FROM ATTIRE TO ASSAULT: xxx FACTOR FOR RAPE VICTIMIZATION

A Research Paper

Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice

PHINMA University of Iloilo

In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Course CRI 194- Criminological Research

by

Researchers’ Name

Zhyreel James R. Ceriaco

Ropel P. Depamaylo

Jean Claude F. Dorde

Raffbrix B. Endencio

Oliverwill M. Espulgar Jr.

Keenan Ryn R. Estribo

Melvin P. Loloy

Jimbo G. Magdato

Jemmalyn Mae G. Manalo

Cleo John A. Monicode

Jeric S. Montalban
Dyna Jean B. Sumaria

Marnele V. Villaroza

Month Year
 Abstract

(Constructed upon completion of Chapter 4 and 5)

 APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate thesis entitled, “ Attire to Assault: Perception

of Criminology Students on Revealing Clothing as a Factor for Rape Victimization ”,

prepared and submitted by Zhyreel James R. Ceriaco, Ropel P.

Depamaylo, Jean Claude F. Dorde, Raffbrix B. Endencio,

Oliverwill M. Espulgar Jr., Keenan Ryn R. Estribo, Melvin P.

Loloy, Jimbo G. Magdato, Jemmalyn Mae G. Manalo, Cleo John

A. Monicode, Jeric S. Montalban, Dyna Jean B. Sumaria,

Marnele V. Villaroza in partial fulfillment of the course

requirements in CRI 194- Criminological Research.

Acknowledgments
 Table of Contents

Pages

Title Page

Abstract

Approval Sheet

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter

1 Introduction

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Statement of the Hypothesis

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

Definition of Terms

2 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Foreign Studies

Local Studies

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

3 Methodology

Research Design
 The Respondents

Research Instrument

Validity of the Instrument

Reliability of the Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Tools

4 Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

Profile of the Respondents

5 Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Summary of Findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

References

Appendices

Curriculum Vitae
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Rape not only hurts someone for a short while, but it

shatters their entire life. Most women never fully recover

from being a victim of rape. PTSD, poor mental health, poor

physical health and chronic pain are among the adverse

impact associated with rape victimization. There are

different types of women who become victims of rape and some

factors pointed include victim-offender relationship,

alcohol consumption, and offenders with prior rape records.

The role of clothing, whether or not it has a

correlation with rape victimization, has also become a hot

topic for debates. For many years, it is common perception

that women’s revealing clothes makes them targets of rape

because their choice of clothing makes them be seen as less

moral and self-respecting. On the other hand, emerging

opinions contend that clothing is an expression of identity

for women and a source of self-confidence and self-

assurance.

According to Awasthi (2017), provocative clothing that

deviates from what is considered modest by the society is

said to increase the sexual objectification of women. This

sexual objectification leads to dehumanization of women,

thus leading them to be targets of sexual advances and

comments and worse, sexual violence like rape. Revealing

clothing is also found to increase victim blaming and lower

moral concern.

However, the Philippine Commission on Women believes

that a woman’s choice of clothing is not a cause of sexual

violence. Blaming any form of sexual violence especially

rape on the victim’s appearance and clothes “shield the

perpetrators of such violence or give an excuse for their

toxic behavior”. Perpetuated by sexism, it also enforces

victim blaming, which is one of the reasons that discourage

rape victims to step forward and press charges against their

offenders.

This study would like to know the perception of

criminology students to determine if revealing clothing

should be considered as a factor for rape victimization and

develop appropriate actions regarding this issue.

Statement of Problem

This study aimed to determine the level of perception

on attire to assault as a factor of rape victimization among

selected students of Phinma University of Iloilo.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following

questions:
 1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the

respondent in terms of age, sex and section?

2. What is the level of perception among selected

students on attire to assault as a factors of rape

victimization when they are classified according to profile

variables?

3. Is there significant difference in the level of

perception among selected students on attire to assault as a

factors of rape victimization when they are classified

according to profile variables?

Hypothesis

There is significant difference in the level of

perception among selected students on attire to assault as a

factors of rape victimization when they are classified

according to profile variables.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focused mainly on the level of perception

among selected students on attire to assault as a factors of

rape victimization and the respondents in this study were

the 4rt year criminology student of Phinma University of

Iloilo and their relationship to some variables like age,

sex and section.

 This study was conducted at the Phinma University of

Iloilo.

The researcher used the descriptive survey design for this

research with the used of scientifically validated

questionnaire as a data gathering instrument. After

gathering the data, the data were analyzed with use of

appropriate statistical tools.

This study was conducted in the second semester of Academic

year 2021-2022.

Significance of the Study

It is necessary that the study should be conducted to

get the actual response of the students towards the level of

perception on attire to assault as a factor of rape

victimization. Therefore, the result of the study would

ended be valuable and of great significance to the

following:

Women. The result of the study will be very beneficial to

women can due to they were considered as the weak and barely

unable to protect themselves in sexual assault. In general’s

perception that rape mostly happens to women.

Men. The result of this study is very beneficial to men,

this would be a basis for them to protect their partner or

their family members from being a victim of rape.

Parents. The result of the study will be very beneficial to

the parents; this would alarm them to strictly protected to

their children. They provide limitations to their children.

Community. The result of this study will be very beneficial

to the community to inform them regarding the possible

factors of rape victimization.

The Researchers. Being future police officer, the

researchers would be able to use the findings of the study

to help in bringing the issue about victimization of rape

and to help the public understand the issue regarding on the

perception of rape victimization among students.

The Future Researchers. The result of this study could

help researchers in identifying the gaps on the related

topics which needed in further studies investigation and

innovative technologies to imply later on.

Definition of Terms

For the purpose of clarity and precisions, some terms

used in the study are given their conceptual and operational

meaning.

Attire. Refer to the clothes you are wearing.

 In this study, this determines that attire is one of the

factor of rape victimization.

Assault. The act of inflicting physical harm or unwanted

physical contact upon a person.

In this study, this refers to perpetrator on how the

victim being attacked.

Factor. One of the things that affects an event,

decision or situation.

In this study, this refers to a reason why rape will

happen.

Rape. Type of sexual assault usually involving sexual

intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out

against a person without that person consent.

In this study, this determines that there’s an unlawful

sexual activity involving sexual intercourse with the use of

threat to the person who is incapable of giving consent.

Victimization. The process of being victimized or

becoming a victim.

In this study, this refer to the person who is a victim

on the rape case, and the person who experienced violent.

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Conceptual Literature

Law (rape)

Rape is an inherently violent crime that typically

results in physical, social, emotional, and psychological

harm. It remains a prevalent social problem in the

Philippines, and throughout the world. Republic Act No. 8353,

otherwise known as the Anti-Rape Law of 1997, expanded the

definition of the crime of rape in the Revised Penal Code

(RPC) and re-classified it as a crime against persons

instead of as a crime against chastity.

The experiences of other countries shed light on how to

go about redefining the crime of rape through the

perspective of the victim instead of the attacker. The

Sudanese Criminal Act defines rape as sexual intercourse

without consent. In Great Britain, the performance of sexual

acts other than those consented to by a person is cause for

conviction of the crime of rape. The Philippine Supreme

Court has also made progressive rulings relating to the

concept of consent in rape cases. It has ruled that the

moral character of the victim is immaterial in proving the

crime of rape; that sexual intercourse, albeit within the

realm of marriage, if not consensual is rape and that even a

prostituted person may be a victim of rape. (People vs.

Jumawan, G.R. No. 187495, 21 April 2014)

Hence, it is proposed that the acts of rape be redefined

by highlighting the essential element of lack of consent of

the victim, instead of requiring the use of force, threat,

intimidation, fraudulent machination or grave abuse of

authority by the attacker before the latter’s act can be

classified as rape. The exertion of resistance by the victim

must never be made a requirement by the courts in proving

the case of rape, because it is not, by law, an element of

the crime. Amending the law will leave no room for varying
and misplaced interpretations. Appreciation of evidence will

also be anchored on standard gender-sensitive precepts

instead of gender stereotypes which are unfair and

discriminatory to the victim.

Statutory rape refers to sexual relations involving a

person below the legal age of sexual consent. It is

punishable under the law precisely because persons of such

ages are considered too young to intelligently decide for

themselves in terms of engaging in any form of sexual

intercourse with another person who is usually older.

Article 266-A 1(d) of the RPC as amended by R.A. No. 8353

sets the age for determining statutory rape at “below 12

years old”.  This means that in the Philippines, any sexual

intercourse with a minor who has not reached the age of 12

is automatically regarded as rape, even if the minor

consented or appeared to have voluntarily engaged in the

sexual act. However, once a child reaches the exact age of

12, he or she is legally deemed mature enough to give sexual

consent to another person.  

Instead of protecting children, the law leaves them

vulnerable to sexual predators especially those who are

significantly older than them and who may take advantage of

their impressionability. Moreover, it has been found by

studies that earlier initiation of sexual intercourse is

strongly associated with sexually transmitted

infections, increased risk of cervical cancer, pregnancy,

depression and suicide, and sexual abuse.

Research Literature

Example research about rape victimization

Theoretical Framework

Victimization is the process of being victimized or becoming a victim. The term victim of

crime generally refers to any person, group or entity who has suffered injury or loss due

to an illegal activity.

Victim Precipitation Theory

This study anchored on victim precipitation theory

maintains that some people instigate or initiate a

particular confrontation that may in the end lead to that

person becoming victimized by injury or death. There are two

types of precipitation i.e. active or passive. Active

precipitation occurs when the victim deliberately acts in a

provocative manner, uses abusive words or threats, or even

attacks first. According to Amir (1971, p.275), in cases of

rape, the victims are not always the passive party and it is

alleged that they sometimes, contribute to their own

victimization by dressing provocatively or pursuing a

relationship with the perpetrator.

Passive precipitation on the other hand, occurs when the

victim contains characteristics that unknowingly incites or

threatens the aggressor. It can happen due to personal

conflicts such as two individuals rival for a love interest,

a promotion, a job, or any other desirable interest. For

instance, a woman who gets a promotion may become a victim

of domestic violence of a jealous spouse or partner.

Lifestyle Theory

This study was also anchored that those whose lifestyle

increases criminal exposure are more likely to become

victims of crime. Behaviors such as going out late at night,

associating with younger men, and residing in urban area

increases risk of becoming a victim. Therefore, one can

reduce their chance of becoming a victim by staying home at

night, living in a suburban area, avoiding public areas, and

getting married. The lifestyle theory holds that crime is

not random but instead is a function of an individual's

chosen lifestyle (Siegel, 2006).

Those who choose high-risk lifestyles that include

taking drugs, drinking, and participating in criminal

activities, their risk level of becoming victims is much

higher. Likewise, the more time someone is exposed to street

life, the greater their chance of becoming victims.

Teenagers who tend to spend nights partying habitually are

also more prone to be at risk than those who avoid such

unstable lifestyles (Siegel, 2006)

Deviant Place Theory

This theory was also anchored that victims do not

motivate crime but rather are more likely to become victims

due to the fact they live in social areas that are

disorganized and contain high-crime rates and therefore have

the highest risk of coming into contact with criminals

regardless of their lifestyle or behavior (Siegel, 2006).

Routine Activities Theory

Lastly, this study was also anchored that the "volume

and distribution of predatory crime" are closely linked to

three variable interactions that present the typical

'routine activities' executed in an American traditional

lifestyle (Siegel, 2006 p.80). These variables include: (1)

available and suitable targets such as unlocked homes that

contain saleable goods, (2) No proper guardians such as

police, homeowners, neighbors, and relatives, and (3) the

presence of potential offenders such as addicts, and those

who are unemployed. The presence of such components

increases the probability of the occurrence of crime

(Siegel, 2006).

Conceptual Framework

In this study, the researchers tried to find out the

level of perception on attire to assault as a factor of rape

victimization among selected students of Phinma University

of Iloilo.

The hypothesized relationships between the variables

covered in this study are shown in the following diagram:

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Local Studies

International Studies

On Foreign Studies

According to an exclusive research survey conducted for “The

Independent” in UK found that 55 percent of Men believe that

“the more revealing the clothes a woman wears, the more

likely it is that she will be harassed or assaulted”.

This result was based on a sample of 1,104 adults and was

weighted to be representative of the UK population. It was

also found that Men are markedly more likely to hold this

view than women – with 41 percent of female respondents

subscribing to the view that revealing clothing invites

unwanted sexual advances.

Therefore, the research concluded that a majority of men in

the UK think a woman is more likely to be sexually harassed

or assaulted if she wears revealing clothes.

On Local Studies
 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

Research Design

The design we used in this study is descriptive design.

Descriptive research is a fact-finding with adequate

interpretation which aimed to determine the level of

perception on attire to assault as a factor of rape

victimization among selected students of Phinma University

of Iloilo. Under this descriptive research, the researchers

focused on descriptive-survey.

The descriptive research design is considered

appropriate because this study is basically in nature in as

much as its purpose is mainly to determine the level of

perception on attire to assault as a factor of rape

victimization. The independent variables in this study are

age, sex and section of a students, while the dependent

variable is the level of perception on attire to assault as

a factor of rape victimization.

The Respondents of the Study

Research Instrument

Validity of the Instrument

Reliability of the Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Tools

Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

(Introductory)

Profile of the Respondents

 (Insert Table: Profile of the Respondents)

Descriptive

(Insert Table)

Inferential

(Insert Table)

Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

(Introductory)

Summary of Findings
(Introductory)

Conclusions

(Introductory)

Recommendations

(Introductory)

(Numbered)

References

(APA FORMAT)

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(Italic). Publisher
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year).Title

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hyperlink) https://pcw.gov.ph/amending-the-anti-rape-law/

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 Appendix A

Questionnaire
Curriculum Vitae