Geogroaphy

Ch9: ENVIORMENTAL POLLUTOION

Ex.A
Ans1(a):The main causes of air pollution come from the by-products of burning fossil
fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal. These are variously used to run cars, factories,
and provide heating and cooking fuel for homes. Pakistan also uses oil to fuel electric
power stations. Industrial pollution and burning rubbish are also sources of air
pollution

Ans1(b):Humans can develop chronic and acute respiratory illness, skin rashes, and
eye problems. Long term exposure to air pollution can cause cardiovascular
diseases, lung diseases, and cancer.

Ans2(a):Causes of indoor pollution are the burning of biomass fuels such as wood,
animal dung, and crop waste, or fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and tobacco smoke.

Ans2(b):This problem could be solved by supplying cleaner fuels for homes, energy-
efficient stoves and heaters, and better ventilation; or the introduction of small-scale
renewable energy such as solar or wind in more remote areas.

Ans3: Air pollution, which makes them cough; water pollution which means they must
boil their drinking water or buy bottled water

Ans4:Pollution can be reduced by recycling more materials and using items for
longer. For example, use electronic equipment until it breaks down, and even then
have items repaired rather than buying new models. Encourage the use of solar and
wind power instead of fossil fuels. Use a bicycle instead of a motor bike or car.

Ans5:Air pollution: dust, smoke, chemicals, and other particulates can fall to Earth
and affect the soil and water. Water pollution can affect land, and land pollution can
affect the water. Many of the same substances, such as gases and particulates from
fossil fuels, pesticides, chemicals, and metals can pollute air, water, and soil at
different times.

Ex.B
Ans2:Steps to reduce pollution begin at home with separating rubbish into reusable
items, recyclables, and non-recyclables. Food scraps can be composted. Reusable
items can be washed and reused, for example, jars and bottles. Once the rubbish
leaves the house, a good recycling programme would take paper, glass, metals, etc.
to separate plants where they could be recycled and made into new objects. Things
that cannot be recycled can be disposed of properly in a good waste management
programme at a landfill site that has been engineered to be as safe as possible.

Ans3:Rubbish dump sites are dangerous because they attract vermin and insects
and harbour disease; they produce methane, which is liable to explode; they leach
toxic chemicals into the soil, which affects soil and groundwater.

Ans4:It is the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides that makes it difficult for plants to
grow. They can alter the levels of salinity in the soil and destroy good bacteria and
earthworms that are needed to keep the soil fertile

Ex.C
Ans1(a):Over-illumination means that everything is too bright all the time and this
over-stimulates the senses, making it hard to rest and sleep. Glare is over brightness
that can irritate eyes and even cause temporary blindness. Light-clutter is too many
lights together which can cause confusion and lead to accidents. Light-trespass is
unwanted light, which can cause sleeplessness and irritation and lead to other health
issues Sky-glow is the diffuse glow around cities which can also cause
overstimulation and sleeplessness
Ans1(b):Light pollution affects the daily rhythms of animals and plants, and can
interfere with bird migration, as lights confuse birds’ flight paths. Plants can fail to
distinguish seasons and grow, or fail to grow, at different times of the year.

Ans2(a): Excessive noise in cities is caused by traffic, building machinery,

loudspeakers, and outdoor music and festivals.
Ans2(b): Excessive noise can distract and agitate people and keep them awake at
night. This impacts on health by raising the blood pressure. It can also cause short-
and long-term hearing loss.

Ans3(a):All humans, other animals, and plants, are part of an ecosystem. If the
health of a substantial number of humans, other animals or plants in an ecosystem is
affected, as it can be by pollution, then this has a flow-on effect to other parts of that
ecosystem. For example, the health of birds affects the number of insects. Fewer
birds means more insects. More insects means more crop damage. More crop
damage means not as much food for animals and humans.
Ans3(b):Ecosystems are often linked to other ecosystems, so if one fails, others may
follow.

EX.D
Ans1(a):The greenhouse effect is a natural effect by which the Earth’s atmosphere
traps radiation from the Sun, which is then absorbed and stored in the Earth as heat.
This helps to keep the planet at an even temperature, and enables plant and animal
life to exist comfortably.

Ans1(b) Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide, methane, and other air
pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have
bounced off the Earth’s surface. These pollutants, which are called greenhouse
gases, add to the Earth’s natural greenhouse effect, trapping extra heat, and causing
the planet to become hotter than it would be under normal conditions.

Ans2(a)Rising temperatures, melting ice-caps and glaciers, rising sea levels, and
extreme weather conditions are all results of global warming

Ans2(b) The effects on Pakistan could be: rising sea levels at the Arabian Sea coast
and possible flooding of Karachi; melting of glaciers in the northern mountains and
flooding along the Indus and other rivers; extreme rains and flooding; drought in
some regions. All of this could lead to loss of places to live and the inability to grow
crops in many areas.