Op Amps

Operational Amplifiers
What is an Op Amp (1)
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Boylestad Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
3
What is an Op Amp (2)
4
E.1 What is an Op Amp (3)
5
Basic Op-Amp
Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential

amplifier with a high input impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms)
and low output impedance (less than 100 W).
Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory 6 © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Ch.10 Summary
Op-Amp Gain
Op-Amps can be connected in open-loop or closed-loop

configurations.
Open-loop: A configuration with no feedback from the op-amp output

back to its input. Op-amp open-loop gain typically exceeds 10,000.
Closed-loop: A configuration that has a negative feedback path from

the op-amp output back to its input. Negative feedback reduces the
gain and improves many characteristics of the op-amp.
• Closed-loop gain is always lower than open-loop gain.
8
E.1 What is an Op Amp (4)
Typical ranges for op amp parameters
Ch.10 Summary
Inverting Op-Amp
The input signal is applied to

the inverting (–) input
The non-inverting input (+)
is grounded
The feedback resistor (Rf)
is connected from the output
to the negative (inverting)
input; providing negative
feedback.
Ch.10 Summary
Inverting Op-Amp Gain

Gain is set using external resistors: Rf and R1
Vo R
Av   f
Vi R1
Gain can be set to any value

by manipulating the values of
Rf and R1.
Unity gain (Av = 1):
Rf  R1
 Rf
Av   1
R1
The negative sign denotes a 180 phase shift between input and output.
Ch.10 Summary
Virtual Ground
Virtual ground: A term used

to describe the condition
where Vi  0 V (at the inverting
input) when the noninverting
input is grounded.
The op-amp has such high input

impedance that even with a high
gain there is no current through
the inverting input pin, therefore
all of the input current passes
through Rf.
Ch.10 Summary
Common Op-Amp Circuits
Inverting amplifier
Noninverting amplifier
Unity follower
Summing amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator
Ch.10 Summary
Inverting/Noninverting Amplifiers
Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier
 Rf Rf
Vo  V1 Vo  (1  )V1
R1 R1
Ch.10 Summary
Unity Follower
Vo  V1
Ch.10 Summary
Summing Amplifier
Because the op-amp

has a high input
impedance, the
multiple inputs are
treated as separate
inputs.
 Rf Rf Rf 
Vo   V1  V2  V3 
 R1 R2 R3 
Ch.10 Summary
Integrator
The output is the

integral of the input;
i.e., proportional to the
area under the input
waveform. This circuit
is useful in low-pass
filter circuits and sensor
conditioning circuits.
1
v o (t )  
RC  v1(t )dt
Ch.10 Summary
Differentiator
The differentiator
takes the derivative
of the input. This
circuit is useful in
high-pass filter
circuits.
dv1(t )
v o (t )  RC
dt
Ch.10 Summary
DC-Offset Parameters
Even when the input voltage is zero, an op-amp can have an

output offset. The following can cause this offset:
Input offset voltage

Input offset current
Input offset voltage and input offset current
Input bias current
Ch.10 Summary
Frequency Parameters
An op-amp is a wide-bandwidth amplifier. The

following factors affect the bandwidth of the op-
amp:
Gain
Slew rate
Ch.10 Summary
Gain and Bandwidth

The op-amp’s high
frequency response is
limited by its internal
circuitry. The plot shown
is for an open loop gain
(AOL or AVD). This means
that the op-amp is
operating at the highest
possible gain with no
feedback resistor.
In the open loop mode, an op-amp has a narrow bandwidth. The

bandwidth widens in closed-loop mode, but the gain is lower.
Ch.10 Summary
Slew Rate (SR)
Slew rate (SR): The maximum rate at which an

op-amp can change output without distortion.
ΔVo
SR  (in V/s)
Δt
The SR rating is listed in the specification sheets

as the V/s rating.
Ch.10 Summary
Maximum Signal Frequency
The slew rate determines the highest

frequency of the op-amp without distortion.
SR
f 
2πVp
where VP is the peak voltage
Ch.10 Summary
General Op-Amp Specifications
Other op-amp ratings found on specification

sheets are:
Absolute Ratings
Electrical Characteristics
Performance
Ch.10 Summary
Absolute Ratings
These are
common
maximum ratings
for the op-amp.
Ch.10 Summary
Electrical Characteristics
Note: These ratings are for specific circuit conditions, and they often
include minimum, maximum and typical values.
Ch.10 Summary
CMRR
One rating that is unique to op-amps is CMRR or common-mode

rejection ratio.
Because the op-amp has two inputs that are opposite in phase
(inverting input and the non-inverting input) any signal that is
common to both inputs will be cancelled.
Op-amp CMRR is a measure of the ability to cancel out common-

mode signals.
Ch.10 Summary
Op-Amp Performance
The specification sheets

will also include graphs
that indicate the
performance of the op-
amp over a wide range of
conditions.
Ideal Op Amp
An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:
1. Infinite open-loop gain, A ≈ ∞

2. Infinite input resistance, Zi ≈ ∞
3. Zero output resistance, Zo ≈ 0
4. Bandwidth is infinite
5. Input offset (CMRR)is zero
Cascaded Op Amp (1)
It is a head-to-tail arrangement of two or more op amp

circuits such that the output to one is the input of the next.
Cascaded Op Amp (2)
Example 6
Find vo and io in the circuit shown below.
*Refer
Electronic to and
Devices in-class illustration,
Circuit Theory textbook Ans:©350mV, 25μA
2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Cascaded Op Amp (3)
Example 7
If v1 = 1V and v2 = 2V, find vo in the op amp circuit shown below.
Ans: 8.667 V
Application (4)
Example 8
For the circuit shown below, calculate vo if v1= 0V,v2=1V and v3 = 1V.
Ans:-0.75V

Op Amps

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Op Amps

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Operational Amplifiers

What is an Op Amp (1)

What is an Op Amp (2)

E.1 What is an Op Amp (3)

Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential

Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output.

Op-Amps can be connected in open-loop or closed-loop

Open-loop: A configuration with no feedback from the op-amp output

Closed-loop: A configuration that has a negative feedback path from

E.1 What is an Op Amp (4)

Typical ranges for op amp parameters

The input signal is applied to

Inverting Op-Amp Gain

Gain can be set to any value

Virtual ground: A term used

The op-amp has such high input

Common Op-Amp Circuits

Because the op-amp

The output is the

Even when the input voltage is zero, an op-amp can have an

Input offset voltage

An op-amp is a wide-bandwidth amplifier. The

Gain and Bandwidth

In the open loop mode, an op-amp has a narrow bandwidth. The

Slew Rate (SR)

Slew rate (SR): The maximum rate at which an

The SR rating is listed in the specification sheets

Maximum Signal Frequency

The slew rate determines the highest

where VP is the peak voltage

General Op-Amp Specifications

Other op-amp ratings found on specification

One rating that is unique to op-amps is CMRR or common-mode

Op-amp CMRR is a measure of the ability to cancel out common-

The specification sheets

An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:

1. Infinite open-loop gain, A ≈ ∞

It is a head-to-tail arrangement of two or more op amp

Find vo and io in the circuit shown below.

If v1 = 1V and v2 = 2V, find vo in the op amp circuit shown below.

You might also like