Digestive
System and
Respiratory
System
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and
proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy,
growth and repair.
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts before you even take a
bite. Your salivary glands get active as you see and smell that pasta dish or warm bread. After
you start eating, you chew your food into pieces that are more easily digested
The esophagus Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food
from your mouth when you swallow. The epiglottis is a small flap that folds over your windpipe
as you swallow to prevent you from choking (when food goes into your windpipe.
The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with
stomach enzymes. These enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a usable
form.
The small intestine is made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the
small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by
the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis also works in this organ, moving food through
and mixing it with digestive juices from the pancreas and liver.
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and
carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, passing it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin
is the chief hormone in your body for metabolizing sugar.
The liver has many functions, but its main job within the digestive system is to process the
nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine
also plays an important role in digesting fat and some vitamins
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the
duodenum in the small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.
The large intestine or colon is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is
easy and convenient. It’s a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the
rectum.
The rectum is a straight, 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. The rectum's job is
to receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be evacuated (pooped out) and
to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic
floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is
able to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas or solid.
Mechanical digestion
Mechanical digestion begins in your mouth with chewing, then moves to churning in the
stomach and segmentation in the small intestine. Peristalsis is also part of mechanical digestion.
This refers to involuntary contractions and relaxations of the muscles of your esophagus,
stomach, and intestines to break down food and move it through your digestive system.
Chemical digestion
Chemical digestion involves the secretions of enzymes throughout your digestive tract. These
enzymes break the chemical bonds that hold food particles together. This allows food to be
broken down into small, digestible parts.
Chemical digestion breaks down different nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats,
into even smaller parts:
Fats break down into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Nucleic acids break down into nucleotides.
Polysaccharides, or carbohydrate sugars, break down into monosaccharides.
Proteins break down into amino acids.
Without chemical digestion, your body wouldn’t be able to absorb nutrients, leading to vitamin
deficiencies and malnutrition.
How does food break down?
Digestion works by moving food through the GI tract. Digestion begins in the mouth with
chewing and ends in the small intestine. As food passes through the GI tract, it mixes with
digestive juices, causing large molecules of food to break down into smaller molecules.
What is the respiratory system?
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes
your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the
respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out
waste gases like carbon dioxide.
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to help you breathe. Each
group of parts has many separate components.
Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated system that includes
your:
Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe).
Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung.
Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
Muscles and bones help move the air you inhale into and out of your lungs. Some of the bones
and muscles in the respiratory system include your:
Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out.
When you breathe out, your blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste out of the body. Other
components that work with the lungs and blood vessels include:
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
Some of the other components of your respiratory system include:
Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you swallow to keep food
and liquids out of your airway.
Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in
and out.
What problems would be faced by a terrestrial animal having gills instead of
lungs?
* gas exchange involves water loss.
* breathing requires considerable energy.
* oxygen diffuses very slowly in air.
* the concentration of oxygen in water is greater than that in air
Venn Diagram
Resparation
Breathing
* Is the biochemical process which
* Is the biophysical process which involves in generating the energy by
involves the inhaling and exhaling of air breaking down the glucose which is
through lungs. further used by cells in various
* Is distinct from respiration in many function.
ways, though both are essential for * Is an involuntary biochemical
living organisms. process and happens by inspiration and
* Breathing occurs outside the cells, and expiration or inhaling or exhaling.
so it is an extracellular process. respiration
* Breathing occurs outside the cells, and * Is an intracellular process as it takes
so it is an extracellular process, place inside the cells in
* In respiration the energy is released
in the form of ATP.
Summary
In this portfolio we will learn about the human digestive system and the respiratory
system. Both system is essential as a human being. Aw what we learned and study a while ago
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and
repair.
The digestive system converts the foods we eat into their simplest forms, like glucose (sugars),
amino acids (that make up protein) or fatty acids (that make up fats). The broken-down food is
then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the nutrients are carried to each
cell in the body, while Your respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you
breathe. This system helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It
also cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood. Common problems include
allergies, diseases or infections. What does the respiratory system do?
The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale (breathe in) and exhale
(breathe out), it:
Allows you to talk and to smell.
Warms air to match your body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your
body needs.
Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.
Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.
The portfolio also includes respiration and breathing, breathing is the biophysical process which
involves the inhaling and exhaling of air through lungs, whereas respiration is the biochemical
process which involves in generating the energy by breaking down the glucose which is further
used by cells in various function. Breathing is distinct from respiration in many ways, though
both are essential for living organisms.
As discussed above the mechanism of breathing is associated with the respiratory organs like the
nose, lungs, etc., while respiration takes place in each cell of the body. All living beings have one
thing in common, which is ‘cell ‘, of course, these can be unicellular or multicellular,
prokaryotes or eukaryotes. But these cells are only the building blocks and are responsible for
carrying out all the internal function properly. Along with the cells, enzymes, catalyst, and other
factors also play a crucial role in various processes of the body.
References
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6EAEYADIHCAAQRxC
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