Overt act – that physical activity, that deed that constitutes the rendering of

aid and comfort

It is not required that the testimonies be identical. It is sufficient that the
witnesses are uniform in their testimony on the overt act; it is not necessary
that there be corroboration between them on the point they testified. It is
not affected by discrepancies in minor details.
Adherence may be proved:
By one witness
From the nature of the act itself
From the circumstances surrounding the act

2. Confession of the accused in open court

“Confession” – a confession of guilt in open court, before the judge while

actually hearing the case; not only an admission of facts made by the accused
in giving his testimony after a plea of not guilty, from which admissions of his
guilt can be inferred

Cruelty and ignominy are aggravating circumstances in treason

Evident premeditation is not aggravating in treason because it usually
requires reflective and persistent determination Superior strength and
treachery are circumstances inherent in treason, and are not aggravating

Defense of suspended allegiance and change of sovereignty is not acceptable.

Other than the defense of duress (fear of immediate death), lawful obedience
to a de facto government is a good defense in treason.
Article 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason – Penalty. – The
conspiracy and proposal to commit the crime of treason shall be punished
respectively, by prision mayor and a fine not exceeding 10,000 pesos, and by prision
correccional and a fine not exceeding 5,000 pesos.

Article 8. Conspiracy and proposal to commit felony. Conspiracy and

proposal to commit felony are punishable only in the cases in which the law
specially provides a penalty therefor.
Conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement
concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it. There is
proposal when the person who has decided to commit the felony proposes
 its execution to some other person or persons.

Although the general rule under Article 8 is that conspiracy and proposal to
commit a felony is not punishable, mere conspiracy and proposal to commit
treason is a felony. In treason,