Electrical Machines Technology II

(EMT226C)
Three phase Induction Motors
Construction of Three phase Induction Machines
Two parts: Stator and Rotor
Stator Construction

Made of lamination of silicone steel.

The stator construction stays the same for all three
rotor constructions.
For 3-phase machine → 3 sets of windings ( 1 coil
for each phase) spread over several slots.
Construction of Three phase Induction Machines
Types of rotors
Squirrel cage rotor type

The rotor winding consists of solid bars.

Conducting material are lightly insulated and placed in
the rotor slots.
The conductors are short-circuited at the ends of the
rotor by end rings.
Construction of Three phase Induction Machines
Wounded rotor

Phase windings in slots.

Made of silicon steel laminations.
The rotor conductors are wounded and the coils are
connected to each other at the ends to form closed
loops.
Short-circuited star.
Construction of Three phase Induction Machines
Slipring rotor

Phase windings in slots.

Made of silicon steel laminations.
Rotor conductors are wounded - one side of each coil
connected as a star and the other side connected to
a slipring.
Sliprings add external resistance to the rotor circuit.
Construction of Three phase Induction Machines
Skewed slots – Better starting and quieter running.

Unskewed Rotor Skewed Rotor Skewed Rotor Skewed Rotor

Variety of conductors shapes

Shapes of conductors affects starting performance.
 Advantages of Induction Machines
Advantages of squirrel cage Induction motors
1. Cheaper and more robust.
2. Have slightly higher efficiency and power factor.
3. Explosion-proof, since the risk of sparking is
eliminated by the absence of slip rings and brushes.

Advantages of wounded rotor Induction motors

1. Have a much higher starting torque.
2. Have a much lower starting current.
3. Have a means of varying speed by using external
rotor resistance connected to slip rings.
 Concept of a rotating flux field at
synchronous speed.
R Y B represent the start
and R1 Y1 B1 represent R
the finish of the three
phases. Y1 B1
R Y B are displaced 120
electrical degrees relative
to one another. B Y
Assumption: Current is positive R1
when flowing inwards X in conductor R Y B and
outwards in R1 Y1 B1.
 Concept of a rotating flux field at
synchronous speed.
a b c d e

0
1200 2400 3600

300 300 300 300

 Concept of a rotating flux field at
synchronous speed.
At instant a: 900
IR = + IMAX
IY = - 0,5 IMAX
IB = - 0,5 IMAX
 Concept of a rotating flux field at
synchronous speed.
At instant b: 1200
IR = + 0,866 IMAX
IY = 0
IB = - 0,866 IMAX
 Concept of a rotating flux field at
synchronous speed.
At instant c: 1500
IR = + 0,5 IMAX
IY = + 0,5 IMAX
IB = - IMAX
 Concept of a rotating flux field at
synchronous speed.
At instant d: 1800
IR = 0
IY = 0,866 IMAX
IB = - 0,866 IMAX
 Concept of a rotating flux field at
synchronous speed.
At instant e: 2100
IR = - 0,866 IMAX
IY = + IMAX
IB = - 0.866 IMAX
 Speed
The speed of the rotating flux field in the stator is
known as synchronous speed (NS) and depends on
the frequency and amount of pole pairs.
Ns = Frequency = rev/sec
Pole pairs
Ns = 120 x Frequency = rev/min
Poles
2 pole - Ns = (120*50)/2 = 3000 r/min (Steam turbines)
4 pole - Ns = (120*50)/4 = 1500 r/min (Diesel Alternators)
48 pole - Ns = (120*50)/48 = 125 r/min (Water turbines)
 Speed
The speed of the rotor is known as rotor speed
(NR) and is less than the synchronous speed (NS).

Rotor slip:
This difference in Synchronous speed and rotor
speed express as a percentage of synchronous
speed is known as the slip (s) of the machine.
Slip (s) = Synchronous speed – Rotor speed
Synchronous speed
Slip (s) = Ns – Nr
Ns
 Speed
The slip speed is the speed of the rotor expressed
relative to the speed of the field. (Ns – Nr)

Rotor frequency
It is the frequency of the induced emf and current in
the rotor conductors due to the slip.
fr = s x fs
fr = fs at standstill

At standstill the slip = 1

 Tutorial Problems

Tutorial Problem no. 34.1

Pg. 1260
Problems 1 – 3
 Stator circuit
Can be star or delta connected
Star:
IL R1 X1

Es1 V1ph Es1

V1 V1
R1 X1

R1 X1
 Stator circuit
Delta:

X1
V1 = Vph
V1 R1
R1
X1
X1 R1
 Emf Equation
Eo = Rotor emf generated per phase at standstill.
Er = Rotor emf generated per phase when per unit
slip is s and the rotor frequency is fr = sf.
Er = sEo
Xo = leakage reactance per phase of rotor winding at
standstill.
For per unit slip(s) corresponding reactance per
phase is:
Xr = sXo
Corresponding impedance per phase is:
Zr = √R2 + (sXo)2
 Emf Equation
Ir = rotor current per phase at slip s
Ir = Er = sEo
√R2 + (sXo)2 √R2 + (sXo)2
If Φr is the phase difference between Er and Ir
Tan Φr = Xr = sXo
R R
And cos Φr = ___R___
√R2 + Xr2
 Emf Equation
A three phase slip-ring, IM with star-connected
rotor has an induced emf of 120 V between slip-
rings at standstill with normal voltage applied to the
stator. The rotor windings has a resistance per
phase of 0,3 ohm and standstill leakage reactance
per phase of 1,5 ohm.
Calculate:
1. Rotor current/phase when running short-
circuited with 4 percent slip.
2. The slip and rotor current per phase when the
rotor is developing maximum torque.
 Emf Equation
Rotor current/phase:
Er = sEo
= 0,04 * 120/√3 = 2,77 V
Xr = sXo
= 0,04 * 1,5 = 0,06 Ω
Zr = √R2 + (sXo)2
= √(0,32 + 0,062) = 0,306∟11,310 Ω
Ir = Er = sEo
√R2 + (sXo)2 √R2 + (sXo)2
= 2,77∟ 00 / 0,306∟11,310 = 9∟-11,310A
 Emf Equation
Slip and rotor current per phase – developing max
torque – R = sXo - Slip at max T = 0,3/1,5 = 0,2
Er = sEo
= 0,2 * 120/√3 = 13,86 V
Xr = sXo
= 0,2 * 1,5 = 0,3 Ω
Zr = √R2 + (sXo)2
= √(0,32 + 0,32) = 0,42∟450 Ω
Ir = Er = sEo
√R2 + (sXo)2 √R2 + (sXo)2
= 13,86∟ 00 / 0,42∟450 = 33∟-450 A
 Tutorial Problems
Tutorial Problem no. 34.1
Pg. 1260
Problems 4
Tutorial Problem no. 34.2
Pg. 1276
Problems 1 and 2
 Losses in Induction Motors
Pem Pmech
PIN POUT

SCL
Core Rotational
RCL
Losses Losses
PIN = √3 VL IL cosɸ SCL = 3 *I12R1 Core losses = PH +E
RCL = sPem Pem = Pmech/(1-s) Pmech = (1-s)Pem
Rotational Losses = Friction and windage (PFW)+ Strayload
losses (PLL)
Pem = PIN – SCL - Core losses = 2πNST/60 Pmech = Pem – RCL
Pmech = 2πNRT / 60 Pout = Pmech - Rotational losses
 Losses in Induction Motors
Pem = Power transferred by the air gap from stator to
rotor ( Power crossing the air gap)

The slip influence the value of the air gap power

due to the fact that the rotor frequency differs from
the stator.

Pmech = Developed mechanical power

 Losses in Induction Motors
Example:
Determine the efficiency and output power of a
three phase, 400 V induction motor running on
load with a fractional slip of 0,04 and taking a
current of 50 A at a power factor of 0,86 lagging.
When running light at 400 V, the motor has a input
current of 15 A and the power taken is 2000 W, of
which 650 W represent rotational losses.
The resistance per phase of the stator winding
(Delta-connected) is 0,5 ohm.
 Tutorial Problems

Tutorial Problem no. 34.3

Pg. 1298
Problems 1 – 7
 Testing of a Induction Machine
Light run test (No-load test):
Rated voltage is applied to the machine.
Power, voltage, current and power factor is
measured. (W0, V0 and I0)
W0 (P0ph) = no-load per phase power after the per
phase rotational loss on no-load has been
subtracted from the measured no-load power.
Rc/ph = V0/ph2 / W0/ph = V0/ph / I0/ph cosɸ0
Xm/ph = V0/ph / I0/ph sinɸ0
P0/ph = V0/ph * I0/ph cosɸ0
 Testing of a Induction Machine
Blocked rotor test:
Reduce voltage is applied to the machine so that
the rated current flows through the stator
windings.
Power, voltage, current and power factor is
measured and reduced to per phase values. (WBR,
VBR and IBR)
ZBR/ph = VBR/ph / IBR/ph
RBR/ph = PBR/ph / IBR/ph2 = R1 + R2’
XBR/ph = √ ZBR/ph2 – RBR/ph2 = VBR/ph*sinɸBR / IBR/ph
= X1 + X2’
 Testing of a Induction Machine
Classes of Induction Machines

Class A - X1 = X2’ = 0,5XBR

Class B - X1 = 0,4XBR X2’ = 0,6XBR
Class C- X1 = 0,3XBR X2’ = 0,7XBR
Class D- X1 = X2’ = 0,5XBR
 Testing of a Induction Machine
Example 1: Results of the no-load and blocked rotor tests
on a three phase star-connected, class B, Induction motor
are as follows:
No-load test: Line current = 20 A
Line voltage = 220 V
Total power = 1000 W
Friction and windage loss = 400 W
Block rotor test: Line current = 50 A
Line voltage = 30 V
Total power = 1500 W
The stator resistance between two terminals = 0,16Ω.
Calculate the circuit parameters of the approximate
equivalent circuit.
 Tutorial Problems
Problem 1
The results of the no load and blocked rotor tests on a three phase, star connected, 7.46 kW, 440 V, 14 A, 60
Hz, eight pole induction motor with a single squirrel-cage rotor are given below:
No Load Test: Line-to-Live Voltage = 440V, Total Input Power = 350W, Line Current = 6A
Blocked Rotor Test: Line-to-Line Voltage = 95V, Total Input Power = 900W, Total Input Power = 14A
The DC resistance of the stator measured immediately after the blocked-rotor test yields an average value of
0.75 ohms per phase.
Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit referred to the stator if this is a class C induction motor.

Problem 2
The results of the free run test, blocked rotor test en dc test on a three phase delta-connected induction
motor are as follows:
Test Voltage Current Power
Free run test 380 V 1.77 A 220 W
Block rotor test 116.2 V 3.1 A 410 W
DC test 40.9 V 3.1 A

If this is a class A induction motor, determine the circuit parameters referred to the stator.
 Tutorial Problems

Tutorial Problem no. 34.4

Pg. 1309
Problems 1 and 3
 Torque developed on rotor
It is caused by induction.
What is induction?
Ability that a coil has to induce an emf in itself.
Stator flux field

Stator
NS
Self rotating flux at NS
Stator flux
 Torque developed on rotor
Rotor flux field

Rotor NR

Resultant flux field

Stator NS
Air gap
Rotor
Torque on rotor NR
conductors at rotor speed
 Torque curves
Torque – Slip characteristics

0% 4% 20% Slip 100%

100% Speed 0%
 Torque curves
Torque – Speed characteristics

0% Speed 80% 96% 100%

100% Slip 0%
 Develop Torque
Torque developed on the rotor
Td = DMP / 2πnr (nr = r/sec)
or
Td = DMP x 60 / 2πNr (Nr = r/min)
But DMP = Pg(1-s) and nr = ns (1-s)
Td = Pg (1-s) / 2π ns(1-s)
Td = Pg / 2 π ns (ns = r/sec)
or
Td = Pg x 60 / 2 π Ns (Ns = r/min)
Output torque
Torque developed on the shaft.
Tout = Pout / 2πnr = (DMP – Rotational losses)/ωs (1-s)
or
Tout = Pout x 60 / 2π Nr (Nr = r/min)
 Induction motor starters
Main advantage of a starter
1. To reduce/prevent the large starting current.
2. To bring in overload protection.
Starting of a 3ph Induction Motor
• Starting current – four to seven times the full
load current.
• Large current can cause a large voltage drop in
the cables.
• Consequently it is usual to start cage type motors
with a reduced voltage. (Except small machines)
 Induction motor starters
Methods of starting three phase Induction Motors
Squirrel cage rotor motors
1. Direct on line starter
2. Star-Delta starter
3. Auto-transformers starter
Slipring / Wounded rotor motors
1. Rotor resistance starting (Small motors)
2. Liquid type (Large)
3. Coil or capacitors type
 Induction Machines Enclosures

Open Machine Protected Type (Screen) Drip-proof machine

Pipe or Duct-ventilated typeTotally enclosed machine Flameproof machine

 Induction Machines Enclosures
Six different types of enclosures:
• Open type
• Protected type (Screen)
• Drip-proof type
• Pipe or Duct-ventilated type
• Totally enclosed type
• Flameproof type
 Induction Machines Enclosures
The type of enclosure of the machine depends
upon the conditions under which it has to function.

All the types of enclosure except the open machine

give protection to safeguard against accidental or
inadvertent contact. (Moving parts or live parts)

Open machine will be used in generator or motor

rooms in which only authorized persons are
permitted.
 Induction Machines Enclosures
Open Machine

• Ends of machine are

completely open.
• Allowing free ventilation
over and through the windings.
• Air is drawn through the motor by a fan attached
to the shaft.
• Suitable in a perfectly clean and dry atmosphere.
 Induction Machines Enclosures
Protected Type (Screen)

• Internal and live parts are

protected mechanically.
• It did not effect the flow
of ventilating air.
• Motor end shield may be provided at the sides.
• Covered with screens of wire mesh, expanded
metal, perforated metal or similar covers.
 Induction Machines Enclosures
Drip-proof machine

• Ventilating openings are

so constructed or further
protected by a hood or cowl, that moisture or
dirt falling vertically cannot enter the machine.
• This type exclude moisture from entering the
motor from other angles or under pressure as
from a hose.
 Induction Machines Enclosures
Pipe or Duct-ventilated type

• If air in the room in which

the motor is situated is not
suitable for passing through
the machine for ventilating purposes the cool,
clean air must be drawn in from outside.
• This is done by means of a pipe or duct connected
to the ventilation inlet of the motor.
• The outlet may be of the screen-protected type so
that the air passes into the room.
 Induction Machines Enclosures
Totally enclosed machine

• Air inside the casing has no

connection with the air outside.
• A fan on the shaft inside the motor circulates the air
through the windings and cooling is by conduction
through the casing.
• Cooling is much slower and requires a large cooling
surface.
• Enclosed motor is usually physically larger than a
protected type of the same rating.
• An additional fan is sometimes fitted to the shaft
outside the casing to give greater cooling effect.
 Induction Machines Enclosures
Flameproof machine

• It is constructed to enable
it to be used in condition
where there is a possibility of flammable dust,
gas or vapor being present.
• It is totally enclosed with special bearings,
packing and glands, so the flammable gases
cannot get into the machine.
• In case of a fault, sparking or flashover in the
machine cannot affect the outer atmosphere.