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2
G (s) n
Open-Loop Transfer Function
s ( s 2 n )
C( s ) n2
2 Closed-Loop Transfer Function
R( s ) s 2n s n2
Introduction
C( s ) n2
2
R( s ) s 2n s n2
C( s ) 4
2
R( s ) s 2s 4
C( s ) n2
2
R( s ) s 2n s n2
C( s ) n2
2
R( s ) s 2n s n2
n n 2 1
n n 2 1
Introduction
n n 2 1
n n 2 1
• Depending upon the value of , a second-order system can be set
into one of the four categories:
1. Overdamped - when the system has two real distinct poles ( >1).
jω
δ
-c -b -a
Introduction
n n 2 1
n n 2 1
• According the value of , a second-order system can be set into
one of the four categories:
2. Underdamped - when the system has two complex conjugate poles (0 < <1)
jω
δ
-c -b -a
Introduction
n n 2 1
n n 2 1
• According the value of , a second-order system can be set into
one of the four categories:
δ
-c -b -a
Introduction
n n 2 1
n n 2 1
• According the value of , a second-order system can be set into
one of the four categories:
4. Critically damped - when the system has two real but equal poles ( = 1).
jω
δ
-c -b -a
Time-Domain Specification
For 0< <1 and ωn > 0, the 2nd order system’s response due to a
unit step input looks like
11
Time-Domain Specification
• The delay (td) time is the time required for the response to
reach half the final value the very first time.
12
Time-Domain Specification
• The rise time is the time required for the response to rise from 10%
to 90%, 5% to 95%, or 0% to 100% of its final value.
• For underdamped second order systems, the 0% to 100% rise time is
normally used. For overdamped systems, the 10% to 90% rise time is
commonly used.
Time-Domain Specification
• The peak time is the time required for the response to reach
the first peak of the overshoot.
14
14
Time-Domain Specification
The maximum overshoot is the maximum peak value of the
response curve measured from unity. If the final steady-state
value of the response differs from unity, then it is common to
use the maximum percent overshoot. It is defined by
15
Time-Domain Specification
• The settling time is the time required for the response curve
to reach and stay within a range about the final value of size
specified by absolute percentage of the final value (usually 2%
or 5%).
16
S-Plane
• Natural Undamped Frequency.
jω
• Distance from the origin of s-
plane to pole is natural
undamped frequency in n
rad/sec.
δ
S-Plane
• Let us draw a circle of radius 3 in s-plane.
jω
-3 3
δ
-3
S-Plane
• Therefore the s-plane is divided into Constant Natural
Undamped Frequency (ωn) Circles.
jω
δ
S-Plane
• Damping ratio.
jω
δ
S-Plane
• For Undamped system 90 therefore, 0
jω
δ
S-Plane
• For overdamped and critically damped systems 0
therefore, 1
jω
δ
S-Plane
• Draw a vector connecting origin of s-plane and some point P.
jω
P
45
δ
jω
δ
Example-2
• Determine the natural frequency and damping ratio of the poles from the
following pz-map. Pole-Zero Map
1.5
0.91 0.84 0.74 0.6 0.42 0.22
0.96
1
0.99
Imaginary Axis (seconds-1)
0.5
-0.5
0.99
-1
0.96
2.5
0.7 0.56 0.42 0.28 0.14
-3
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 30
Example-4
• The natural frequency of closed Pole-Zero Map
3
loop poles of 2nd order system is 2 3
0.5 0.38 0.28 0.17 0.08 2.5
1.5
0.8
Imaginary Axis
loop poles so that the damping 0
ratio remains same but the natural 0.5
0.94
undamped frequency is doubled. -1
1
0.8
1.5
-2
2
0.64
4
0.5
3
2
Imaginary Axis
1
4 2
0
-1
-2
-3
0.5
-4
-5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
S-Plane
n n 2 1
n n 2 1
Step Response of underdamped System
C( s ) n2 Step Response 2
2 C (s) 2
s s 2 n s n2
n
R( s ) s 2n s n2
1 s 2n
C( s ) 2
s s 2n s n2
n2 1 2
1 s 2n
C( s ) 2
s 2n 2 s s 2n s 2 n2 n2 2 n2
1 s 2n
C( s )
s s n 2 n2 1 2
Step Response of underdamped System
1 s 2n
C( s )
s s n 2 n2 1 2
• Above equation can be written as
1 s 2n
C( s )
s s n 2 d2
• Where d n 1 2 , is the frequency of transient oscillations
and is called damped natural frequency.
• The inverse Laplace transform of above equation can be obtained
easily if C(s) is written in the following form:
1 s n n
C( s )
s s n d s n 2 d2
2 2
Step Response of underdamped System
1 s n n
C( s )
s s n d s n 2 d2
2 2
n 1 2
1 s n 1 2
C( s )
s s n d
2 2
s n 2 d2
1 s n d
C( s )
s s n d
2 2
1 2 s 2 2
n d
n t
c(t ) 1 e cos d t e nt sin d t
1 2
Step Response of underdamped System
n t
c(t ) 1 e cos d t e nt sin d t
1 2
c(t ) 1 e nt cos d t sin d t
1 2
• When 0
d n 1 2
n
c(t ) 1 cosnt
Step Response of underdamped System
c(t ) 1 e nt cos d t sin d t
1 2
if 0.1 and n 3 rad / sec
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Step Response of underdamped System
c(t ) 1 e nt cos d t sin d t
1 2
if 0.5 and n 3 rad / sec
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Step Response of underdamped System
c(t ) 1 e nt cos d t sin d t
1 2
if 0.9 and n 3 rad / sec
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Step Response of underdamped System
2
b=0
1.8 b=0.2
b=0.4
1.6
b=0.6
b=0.9
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Step Response of underdamped System
1.4
1.2
0.8
wn=0.5
0.6 wn=1
wn=1.5
wn=2
0.4 wn=2.5
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time Domain Specifications of
Underdamped system
Time Domain Specifications (Rise Time)
c(t ) 1 e nt cos d t sin d t
1 2
Put t t r in above equation
c(t r ) 1 e ntr cos d t r sin d t r
1 2
Where c(t r ) 1
0 e nt r cos d t r sin d t r
1 2
e ntr 0 0 cos d t r sin d t r
1 2
Time Domain Specifications (Rise Time)
cos d t r sin d t r 0
1 2
above equation can be re - writen as
1 2
sin d t r cos d t r
1 2
tan d t r
1 2
d t r tan 1
Time Domain Specifications (Rise Time)
1 2
d t r tan 1
1 1 2
tr tan 1 n
d n
tr
d tan 1 a
b
Time Domain Specifications (Peak Time)
c(t ) 1 e nt cos d t sin d t
1 2
• In order to find peak time let us differentiate above equation w.r.t t.
dc(t )
n t
n e cos d t sin d t e n d sin d t
t d
cos d t
dt 1 2 1 2
2 n d
n t
0e n cos d t sin d t d sin d t cos d t
1 2 1 2
2
1 2
0 e nt n cos d t n
sin d t d sin d t n cos d t
1 2
1 2
Time Domain Specifications (Peak Time)
2
1 2
n t
0e n cos d t n
sin d t d sin d t n
cos d t
1 2
1 2
2
e nt n
sin d t d sin d t 0
1 2
2
e nt 0 n
sin d t d sin d t 0
1 2
2
sin d t n
d 0
1 2
Time Domain Specifications (Peak Time)
2
sin d t n
d 0
1 2
2
n
d 0
1 2 sin d t 0
d t sin 1 0
0, , 2 ,
t
d
• Since for underdamped stable systems first peak is maximum peak
therefore,
tp
d
Time Domain Specifications (Maximum Overshoot)
n t p
c(t p ) 1 e cos d t p sin d t p
1 2
c() 1
M p 1 e n p cos d t p sin d t p 1 100
t
1 2
Put tp in above equation
d
n
M p e d cos
sin
100
d
d 2
d
d
1
Time Domain Specifications (Maximum Overshoot)
n
M p e d cos
sin
100
d
d 2
d
d
1
Put ωd ωn 1-ζ 2 in above equation
n
n 1 2 cos 100
M p e sin
2
1
M p e
1 2
1 0 100
1 2
Mp e 100
Time Domain Specifications (Settling Time)
c(t ) 1 e nt cos d t sin d t
1 2
n n 2 1
1
T
n
Real Part Imaginary Part
Time Domain Specifications (Settling Time)
• Settling time (2%) criterion
• Time consumed in exponential decay up to 98% of the input.
4
t s 4T T
1
n n
tr tp
d 2 d 1 2
n 1 n
4
t s 4T Maximum Overshoot
n
3 Mp e
1 2
100
t s 3T
n
Settling Time (4%)
Example#5
• Consider the system shown in following figure, where
damping ratio is 0.6 and natural undamped frequency is 5
rad/sec. Obtain the rise time tr, peak time tp, maximum
overshoot Mp, and settling time 2% and 5% criterion ts when
the system is subjected to a unit-step input.
Example#5
Rise Time Peak Time
tr tp
d d
4
t s 4T
n Mp e
1 2
100
3
t s 3T
n
Settling Time (4%)
Example#5
Rise Time
tr
d
3.141
tr
2
n 1
2
1
tan 1 ( n ) 0.93 rad
n
3.141 0.93
tr 0.55s
5 1 0.6 2
Example#5
Peak Time
Settling Time (2%)
4
tp ts
d n
4
3.141 ts 1.33s
tp 0.785s 0.6 5
4
Settling Time (4%)
3
ts
n
3
ts 1s
0.6 5
Example#5
Maximum Overshoot
1 2
Mp e 100
3.1410.6
1 0.6 2
Mp e 100
Example#5
Step Response
1.4
1.2 Mp
0.8
Amplitude
0.6
0.4
Rise Time
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (sec)
Example#6
• For the system shown in Figure-(a), determine the values of gain K
and velocity-feedback constant Kh so that the maximum overshoot
in the unit-step response is 0.2 and the peak time is 1 sec. With
these values of K and Kh, obtain the rise time and settling time.
Assume that J=1 kg-m2 and B=1 N-m/rad/sec.
Example#6
Example#6
C( s ) n2
2
R( s ) s 2n s n2
(1 KK h )
n K
2 K
Example#6
(1 KK h )
n K
2 K
• Maximum overshoot is 0.2. • The peak time is 1 sec
tp
d
3.141
1
n 1 2
) ln 0.2
1 2
ln( e
3.141
n
1 0.456 2
n 3.53
Example#6
n 3.96
n K (1 KK h )
2 K
3.53 K 0.456 2 12.5 (1 12.5K h )
3.532 K K h 0.178
K 12.5
Example#6
n 3.96
4
tr ts
n 1 2 n
t r 0.65s t s 2.48s
3
ts
n
t s 1.86s
Example#7
When the system shown in Figure(a) is subjected to a unit-step input,
the system output responds as shown in Figure(b). Determine the
values of a and c from the response curve.
a
s( cs 1)
Example#8
Figure (a) shows a mechanical vibratory system. When 2 lb of force
(step input) is applied to the system, the mass oscillates, as shown in
Figure (b). Determine m, b, and k of the system from this response
curve.
Example#9
Given the system shown in following figure, find J and D to yield 20%
overshoot and a settling time of 2 seconds for a step input of torque
T(t).
Example#9
Example#9
Step Response of critically damped System ( 1 )
C( s ) n2 Step Response n2
C( s )
R( s ) s n 2 s s n
2
1 1 n
C( s )
s s n s n 2
12
1. G ( s ) 2
s 8s 12
16
2. G ( s) 2 Do them as your own
s 8s 16 revision
20
3. G ( s ) 2
s 8s 20
72