CE2407 Engineering and Uncertainty Analysis

Lecture Notes 1
Introduction to Matrix Method

Kevin Kuang Sze Chiang

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Room E2-04-11, Tel: 6516 4683, Email: ceeksck@nus.edu.sg

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek

 Analysis on statically-determinate structures

27 members (unknowns) + 3 reactions (unknowns) = 30 unknowns

15 joints (2 equations/joint)  30 equations
Hence, statically determinate.
30 equations, 30 unknowns 30 x30 matrix
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 Analysis on statically-indeterminate structures
7 DOFs, 7 equations, 7 unknowns 7x7 matrix
4 20
B K = Structure stiffness matrix
2EI, 2EA EI = 20,000 X = Joint displacement vector
6 EI, EA EA = 200,000 P = Joint load vector
A
EI, EA
4 D

8 10 6
 8000 4000 − 720 960 0 0   x1   0 
0
 4000 24000 − 720 − 1440 8000 0   x   28.8 
2400
   2  
− 720 − 720 52886.4 9484.8 0 − 40000   x3   0 
0
    
 960 − 1440 9484.8 7833.6 − 2400 0 − 480   x4  = − 12.96
 0 8000 0 − 2400 24000 − 960 1680   x5   − 19.2 
    
 0 0 − 40000 0 − 960 47353.6 − 9484.8  x6   0 
 0
 2400 0 − 480 1680 − 9484.8 13366.4   x7   − 7.04 

Stiffness Matrix, K X P
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 Introduction Matrix Method for Structural Analysis Example

Example: For the given planar truss, compute the member forces,
and the support reactions. Use EA/L = 5000 kN/m for all members.

Degree of Indeterminacy
j = 3 joints (6 equations) 7 kN
n = 3 members (3 unknown)
R = 4 unknown support reactions C
S= n + R – 2j = 3 + 4 – 6 = 1
Indeterminate to the 1st degree 6m
3 2
The above planar truss is statically-
indeterminate, which means that the 9 kN
A B
equilibrium equations are not sufficient
1
to solve for the support reactions and
the member internal forces. 3.5 m 4.5 m

In addition to the basic equilibrium equations, Compatibility and

material law equations have to be used to determine the member
forces and the support reactions.
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 Matrix Method for Structural Analysis

(1) Equilibrium
Support reactions, member forces and joint loads have to be in static equilibrium.
(truss has 3 joints, 2 eqns/joint, total = 6 eqns) vs 7 unknowns
(2) Compatibility
Joint displacements have to be compatible with member deformation.
(truss has 3 members, total = 3 eqns based on geometry) + 5 unknowns
(3) Material Law
Member deformation and member forces are related through
Hooke’s law. (truss has 3 members, total = 3 eqns) + 0 more unknowns P2
Total Number of Equations: 12 R4
C
Total Number of Unknowns: 12 3
(1) Support Reactions: 4 (R1, R2, R3, R4) 2
(2) Member Forces: 3 (F1, F2, F3) R2 R3
(3) Member Deformation: 3 (∆1, ∆2, ∆3) A B
(4) Joint Displacements: 2 (X1, X2) R1 P1
1

12 independent equations, 12 unknowns → solvable.

12 equations written in matrix form and solved → Matrix Method
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 Matrix Method for Structural Analysis

5. Build the Structure Stiffness Matrix [K]

Equilibrium Material Law Compatibility
 EA 
 F1 
1 −0.6 0     P1   L 0 0  ∆1   1 0 
F = F
 1   ∆1    
∆ =− 0.6 0.8   X1 
0 0.8 0.6   2   P     EA    2    X 2 
1 4 4 2 4 4 3   F   =2
 F2   0 0  ∆ 2  ∆3   0
 3
EP  F3   L  
∆ 1 4 2 40.6
3

EA  3 

 0 0  C
 L 
 R1  − 1 0 − 0.8 1 4 4 2 4 4 3
R     F1  S
 2  0 0 − 0.6  
  =  F2   EA 
R
 3  0 − 0. 8 0  F   L 0 0 
 
 R4   0 0.6 0.8   3    1 0 
1 4 44 2 4 4 43 1 −0.6 0   EA   −0.6 0.8  X1  =  P1 
0 0
E 
10 4 0.8 0.6   L    X 2   P2 

R 4 2 4 43   0 0.6 
12 independent equations, 12
EP EA  1 4 2 4 3
unknowns → solvable.  0 0 
  C
12 equations written in matrix form and 1 4 4 2 4 4 L3  Matrix
solved → Matrix Method S
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 Multiplication!
K

EA 1*1 + 0.6 * 0.6 −0.6 * 0.8   X1   P1  EA  1.36 −0.48  X1   P1 

⇒  =  ⇒  =  
L  0.8 * (−0.6) 0.8 * 0.8 + 0.6 * 0.6   X 2   P2  L  −0.48 1.0   X 2   P2 
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 4 4 4 4 43 1 4 4 4 2 4 4 43
K by Prof S T Quek
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified K
 Matrix Method for Structural Analysis

6. Solve for the Joint Displacements

EA  1.36 − 0.48  X 1   P1   X 1  10.94 L   P1  9kN  

Matrix
  =
    ⇒  =   with   =   
L − 0.48 1.0   X 2   P2  12 . 25  Inversion!
1 4 4 4 2 4 4 43
X
 2   EA   P2  7 kN  
K
7. Solve for the Member Deformations

∆ 1   1 0 ∆
  X 
Compatibility ∆ 2  = − 0.6 0.8  1  0.00219 Matrix
∆   0 0.6  X 2  0.00065 Multiplication!
 3  1 4 2 4 3 
0.00147
C = ET
P

8. Solve for the Member Forces  EA

0 0 
 F
(Make use of EA/L = 5000 kN/m)  F1   L ∆
  1  10.942
  EA
 F2  =  0 0  ∆ 2  3.237
F   L  
Matrix  3  EA  ∆ 3  7.351
Multiplication! 0 0
 
1 4 42 4 4L3 
S
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 Matrix Method for Structural Analysis

9. Solve for the External Reactions

 R1  − 1 0 − 0.8 F
R     F1  10.942
 2  0 0 − 0.6   with
  =  F2  3.237
 R3   0 − 0.8 0   F  7.351
 R4   0 0.6 0.8   3 
1 4 44 2 4 4 43
E 7 kN
R Matrix
Multiplication! 7.82 kN
C
R
-16.823
-4.411
-2.589 4.41 kN
7.823 2.59
16.82 kN A kN B
10.94 9 kN
kN
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 Using EXCEL to do matrix multiplication
B C D E F G H I J K
2 Ep matrix S matrix C matrix
3 1 -0.6 0 1 0 0 1 0
4 0 0.8 0.6 0 1 0 -0.6 0.8
5 0 0 1 0 0.6
6
7 Ep*S Ep*S*C
8 1 -0.6 0 1.36 -0.48
9 0 0.8 0.6 -0.48 1
10
Kinverse*
11 invert K P vector P
12 0.885269 0.424929 9 10.94193
13 0.424929 1.203966 7 12.25212

Matrix multiplication:
Example Ep*S: if size of Ep(u,v), size of S(w,x) [for above Ep(2,3), S(3,3)]
Step1- select an area of size (u,x) [for above (2,3)];
Step2- PRESS F2 BUTTON (or simply click ‘=‘ sign
Step 3: Type “MMULT(B3:D4,F3:H5)”
Step 4: PRESS CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER KEYS
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 Using EXCEL to do matrix inversion
B C D E F G H I J K
2 Ep matrix S matrix C matrix
3 1 -0.6 0 1 0 0 1 0
4 0 0.8 0.6 0 1 0 -0.6 0.8
5 0 0 1 0 0.6
6
7 Ep*S Ep*S*C
8 1 -0.6 0 1.36 -0.48
9 0 0.8 0.6 -0.48 1
10
Kinverse*
11 invert K P vector P
12 0.885269 0.424929 9 10.94193
13 0.424929 1.203966 7 12.25212
Matrix inversion:
Example invert Ep*S*C: if size of K(u,u) [for above K(2,2)]
Step 1: Select an area of size (u,u) [for above (2,2)];
Step 2: PRESS F2 BUTTON or simply “=“.
Step 3: Type “=MINVERSE(F8:G9)”
Step 4: PRESS CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER KEYS
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek
 Special Matrices From Chapra with matlab

• Matrices where m=n are called square matrices.

• There are a number of special forms of square
matrices:
Symmetric Diagonal Identity
5 1 2 a11  1 
     
[A] = 1 3 7 [A] =  a22  [A] =  1 
2 7 8  a33   1

Upper Triangular Lower Triangular Banded

a11 a12 a13  a11  a11 a12 
     
[A] =  a22 a23  [A] = a21 a22  [A] = a21 a22 a23 
 a33  a31 a32 a33   a32 a33 a34 
 
 a43 a44 

Notes by A/P M Maalej, modified by Prof S T Quek