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Mass Transfer
• Definitions
• Convection Calculations
nA, s hm A, s A,
Total Transfer Rates:
N A, s hm As C A, s C A,
nA, s hm As A, s A,
Average Mass Transfer Coefficient:
1
hm hm dx
As As
Vapor Concentration
A, s A, sat Ts M AC A, sat Ts
C A* * C A
*
1 2C A*
u*
v
x* y * Re L Sc y *2
v
Sc the Schmidt number
DAB
C *A f x* , y* , Re L , Sc
DAB C A / y y 0 DAB C A, C A, s C A* DAB C A*
hm
C A , s C A, L C A, s C A, y* y* 0
L y * y* 0
Similarity (cont.)
hm L C *A
Sh *
DAB y
f x* , Re L Sc
y* 0
Analogies
• Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy
From analogous forms of the dimensionless boundary layer energy and
species equations, it follows that, for a prescribed geometry and equivalent
boundary conditions, the functional dependencies of Nu and Sh are equivalent.
Nu f x* ,Re, Pr
Sh f x , Re, Sc
*
• Reynolds Analogy
For dp* / dx* 0
Re
Cf Nu
2
and Pr Sc 1,
Nu Sh
it follows that
Cf Sh
Stm
2 Re
where
Sh h
Stm m the mass transfer Stanton number
Re Sc V
• Modified Reynolds Analogy
Cf
Stm Sc 2 / 3 jm 0.6 Sc 300
2
Colburn j factor for mass transfer
• The term evaporative cooling originates from association of the latent energy
created by evaporation at a liquid interface with a reduction in the thermal
energy of the liquid. If evaporation occurs in the absence of other energy transfer
processes, the thermal energy, and hence the temperature of the liquid, must decrease.
h T Ts nAh fg hm A, sat Ts A, h fg
T Ts hm / h A, sat Ts A, h fg
Steady-state Obtained from heat/mass
Cooling transfer analogy
• With radiation from the interface and heat addition by other means,
qadd
qconv qevap
qrad
Problem: Naphthalene Sublimation Method
KNOWN: Surface area and temperature of a coated turbine blade. Temperature and pressure of air
flow over the blade. Molecular weight M A 128.16 kg/kmol and saturation vapor pressure of the
naphthalene coating. Duration of air flow and corresponding mass loss of naphthalene due to
sublimation.
N a p h th a le n e c o a tin g
A ir flo w T s = 2 7 o C , A s = 0 .0 5 m 2
p A ,s a t = 1 .3 3 x 1 0 -4 b a r
p = 1 a tm
m = 8 g fo r t = 3 0 m in
T oo = 2 7 o C
Problem: Naphthalene (cont.)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Applicability of heat and mass transfer analogy, (2) Negligible change in As
due to mass loss, (3) Naphthalene vapor behaves as an ideal gas, (4) Solid/vapor equilibrium at surface
of coating, (5) Negligible vapor density in freestream of air flow.
3 -6
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T = 300K): = 1.161 kg/m , cp = 1007 J/kgK, = 22.5 10
2 -5 2
m /s. Table A-8, Naphthalene vapor/air (T = 300K): DAB = 0.62 10 m /s.
ANALYSIS: From the rate equation for convection mass transfer, the average convection mass
transfer coefficient may be expressed as
nA m / t
hm
As A,s A, As A,s
where
Hence,
0.008 kg / 30 min 60s / min
hm 0.13m / s
0.05m 2 6.83 104 kg / m3
Problem: Naphthalene (cont.)
2/3
1007 J / kg K 22.5 106 / 0.62 105 359 W / m 2 K
Problem 6.74: Use of wet and dry bulb temperature measurements to determine
the relative humidity of an air stream.
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Perfect gas behavior for vapor, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3)
Negligible radiation, (4) Negligible conduction along thermometer.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (308K, 1 atm): = 1.135 kg/m , cp = 1007 J/kgK, = 23.7
-6 2
10 m /s;
3
Table A-6, Saturated water vapor (298K): vg = 44.25 m /kg, hfg = 2443 kJ/kg; (318K): vg = 15.52 m3/kg;
-4 2 -4 2
Table A-8, Air-vapor (1 atm, 298K): DAB = 0.26 10 m /s, DAB (308K) = 0.26 10 m /s
3/2 -4 2
(308/298) = 0.27 10 m /s, Le = /DAB = 0.88.
Problem: Wet-bulb Thermometer
T Ts h A,sat Ts A,
h fg m .
A,sat T h
A,sat T T
A,sat
With A, / A,sat T for a perfect gas and h/hm obtained from the heat and mass
transfer analogy,
A,sat Ts cp
T Ts .
A,sat T Le2/3 A,sat T h fg
where
A,sat Ts vg T 15.52
0.351
A,sat T vg Ts 44.25
1
A,sat T 15.52 m3 / kg 0.064 kg/m3 .
Hence,
1.135 kg/m3 1007 J/kg K
0.351 45 25 K
0.88 2/3
0.064 kg/m3 2.443 106 J/kg
0.351 0.159 0.192.