NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

PUSH – ONE INTERVENTION PROGRAM

MATHEMATICS

GRADE 12

LAST PUSH

2022

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

THULANI MJIKWA mjikwat@mathsandscienceinfinity.org.za +2774 772 9926

 CONCEPT HOW TO LEARN IT? RELEVANT FORMULAE AND
KEYWORDS
Mid – point Learn formula for midpoint from textbook, study 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀( ; )
guides and any material you can get your hands on. 2 2
Work on different questions from study material
apply this formula until you feel confident.
You need to understand that the mid-point formula is Middle, midpoint, centre
used to determine the middle point of lines or you
may also be given the midpoint co-ordinates and
one point from which you have to determine the
coordinates of another point.
Practise question that need you to apply midpoint Check the correctness of your attempts against the
formula, check answers against memo. Consult the memos.
educator if you need any clarity. Do as many examples
as you can.
Practising questions from different study materials, use Check your answers against memos.
the calculator all the time.

Knowledge of numbers, halving, algebra and

Euclidean geometry comes in very handy in this
section.

Make sure to get hold of lots of questions from

textbooks, study guides and any study materials.
Practice lots of question until you feel confident in this
topic. Challenge yourself with complicated looking
questions.
Mid- Point, generally very simple, this is another area where you can collect easy mark. It needs application
of the formula which can easily be transferred from the formula sheet always provided in examination papers
normally at the back. Beware that sometimes you may be given variables as co-ordinates and you have to
determine the numerical values thereof. Look out for Algebraic variables.
Gradient Learn formula for gradient from textbook, study 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
guides and any material you can get your hands on. 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Work on different questions from study material apply
this formula until you feel confident. 𝑚 = tan 𝜃

𝜃 is the inclination of line.

You may be required to determine the gradient of Gradient, slope, parallel, perpendicular
one or more lines in order to determine whether
lines are parallel or perpendicular or to determine Parallel lines: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
the angle of inclination with the 𝑥-axis.
Perpendicular line: 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1
Practise question that need you to apply gradient Check the correctness of your attempts against the
formula, check answers against memo. Consult the memos.
educator if you need any clarity. Do as many examples
as you can.
Make sure you understand the definition of inclination,
so that you don’t get confused with which angle they
refer to.

Apply your knowledge in various questions.

Gradient- integrated topics here can be Algebra and Euclidian Geometry, calculating gradient can lead to
conclusion of properties of shapes. Theorem of Pythagoras.
Distance Learn formula for distance from textbook, study 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
guides and any material you can get your hands on,
work on different questions from study material apply
this formula until you feel confident. Remember you
are allowed to leave your answers in surd form.
You may be required to calculate distance formulae Length, magnitude, distance
of different lines in order to determine the length of
sides to easily classify shapes. For examples the
question may say ‘prove that 𝑨𝑩𝑪 is a scalene
triangle’. This would require that you calculate the
 length of sides of shape 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶, and 𝐵𝐴 to get and
find three different lengths using distance formula.
Practise question that need you to apply distance Check the correctness of your attempts against the
formula, check answers against memo. Consult the memos.
educator if you need any clarity.
Practising questions from different study materials, use Check your answers against memos.
the calculator all the time. Knowledge of numbers,
halving, algebra and Euclidean geometry comes in Make sure if the question wants the answer in surd
very handy in this section. form.

Make sure to get hold of lots of questions from

textbooks, study guides and any study materials.
Practice lots of question until you feel confident in this
topic. Challenge yourself with complicated looking
questions.
Distance Formula- integrated topics here can be Algebra and Euclidian Geometry, calculating lengths of
sides can lead to conclusion of properties of shapes.
For example, prove that a triangle is isosceles, scalene, equilateral using the distance formula.
Inclination Learn formula for angle of inclination from textbook, 𝜃 = tan−1(𝑚)
study guides and any material you can get your
hands on. Work on different questions from study 𝑚 = tan 𝜃
material apply this formula until you feel confident,
remember that if you get a negative angle, you need 𝜃 is the inclination of line.
to subtract it from 180 degrees to get the correct
angle of inclination.
Definition of inclination: It is the angle formed
between the positive 𝑥 – axis and a line, measured in
an anti-clockwise direction.
You may need practice a lot of questions that need Angle given
you to calculate angles of inclination. Use questions
from textbooks, study guides and any kind of
material you can lay your hands on.
 Practise question that need you to apply inclination Check the correctness of your attempts against the
angle formula, check answers against memo. memos.
Consult the educator if you need any clarity. Do as
many examples as you can.
Practising questions from different study materials, use Check the correctness of your attempts against the
the calculator all the time. Knowledge of numbers, memos.
halving algebra and Euclidean geometry comes in very
handy in this section.

Make sure to get hold of lots of questions from

textbooks, study guides and any study materials.
Practice lots of questions until you feel confident in
this topic. Challenge yourself with complicated
looking questions.
Inclination – Integrated topics are trigonometry, geometry and algebra.
Equation of circle Learn equation of a circle from textbooks, study 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 with centre (0 ; 0)
guides and any material you can get your hands on.
Mid – point (𝑎 ; 𝑏) Work on different questions from study material (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 with centre (𝑎 ; 𝑏)
apply this formula until you feel confident.
Remember that the radius needs to be squared.
Practice a lot of questions with circle that has centre Determine the equation of a circle.
(0; 0) and radius ‘𝑟’. Practice circle that has
transformed and shifted from the origin to any point Determine the coordinate of s centre, midpoint
on the set of axes to centre (𝑎; 𝑏), remember that
(𝑎; 𝑏) can have co-ordinates (0; 0). Determine the length of the radius
Practise question that need you to apply midpoint Check the correctness of your attempts against the
formula, check answers against memo. Consult the memos.
educator if you need any clarity. Do as many examples
as you can.
Practising questions from different study materials, use Check the correctness of your attempts against the
the calculator all the time. Knowledge of numbers, memos.

Equation of tangent to a circle
halving algebra and Euclidean geometry comes in very
handy in this section.
Make sure to get hold of lots of questions from
textbooks, study guides and any study materials.
Practice lots of questions until you feel confident in
this topic. Challenge yourself with complicated
looking questions.
Equation of a circle with centre (𝒂; 𝒃) – Geometry and algebra are integrated topics in this area.
Learn formula for equation of the tangent to the 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
circle from textbook, study guides and any material
you can get your hands on. Work on different 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞
questions from study material apply this formula until
you feel confident. 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Remember the theorem: The tangent is perpendicular 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1
to the radius
Practice a lot a question on finding the equation of Tangent, equation of a line passing through point ...
the tangent to the circle. on the circumference.
Remember that this of this line will always be
perpendicular to the radius at point of contact with
the circle
Practise question that need you to apply equation of Check the correctness of your attempts against the
the tangent formula, check answers against memo. memos.
Consult the educator if you need any clarity. Do as
many examples as you can.
Practising questions from different study materials, use Check the correctness of your attempts against the
the calculator all the time. Knowledge of numbers, memos.
halving algebra and Euclidean geometry comes in very
handy in this section.
Make sure to get hold of lots of questions from
textbooks, study guides and any study materials.
Practice lots of questions until you feel confident in
this topic. Challenge yourself with complicated
looking questions.
Equation of a tangent to the circle – the integrated topics in this one is algebra, functions and geometry.
Activity 1
ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(−3; 0), B(−1; −3), C(2; −1) and D(0; 2).

1.1 Determine the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AC. (2)

1.2 Show that AC and BD bisect each other. (3)

1.3 ̂ 𝐶 = 90°.
Prove that 𝐴𝐷 (4)
1.4 Show that ABCD is a square. (6)
1.5 Determine the size of 𝜃, the angle of inclination of DC, correct to ONE decimal
place. (3)
1.6 Does C lie inside or outside the circle with centre (0; 0) and radius 2? Justify your
answer. (2)
[20]
Activity 2
ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(1; 6), B(3; 0), C(6; 0) and D(7; 𝑡) in a Cartesian
plane. 𝐴𝐷 ∥ 𝐵𝐶.

2.1 Calculate the gradient of BC. (2)

2.2 Determine the equation of AD in the form 𝑦 = … (3)
2.3 Show that 𝑡 = 8. (2)
2.4 Calculate the lengths of AD, BC and AB. (4)
2.5 Show that AB is perpendicular to BC. (3)
2.6 Calculate the area of the quadrilateral ABCD. (Simplify your answer.) (4)
2.7 Determine, the angle of inclination of BC. (3)
[21]
Activity 3
ABC is a triangle with vertices A(1; 3), B(𝑡; 0) and 𝐶(𝑝; −4), with 𝑝 > 0, in a Cartesian
plane. AB makes an angle of 45° with the positive 𝑥-axis. AC = √50.

3.1 Determine the gradient of AB. (2)

3.2 Calculate the value of 𝑡. (2)
3.3 Calculate 𝑝, the 𝑥-coordinate of point C. (4)
3.4 Hence, determine the midpoint of BC. (2)
3.5 Determine the equation of the line parallel to AB, passing through C. (3)
[13]
Activity 4
The diagram below shows the points 𝑃(0; 2) and 𝑄(4; 0). Point A is the midpoint of PQ.
Line AB is perpendicular to PQ and intersects the 𝑥-axis at G and the 𝑦-axis at B.

1
4.1 Show that the gradient of PQ is − . (1)
2

4.2 Determine the coordinates of A. (2)

4.3 Determine the equation of the line AB. (5)
4.4 Calculate the length of BQ. (3)
4.5 Show that ∆𝐵𝑃𝑄 is isosceles. (2)
4.6 If PBQR is a rhombus, determine the coordinates of R. (3)
[16]
Activity 5
In the figure below, A, B and C are the vertices of a triangle. AC is extended to cut the 𝑥-axis
at D.

5.1 Calculate the gradients of:

5.1.1 AD (2)
5.1.2 BC (1)

5.2 Calculate the size of DĈB. (3)

5.3 Write down an equation of the straight line AD. (2)
5.4 Determine the coordinates of M, the midpoint of BC. (2)
5.5 If G(𝑎; 𝑏) is a point such that A, G and M lie on the same straight line, show that
𝑏 = 2𝑎 + 1. (4)

5.6 Hence, calculate TWO possible values of 𝑏 if GC = √17. (6)

[20]
Activity 6
In the diagram below ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 with vertices P(−1; 2), Q(−2; −2) and R(3; 0) is given.

6.1 Calculate the angle that PQ makes with the positive 𝑥-axis. (3)
6.2 Determine the coordinates of M, the midpoint of PR. (2)
6.3 Determine the perimeter of ∆PQR to the nearest whole number. (5)
6.4 Determine an equation of the parallel to PQ that passes through M. (3)
[13]
Activity 7
In the diagram below, PQRS is a rectangle with vertices 𝑃(−4; 0), 𝑄(4; 𝑎), 𝑅(6; 0) and S.
Q is lies in the first quadrant.

7.1 Show that 𝑎 = 4. (4)

7.2 Determine the equation of the straightl line passing through the points S and R
in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (4)
7.3 Calculate the coordinates of S. (4)
7.4 Calculate the length of PR. (2)
7.5 Determine the equation of the circles that has diameter PR. Give the equation
of the circle in the form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 . (3)
7.6 Show that Q is a point on the circle in QUESTION 7.5. (2)
[19]
Activity 8
In the figure below, A(1; 4), B(−3; 1) and D(5; 2) are the coordinates of the vertices of
∆ABD.
 BD and AD intersect the 𝑥-axis at E and F respectively.
 The angle of inclination of BD with the 𝑥-axis at E is 𝛼.
 The angle of inclination of AD with the 𝑥-axis at F is 𝛽.

8.1 Calculate the gradient of AD. (2)

8.2 Determine the length of the line segment AD. (Leave your answer in sur form.) (2)
8.3 Determine the coordinates of M, the midpoint of AD. (2)
8.4 C is a point such that line BC is parallel to AD. Determine the equation of line BC
in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0. (3)
8.5 8.5.1 Calculate the size of 𝛽. (2)
8.5.2 Calculate ALL the angles of ∆DEF. (5)
8.6 Determine the equation of a circle, with M, which passes through the points A
and D. Give your answer in the form: (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 . (2)
8.7 Does the point B lie inside, outside or on the circle in QUESTION 8.6? Show ALL
calculations to justify your answer. (2)
[20]
Activity 9
ABCD is a rhombus with A(−3; 8) and C(5; −4). The diagonals of ABCD bisect each other
at
M. the point 𝐸(6; 1) lies on BC.

9.1 Calculate the coordinates of M. (2)

9.2 Calculate the gradient of BC. (2)
9.3 Determine the equation of the line AD in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐. (3)
9.4 ̂ C. show ALL calculations.
Determine the size of 𝜃, that is BA (6)
[13]