause+ so that/ in order that+ subject+ can (could), May (might), will (would).
Ex: I am insuring my live. I want my child to have comfortable live. ø I am insuring my live so that
my child can have comfortable live.

 ADVERB OF CONTRAST: Adverb clause of contrast shows two opposite ideas.

Conjunction: Al though, though, even though.
Note: When we use adverb clause of contrast but we can't use "But" in the clause or in the
sentence.
Position and punctuation:
a) Adverb clause of contrast + comma+ main clause/ independent/ complete.
b) Main clause/ independent/ complete+ no comma+ adverb clause of contrast.
Ex: Ali was intelligent but he couldn’t pass level five. Ļ Al though Ali was intelligent, he couldn’t
pass level five. / Ali couldn’t pass level five al though he was intelligent.
Ex2: He was a champion fighter but he lost the competition.  Al though he was a champion
fighter, he lost the competition. / He lost the competition al though he a champion fighter.

PREPOSITION: {despite & in spite} + gerund

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Ex: Ali teaches English for two years but he has problem with alphabet.  Al though Ali teaches
English for two years, he has problem with alphabet /despite teaching for two years he has
problem with alphabet.

 ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON: It talks about the reason of an action.

Conjunction: because, since, for, so long as, as long as.
Now that (because now), in as much as (because).
Note:
1) To reply the questions "because" is the correct word.
2) "For clause" can't be used at the beginning of the sentences.
Position and punctuation:
a) Adverb clause of reason+ comma+ main clause/ independent/ complete.
b) Main clause/ independent/ complete+ no comma+ adverb clause of reason.
Ex a: because Ali was sick, I didn’t teach grammar.
Ex b: I didn’t teach grammar because Ali was sick.
Expressing reason clause with preposition:
Because of
Due to
On account of
As result of