ANALYSIS OF THE DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION

ON ROMANIA’S FOREIGN TRADE

Georgiana Raluca LĂDARU, Costel NEGREI, Raluca Andreea ION, Ionuț Laurentiu
PETRE, Laura CIOBANU

11th International Conference

COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRO-FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMY
 Introduction
• Foreign trade is the oldest form of
economic links between countries.
(Blanovschi, 2015).

• Foreign trade comprises all relations and

transactions carried out in the form of
exports and imports. It therefore covers a
country's flows and services with the rest
of the world. Foreign trade is one of the
main drivers of economic growth and
welfare. (Cotelea, 2011).

▪ Regarding agri-food trade, Gavrilescu and Voicilas (2017) found that Romania's accession to the EU partially
changed the previous general trends in agri-food trade. In the latest period, Romanian exports mainly
comprised processed food, wine, dairy and oilseed products, compared to the pre-2011 period, when the
export profile was more oriented towards cereals, oilseeds and beverages.

▪ The present study aims to highlight the existence or non-existence of a degree of concentration in Romania's
foreign trade in agri-food products.

2
 Material and method
At Combined Nomenclature level there
are 19 sections comprising 96 chapters.
The first 4 sections, namely the first 24
chapters include all the agri-food
products that are marketed outside
Romania, so these 24 chapters were
taken into consideration in this study.
To study the degree of concentration,
the GINI coefficient and HERFINDHAL
indicator were calculated.
Chapter Combined Nomenclature
Product: 01 Live animals
Product: 02 Meat and edible meat offal
Product: 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates
Product: 04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin,
not elsewhere ...
Product: 05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included
Product: 06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and
ornamental foliage
Product: 07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers
Product: 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons
Product: 09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices
Product: 10 Cereals
Product: 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten
Product: 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit;
industrial or medicinal ...
Product: 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts
Product: 14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or
included
Product: 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared
edible fats;
Product: 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic
invertebrates
Product: 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery
Product: 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations
Product: 19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products
Product: 20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants
Product: 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations
Product: 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar
Product: 23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal fodder
3
Product: 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes
 Material and method (2)
Chapter Combined Nomenclature
Product: 01 Live animals
Product: 02 Meat and edible meat offal
Product: 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates As regards the methodology for
Product: 04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin,
not elsewhere ... selecting the import sources and export
Product: 05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included
Product: 06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and destinations included in the analysis,
ornamental foliage
Product: 07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers
the top 10 countries (trading partners)
Product: 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons
Product: 09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices
were selected for both import and
Product: 10 Cereals export for each of the 24 chapters of
Product: 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten
Product: 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; the nomenclature.
industrial or medicinal ...
Product: 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts
Product: 14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or
included Thus, in the end, adding together the
Product: 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared
edible fats;
trading partners resulted in a total of 36
Product: 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic
invertebrates
countries considered sources (import
Product: 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery trade) and 45 countries considered
Product: 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations
Product: 19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products destinations (export trade).
Product: 20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants
Product: 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations
Product: 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar
Product: 23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal fodder
Product: 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes

4
 Results and discussions
Import Value of agrifood products imports Thousand euro
2021/2012
Categories 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
%
Product: 01 Live animals 139.026 164.672 189.329 160.542 163.294 179.271 181.146 184.095 183.065 186.370 34%
Product: 02 Meat and edible meat offal 478.192 489.680 545.575 568.661 643.710 766.528 817.588 940.316 912.484 973.613 104%
Product: 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and
other aquatic invertebrates 108.570 116.850 134.757 151.429 173.725 196.075 207.455 208.067 197.022 248.327 129%
Product: 04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural
honey; edible products of animal origin, not
elsewhere ... 253.255 300.102 301.577 322.989 401.371 499.422 502.237 575.557 639.829 751.613 197%
Product: 05 Products of animal origin, not
elsewhere specified or included 54.071 48.114 51.255 47.656 53.886 56.592 64.430 69.682 63.873 71.505 32%
Product: 06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs,
roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental
foliage 96.327 88.318 94.683 96.527 115.373 128.735 134.337 151.450 150.068 198.623 106%
Product: 07 Edible vegetables and certain roots
and tubers 159.366 184.477 229.443 273.492 364.921 403.333 427.704 517.882 479.775 530.486 233%
Product: 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus
fruit or melons 234.342 294.096 341.366 476.482 562.859 636.470 642.211 654.387 702.174 765.510 227%
Product: 09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 170.437 171.152 178.107 209.981 242.615 248.361 242.050 253.393 272.662 301.889 77%
Product: 10 Cereals 373.346 327.398 294.339 537.668 596.449 438.564 322.269 397.811 704.701 642.999 72%
Product: 11 Products of the milling industry; malt;
starches; inulin; wheat gluten 106.380 111.579 99.307 103.246 105.621 102.041 101.353 113.786 112.935 131.182 23%
Product: 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits;
miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or
medicinal ... 255.757 259.440 258.054 307.600 315.801 364.569 431.974 398.352 459.793 533.530 109%
Product: 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable
saps and extracts 21.206 19.035 19.180 25.867 27.970 29.399 22.575 28.314 31.318 31.206 47%
Product: 14 Vegetable plaiting materials;
vegetable products not elsewhere specified or
included 1.190 1.023 1.037 1.329 1.590 1.410 1.127 1.848 1.537 1.866 57%
Product: 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and
their cleavage products; prepared edible fats;
animal ... 239.186 207.654 163.747 183.091 190.060 192.182 172.720 173.808 201.628 272.689 14%
Product: 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of
crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic
invertebrates 91.081 107.435 117.827 138.239 150.018 190.487 211.909 249.326 272.177 318.439 250%
Product: 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 361.224 291.110 227.281 258.067 282.353 285.374 264.301 303.085 270.582 337.236 -7%
Product: 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 147.287 166.374 186.284 218.176 266.446 279.069 294.057 348.778 335.810 372.860 153%
Product: 19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch
or milk; pastrycooks' products 225.058 270.791 288.483 338.146 403.722 454.933 489.924 546.708 568.675 655.815 191%
Product: 20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts
or other parts of plants 149.241 171.986 196.328 234.432 279.789 298.355 332.057 374.384 385.004 428.717 187%
Product: 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 293.423 294.895 312.468 344.841 407.587 451.999 496.601 546.158 553.340 668.279 128%
Product: 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 228.015 240.629 227.925 273.686 323.978 361.071 396.330 493.193 501.429 669.675 194%
Product: 23 Residues and waste from the food
industries; prepared animal fodder 345.642 377.459 390.019 419.476 395.357 450.290 507.262 532.313 574.573 688.086 99%
Product: 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco

5
substitutes 259.730 260.243 271.239 349.404 322.879 372.443 381.218 365.273 354.750 342.178 32%
TOTAL 4.791.352 4.964.512 5.119.610 6.041.027 6.791.374 7.386.973 7.644.835 8.427.966 8.929.204 10.122.693 111%
 Share of agrifood products imports
Categories 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Product: 02 Meat and edible meat offal 9,98% 9,86% 10,66% 9,41% 9,48% 10,38% 10,69% 11,16% 10,22% 9,62%
Product: 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 4,89% 5,92% 6,67% 7,89% 8,29% 8,62% 8,40% 7,76% 7,86% 7,56%
Product: 04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin,
5,29% 6,04% 5,89% 5,35% 5,91% 6,76% 6,57% 6,83% 7,17% 7,43%
not elsewhere ...
Product: 23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal fodder 7,21% 7,60% 7,62% 6,94% 5,82% 6,10% 6,64% 6,32% 6,43% 6,80%
Product: 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 4,76% 4,85% 4,45% 4,53% 4,77% 4,89% 5,18% 5,85% 5,62% 6,62%
Product: 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 6,12% 5,94% 6,10% 5,71% 6,00% 6,12% 6,50% 6,48% 6,20% 6,60%
Product: 19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products 4,70% 5,45% 5,63% 5,60% 5,94% 6,16% 6,41% 6,49% 6,37% 6,48%
Product: 10 Cereals 7,79% 6,59% 5,75% 8,90% 8,78% 5,94% 4,22% 4,72% 7,89% 6,35%
Product: 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit;
5,34% 5,23% 5,04% 5,09% 4,65% 4,94% 5,65% 4,73% 5,15% 5,27%
industrial or medicinal ...
Product: 07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 3,33% 3,72% 4,48% 4,53% 5,37% 5,46% 5,59% 6,14% 5,37% 5,24%
Product: 20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 3,11% 3,46% 3,83% 3,88% 4,12% 4,04% 4,34% 4,44% 4,31% 4,24%
Product: 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 3,07% 3,35% 3,64% 3,61% 3,92% 3,78% 3,85% 4,14% 3,76% 3,68%
Product: 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 5,42% 5,24% 5,30% 5,78% 4,75% 5,04% 4,99% 4,33% 3,97% 3,38%
Product: 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 7,54% 5,86% 4,44% 4,27% 4,16% 3,86% 3,46% 3,60% 3,03% 3,33%
Product: 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic
1,90% 2,16% 2,30% 2,29% 2,21% 2,58% 2,77% 2,96% 3,05% 3,15%
invertebrates
Product: 09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 3,56% 3,45% 3,48% 3,48% 3,57% 3,36% 3,17% 3,01% 3,05% 2,98%
Product: 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared
4,99% 4,18% 3,20% 3,03% 2,80% 2,60% 2,26% 2,06% 2,26% 2,69%
edible fats; animal ...
Product: 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates 2,27% 2,35% 2,63% 2,51% 2,56% 2,65% 2,71% 2,47% 2,21% 2,45%
Product: 06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and
2,01% 1,78% 1,85% 1,60% 1,70% 1,74% 1,76% 1,80% 1,68% 1,96%
ornamental foliage
Product: 01 Live animals 2,90% 3,32% 3,70% 2,66% 2,40% 2,43% 2,37% 2,18% 2,05% 1,84%
Product: 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 2,22% 2,25% 1,94% 1,71% 1,56% 1,38% 1,33% 1,35% 1,26% 1,30%
Product: 05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 1,13% 0,97% 1,00% 0,79% 0,79% 0,77% 0,84% 0,83% 0,72% 0,71%
Product: 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts 0,44% 0,38% 0,37% 0,43% 0,41% 0,40% 0,30% 0,34% 0,35% 0,31%

6
Product: 14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or
0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,01% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02%
included
Product: 02 Meat and edible meat offal
Product: 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus
fruit or melons
Product: 04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural
honey; edible products of animal origin, not
elsewhere ...
Product: 23 Residues and waste from the food
industries; prepared animal fodder
Product: 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar
Product: 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 7/24 (29,16%) categories -> 42-52% value
Product: 19 Preparations of cereals, flour, of imports
starch or milk; pastrycooks' products

7
Value of agrifood products imports Thousand euro
2021/2012
Exporters 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
%

Germany 608.776 691.767 745.207 837.496 953.734 1.106.718 1.156.441 1.347.247 1.397.279 1.594.102 162%
Hungary 873.308 804.132 723.961 969.658 1.090.976 1.088.843 969.312 1.198.024 1.376.963 1.414.836 62%
Poland 315.883 380.257 419.648 500.566 612.364 717.477 785.444 851.168 898.097 950.183 201%
Imports from Germany ranked first for agri-food Netherlands 314.136 336.505 371.438 406.664 450.336 521.080 535.141 596.421 587.667 745.706 137%
products (chapters) such as Live animals, Meat Bulgaria 405.477 383.080 409.626 427.552 494.764 413.058 466.469 502.133 536.733 662.019 63%
Italy 274.065 281.427 295.062 345.794 416.196 456.646 475.978 508.164 496.389 608.674 122%
and edible meat offal, Dairy produce, Products Türkiye 93.125 92.101 123.076 137.030 175.720 212.456 244.295 205.659 250.565 346.441 272%
of animal origin, Edible vegetables and certain Spain 60.778 76.471 102.673 129.194 176.973 220.559 257.074 299.277 292.631 326.141 437%
France 119.286 140.817 129.061 139.099 169.634 169.645 188.206 228.033 255.964 282.866 137%
roots and tubers, Edible fruit and nuts. Belgium 74.626 88.635 99.117 137.265 150.293 180.913 190.053 224.974 228.530 269.913 262%
Brazil 248.586 192.866 140.716 195.254 157.037 167.896 238.917 215.488 206.884 250.239 1%
Greece 73.296 102.893 105.683 135.490 182.783 192.377 203.820 218.671 231.877 247.979 238%
Austria 116.939 115.704 103.243 112.170 126.656 130.374 127.938 140.339 148.985 196.067 68%
Czech Republic 62.207 68.993 76.874 82.314 94.253 103.932 122.787 115.499 117.027 149.133 140%
Moldova, Republic of 43.256 29.146 39.056 81.127 93.681 127.433 123.246 131.716 139.894 130.048 201%
Ukraine 6.698 4.368 5.743 27.551 31.561 33.085 37.221 46.209 69.421 78.169 1067%
Hungary ranks second, with the value of Denmark 21.090 27.989 23.382 30.140 34.408 46.326 44.367 51.815 60.046 63.052 199%
United Kingdom 21.886 19.075 19.163 21.312 25.149 30.667 36.597 40.635 29.041 52.507 140%
Romania's imports from this source amounting Argentina 23.942 78.072 79.214 38.232 38.239 65.710 19.013 13.955 29.438 46.913 96%
to €1.41 billion, 62% higher than the first year. United States of
America 22.228 27.785 22.579 60.467 28.664 32.367 54.631 28.670 29.824 35.874 61%
Slovakia 20.826 26.119 23.953 22.871 50.980 26.309 21.959 21.463 29.615 29.566 42%
Croatia 1.570 1.823 2.692 5.532 9.004 12.599 18.201 17.740 31.553 28.797 1734%
China 10.694 8.030 8.794 11.112 13.009 14.908 17.034 18.760 13.347 26.252 145%
Australia 5 34 43 42 25 0 0 0 10 21.701 433920%
Lithuania 182 661 2.793 2.258 3.052 1.030 5.913 9.576 6.470 20.957 11415%
Egypt 2.078 3.062 5.014 8.000 5.697 12.875 10.199 16.877 17.933 19.790 852%
Sweden 7.632 10.705 10.714 15.650 13.145 10.883 7.962 10.060 15.697 12.919 69%
Malaysia 12.605 13.107 10.536 10.128 10.014 11.637 11.458 11.538 8.520 12.459 -1%
South Africa 0 0 2.755 0 0 624 0 0 0 11.566 -
And in third place is Poland, as a source of Serbia 9.946 4.045 4.600 5.200 5.271 2.101 5.560 10.078 19.994 10.969 10%
Romania's imports of agri-food products, with Cuba 24.905 0 0 15.531 16.987 22.157 0 0 6.434 9.073 -64%
Colombia 4.398 4.193 5.051 5.801 5.534 4.761 5.767 6.314 6.668 7.243 65%
a value last year of 950 million euros, 200% Bosnia and
higher than in the first year analysed. Herzegovina 0 0 0 0 0 1.364 4.898 3.583 4.524 6.508 -

8
Pakistan 10.588 5.905 4.798 4.016 2.697 2.372 3.064 2.470 3.020 6.008 -43%
Mexico 13 1 7 23 30 43 50 63 69 515 3862%
Philippines 653 891 375 427 278 428 391 644 495 429 -34%
 Share of agrifood products imports
Exporters 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Germany 12,67% 13,91% 14,52% 13,83% 14,02% 14,92% 15,05% 15,96% 15,61% 15,75%
Hungary 18,17% 16,17% 14,11% 16,01% 16,04% 14,67% 12,62% 14,19% 15,38% 13,98%
Poland 6,57% 7,64% 8,18% 8,26% 9,00% 9,67% 10,22% 10,08% 10,03% 9,39%
Netherlands 6,54% 6,76% 7,24% 6,71% 6,62% 7,02% 6,97% 7,07% 6,57% 7,37%
Bulgaria 8,44% 7,70% 7,98% 7,06% 7,27% 5,57% 6,07% 5,95% 6,00% 6,54%
Italy 5,70% 5,66% 5,75% 5,71% 6,12% 6,15% 6,20% 6,02% 5,55% 6,01%
Türkiye 1,94% 1,85% 2,40% 2,26% 2,58% 2,86% 3,18% 2,44% 2,80% 3,42%
Spain 1,26% 1,54% 2,00% 2,13% 2,60% 2,97% 3,35% 3,55% 3,27% 3,22%
France 2,48% 2,83% 2,52% 2,30% 2,49% 2,29% 2,45% 2,70% 2,86% 2,79%
Belgium 1,55% 1,78% 1,93% 2,27% 2,21% 2,44% 2,47% 2,67% 2,55% 2,67%
Brazil 5,17% 3,88% 2,74% 3,22% 2,31% 2,26% 3,11% 2,55% 2,31% 2,47%
Greece 1,52% 2,07% 2,06% 2,24% 2,69% 2,59% 2,65% 2,59% 2,59% 2,45%
Austria 2,43% 2,33% 2,01% 1,85% 1,86% 1,76% 1,67% 1,66% 1,66% 1,94%
Czech Republic 1,29% 1,39% 1,50% 1,36% 1,39% 1,40% 1,60% 1,37% 1,31% 1,47%
Moldova, Republic of 0,90% 0,59% 0,76% 1,34% 1,38% 1,72% 1,60% 1,56% 1,56% 1,28%
Ukraine 0,14% 0,09% 0,11% 0,45% 0,46% 0,45% 0,48% 0,55% 0,78% 0,77%
Denmark 0,44% 0,56% 0,46% 0,50% 0,51% 0,62% 0,58% 0,61% 0,67% 0,62%
United Kingdom 0,46% 0,38% 0,37% 0,35% 0,37% 0,41% 0,48% 0,48% 0,32% 0,52%
Argentina 0,50% 1,57% 1,54% 0,63% 0,56% 0,89% 0,25% 0,17% 0,33% 0,46%

United States of America 0,46% 0,56% 0,44% 1,00% 0,42% 0,44% 0,71% 0,34% 0,33% 0,35%
Slovakia 0,43% 0,53% 0,47% 0,38% 0,75% 0,35% 0,29% 0,25% 0,33% 0,29%
Croatia 0,03% 0,04% 0,05% 0,09% 0,13% 0,17% 0,24% 0,21% 0,35% 0,28%
China 0,22% 0,16% 0,17% 0,18% 0,19% 0,20% 0,22% 0,22% 0,15% 0,26%
Australia 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,21%
Lithuania 0,00% 0,01% 0,05% 0,04% 0,04% 0,01% 0,08% 0,11% 0,07% 0,21%
Egypt 0,04% 0,06% 0,10% 0,13% 0,08% 0,17% 0,13% 0,20% 0,20% 0,20%
Sweden 0,16% 0,22% 0,21% 0,26% 0,19% 0,15% 0,10% 0,12% 0,18% 0,13%
Malaysia 0,26% 0,26% 0,21% 0,17% 0,15% 0,16% 0,15% 0,14% 0,10% 0,12%
South Africa 0,00% 0,00% 0,05% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,11%
Serbia 0,21% 0,08% 0,09% 0,09% 0,08% 0,03% 0,07% 0,12% 0,22% 0,11%
Cuba 0,52% 0,00% 0,00% 0,26% 0,25% 0,30% 0,00% 0,00% 0,07% 0,09%
Colombia 0,09% 0,08% 0,10% 0,10% 0,08% 0,06% 0,08% 0,07% 0,07% 0,07%

Bosnia and Herzegovina 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,02% 0,06% 0,04% 0,05% 0,06%
Pakistan 0,22% 0,12% 0,09% 0,07% 0,04% 0,03% 0,04% 0,03% 0,03% 0,06%

9
Mexico 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01%
Philippines 0,01% 0,02% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,00%
The first three sources contributed around 40%
of Romania's total agri-food imports.

Analysing the share in the last year, applying

the Parreto principle (80/20), it is estimated
that the first 20% of the sources (namely 7 in
number: Germany, Hungary, Poland,
Netherlands, Bulgaria, Italy and Turkey) reach
a share in total agri-food imports of 62.45%;
even if the 80% share is not reached according
to the principle, these first seven sources reach
a significant share in Romania's imports.

10
 Value of agrifood products exports
Export Thousand euro
2021/2012
Categories 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
%
Product: 01 Live animals 302.451 314.147 317.896 321.518 370.222 420.694 376.360 437.450 404.256 495.037 64%
Product: 02 Meat and edible meat offal 262.072 227.194 212.570 247.863 237.078 280.679 264.012 240.558 195.197 239.692 -9%
Product: 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic
invertebrates 13.589 16.265 16.507 18.246 18.847 19.034 20.546 24.512 20.731 27.217 100%
Product: 04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible
products of animal origin, not elsewhere ... 122.023 150.867 166.819 167.449 156.194 188.765 199.146 205.311 198.661 226.257 85%
Product: 05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or
included 27.870 38.518 34.460 28.920 27.634 32.864 36.072 32.554 24.840 34.650 24%
Product: 06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like;
cut flowers and ornamental foliage 5.000 4.220 3.134 3.803 2.806 3.172 2.890 2.475 2.395 2.814 -44%
Product: 07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 51.254 80.092 88.037 90.798 86.781 143.306 96.016 95.338 95.104 106.738 108%
Product: 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 74.515 80.089 93.818 81.400 52.750 65.652 65.833 60.676 80.210 98.828 33%
Product: 09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 15.187 17.884 18.422 17.445 24.953 25.630 24.075 28.391 29.728 34.059 124%
Product: 10 Cereals 1.333.006 1.995.884 1.985.131 2.005.309 2.102.202 1.989.132 2.158.052 2.588.110 2.143.536 3.620.646 172%
Product: 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin;
wheat gluten 25.143 15.809 12.814 21.102 26.943 17.251 12.728 16.929 18.602 26.665 6%
Product: 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains,
seeds and fruit; industrial or medicinal ... 464.549 808.766 852.790 853.267 1.140.662 1.296.551 1.197.029 1.080.331 971.156 1.514.267 226%
Product: 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and
extracts 776 467 809 1.499 1.039 1.060 1.061 1.439 950 933 20%
Product: 14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not
elsewhere specified or included 1.647 1.145 1.636 1.346 2.465 1.438 939 1.369 1.157 2.014 22%
Product: 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage
products; prepared edible fats; animal ... 183.030 239.541 212.935 224.995 194.035 211.544 224.651 224.400 195.559 358.461 96%
Product: 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans,
molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates 85.572 113.402 113.719 121.611 137.430 146.381 170.074 182.625 195.370 206.324 141%
Product: 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 101.025 80.245 86.839 62.518 63.559 54.825 47.351 40.515 42.088 38.107 -62%
Product: 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 39.294 41.615 47.785 57.553 76.436 84.758 83.069 116.177 107.221 121.812 210%
Product: 19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk;
pastrycooks' products 78.189 104.079 119.508 129.467 153.357 172.201 186.793 216.295 221.693 262.418 236%
Product: 20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts
of plants 41.453 41.643 38.874 48.717 54.954 66.692 66.490 66.659 73.294 94.093 127%
Product: 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 101.035 108.929 121.101 129.590 167.557 181.276 174.108 183.887 196.182 224.798 122%
Product: 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 117.066 116.149 108.448 123.895 119.985 133.692 151.909 164.399 156.708 194.466 66%
Product: 23 Residues and waste from the food industries;
prepared animal fodder 120.863 179.319 194.508 223.991 181.618 175.112 220.988 237.003 233.370 290.097 140%
Product: 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 476.082 531.066 715.909 943.002 769.728 730.327 693.764 948.141 1.372.226 1.342.807 182%
TOTAL 4.042.691 5.307.335 5.564.469 5.925.304 6.169.235 6.442.036 6.473.956 7.195.544 6.980.234 9.563.200 137%
 Share of agrifood products exports
Categories 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Product: 10 Cereals 32,97% 37,61% 35,68% 33,84% 34,08% 30,88% 33,33% 35,97% 30,71% 37,86%
Product: 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous
grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or medicinal ... 11,49% 15,24% 15,33% 14,40% 18,49% 20,13% 18,49% 15,01% 13,91% 15,83%
Product: 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 11,78% 10,01% 12,87% 15,91% 12,48% 11,34% 10,72% 13,18% 19,66% 14,04%
Product: 01 Live animals 7,48% 5,92% 5,71% 5,43% 6,00% 6,53% 5,81% 6,08% 5,79% 5,18%
Product: 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage 4,53% 4,51% 3,83% 3,80% 3,15% 3,28% 3,47% 3,12% 2,80% 3,75%
Product: 23 Residues and waste from the food industries; 2,99% 3,38% 3,50% 3,78% 2,94% 2,72% 3,41% 3,29% 3,34% 3,03%
Product: 19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; 1,93% 1,96% 2,15% 2,18% 2,49% 2,67% 2,89% 3,01% 3,18% 2,74%
Product: 02 Meat and edible meat offal 6,48% 4,28% 3,82% 4,18% 3,84% 4,36% 4,08% 3,34% 2,80% 2,51%
Product: 04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible 3,02% 2,84% 3,00% 2,83% 2,53% 2,93% 3,08% 2,85% 2,85% 2,37%
Product: 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 2,50% 2,05% 2,18% 2,19% 2,72% 2,81% 2,69% 2,56% 2,81% 2,35%
Product: 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, 2,12% 2,14% 2,04% 2,05% 2,23% 2,27% 2,63% 2,54% 2,80% 2,16%
Product: 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 2,90% 2,19% 1,95% 2,09% 1,94% 2,08% 2,35% 2,28% 2,25% 2,03%
Product: 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 0,97% 0,78% 0,86% 0,97% 1,24% 1,32% 1,28% 1,61% 1,54% 1,27%
Product: 07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 1,27% 1,51% 1,58% 1,53% 1,41% 2,22% 1,48% 1,32% 1,36% 1,12%
Product: 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 1,84% 1,51% 1,69% 1,37% 0,86% 1,02% 1,02% 0,84% 1,15% 1,03%
Product: 20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other 1,03% 0,78% 0,70% 0,82% 0,89% 1,04% 1,03% 0,93% 1,05% 0,98%
Product: 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 2,50% 1,51% 1,56% 1,06% 1,03% 0,85% 0,73% 0,56% 0,60% 0,40%
Product: 05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified 0,69% 0,73% 0,62% 0,49% 0,45% 0,51% 0,56% 0,45% 0,36% 0,36%
Product: 09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 0,38% 0,34% 0,33% 0,29% 0,40% 0,40% 0,37% 0,39% 0,43% 0,36%
Product: 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic 0,34% 0,31% 0,30% 0,31% 0,31% 0,30% 0,32% 0,34% 0,30% 0,28%
Product: 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; 0,62% 0,30% 0,23% 0,36% 0,44% 0,27% 0,20% 0,24% 0,27% 0,28%
Product: 06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the 0,12% 0,08% 0,06% 0,06% 0,05% 0,05% 0,04% 0,03% 0,03% 0,03%
Product: 14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products 0,04% 0,02% 0,03% 0,02% 0,04% 0,02% 0,01% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02%
Product: 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and 0,02% 0,01% 0,01% 0,03% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,01% 0,01%
TOTAL 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00%
 Product: 10 Cereals
Product: 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits;
miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit;
industrial or medicinal ...
Product: 24 Tobacco and manufactured
tobacco substitutes

3/24 categories (12,5%) -> 56-68% value of exports

13
 Thousand euro
2021/2012
Exporters 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 %
Italy 533.698 663.731 897.905 1.062.338 803.783 805.749 822.421 842.242 772.406 805.375 51%
Bulgaria 320.692 288.222 280.882 336.393 337.583 344.477 366.045 447.962 471.926 616.437 92%
Egypt 170.322 315.856 390.532 282.226 258.659 184.226 204.223 345.006 202.909 584.137 243%
Netherlands 195.853 297.613 271.487 348.321 334.828 384.690 411.460 382.164 386.128 521.776 166%
Hungary 270.137 293.361 263.792 245.020 222.437 253.909 270.507 270.040 302.641 473.398 75%
The first country importing agri-food products Spain 208.760 173.322 193.201 259.799 233.256 325.211 366.708 319.095 223.800 426.458 104%
from Romania was Italy, with the value of Jordan 64.755 133.935 200.546 196.433 252.987 173.510 187.191 179.234 223.185 371.314 473%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 71.348 39.063 10.799 45.826 9.721 26.743 41.443 34.349 48.054 329.849 362%
exports going there last year amounting to Germany 118.470 165.954 173.709 199.162 236.354 281.804 322.617 249.963 271.574 321.870 172%
805.3 million euros, 51% higher than in the first Türkiye 103.757 158.042 195.788 242.430 136.777 172.634 177.888 388.502 155.504 302.233 191%
Israel 25.034 78.238 77.074 117.339 141.605 115.751 103.578 171.293 177.863 296.345 1084%
year. France 97.173 160.257 169.621 202.293 218.743 196.842 242.826 245.373 197.135 293.882 202%
Czech Republic 19.100 22.143 10.421 34.511 83.155 91.258 76.401 120.939 88.995 228.787 1098%
United Kingdom 50.107 76.183 87.314 115.649 134.113 158.956 164.808 176.864 213.318 217.376 334%
Poland 27.868 28.299 45.522 39.935 44.232 52.071 54.848 115.743 206.902 212.863 664%
Greece 122.018 128.832 138.905 146.433 141.896 161.330 160.683 179.786 158.256 185.337 52%
Korea, Republic of 68.941 169.062 33.180 74.779 18.410 6.380 4.405 84.630 77.575 155.247 125%
Japan 8 3 102 5 433 29.726 65.267 59.119 256.656 131.821 1647663%
Belgium 18.511 85.991 87.126 101.416 177.541 202.272 89.685 44.276 62.762 127.978 591%
Moldova, Republic of 23.682 26.188 30.761 32.678 42.540 51.321 54.011 68.781 82.341 100.720 325%
The second largest export destination for Iraq 10.843 15.625 0 4.619 22.778 6.057 5.543 10.175 18.030 99.018 813%
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0 0 864 42.925 105.905 89.973 -
Romania is Bulgaria with an export value of Portugal 34.910 51.015 38.921 48.233 37.440 90.856 89.545 76.900 37.983 59.551 71%
616.4 million euros in 2021, 92% higher than Lithuania
Croatia
4.148
35.454
4.216
25.719
5.511
20.995
6.179
41.540
4.839
39.217
6.788
46.967
5.917
47.124
5.746
48.669
25.670
37.105
47.856
40.456
1054%
14%
in the first year. South Africa 0 10.966 41.897 18.798 17.804 30.870 7.951 13.616 30.647 30.401 -
Serbia 2.662 3.379 3.522 12.714 14.317 15.138 15.872 17.855 18.174 26.104 881%
Austria 24.241 26.956 24.891 22.983 18.364 19.385 22.535 23.134 19.005 25.305 4%
Morocco 371 1.728 4.078 9.263 10.887 3.304 15.968 6.635 4.560 24.906 6613%
China 19 0 39 277 86 349 185 238 1.805 19.602 103068%
Slovakia 18.776 8.693 13.390 9.723 11.115 6.820 7.675 12.801 10.930 14.937 -20%
Thailand 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 33 12.373 -
Denmark 10.442 10.763 8.246 7.308 7.925 6.762 8.049 8.623 10.563 11.365 9%
Libya, State of 75.380 103.417 90.306 44.754 49.131 69.713 66.107 45.792 12.255 8.942 -88%
And in third place is Egypt, as a destination for Palestine, State of 0 0 0 0 1.358 1.073 1.445 277 1.101 8.376 -
Viet Nam 175 0 88 425 2.450 4.318 3.328 5.763 7.912 8.033 4490%
Romania's exports of agri-food products, with a Ireland 390 429 749 1.050 1.341 1.528 2.098 3.416 4.544 5.320 1264%
value last year of 584.1 million euros, which is United States of America 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 1.804 4.000 5.239 -
Finland 0 0 0 11 642 1.731 3.917 3.769 4.008 3.955 -
243% higher than the first year analyzed. Ukraine 7 51 9 68 119 208 198 543 1.275 1.253 17800%
India 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 214 166 186 -

14
Slovenia 0 0 0 28 31 108 105 44 57 59 -
Belarus 28 44 50 26 44 50 51 58 14 43 54%
Bangladesh 0 0 0 0 52 27 0 0 0 35 -
Sweden 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 -
 Share of agrifood products exports
Importers 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Italy 13,20% 12,51% 16,14% 17,93% 13,03% 12,51% 12,70% 11,71% 11,07% 8,42%
Bulgaria 7,93% 5,43% 5,05% 5,68% 5,47% 5,35% 5,65% 6,23% 6,76% 6,45%
Egypt 4,21% 5,95% 7,02% 4,76% 4,19% 2,86% 3,15% 4,79% 2,91% 6,11%
Netherlands 4,84% 5,61% 4,88% 5,88% 5,43% 5,97% 6,36% 5,31% 5,53% 5,46%
Hungary 6,68% 5,53% 4,74% 4,14% 3,61% 3,94% 4,18% 3,75% 4,34% 4,95%
Spain 5,16% 3,27% 3,47% 4,38% 3,78% 5,05% 5,66% 4,43% 3,21% 4,46%
Jordan 1,60% 2,52% 3,60% 3,32% 4,10% 2,69% 2,89% 2,49% 3,20% 3,88%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 1,76% 0,74% 0,19% 0,77% 0,16% 0,42% 0,64% 0,48% 0,69% 3,45%
Germany 2,93% 3,13% 3,12% 3,36% 3,83% 4,37% 4,98% 3,47% 3,89% 3,37%
Türkiye 2,57% 2,98% 3,52% 4,09% 2,22% 2,68% 2,75% 5,40% 2,23% 3,16%
Israel 0,62% 1,47% 1,39% 1,98% 2,30% 1,80% 1,60% 2,38% 2,55% 3,10%
France 2,40% 3,02% 3,05% 3,41% 3,55% 3,06% 3,75% 3,41% 2,82% 3,07%
Czech Republic 0,47% 0,42% 0,19% 0,58% 1,35% 1,42% 1,18% 1,68% 1,27% 2,39%
United Kingdom 1,24% 1,44% 1,57% 1,95% 2,17% 2,47% 2,55% 2,46% 3,06% 2,27%
Poland 0,69% 0,53% 0,82% 0,67% 0,72% 0,81% 0,85% 1,61% 2,96% 2,23%
Greece 3,02% 2,43% 2,50% 2,47% 2,30% 2,50% 2,48% 2,50% 2,27% 1,94%
Korea, Republic of 1,71% 3,19% 0,60% 1,26% 0,30% 0,10% 0,07% 1,18% 1,11% 1,62%
Japan 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% 0,46% 1,01% 0,82% 3,68% 1,38%
Belgium 0,46% 1,62% 1,57% 1,71% 2,88% 3,14% 1,39% 0,62% 0,90% 1,34%
Moldova, Republic of 0,59% 0,49% 0,55% 0,55% 0,69% 0,80% 0,83% 0,96% 1,18% 1,05%
Iraq 0,27% 0,29% 0,00% 0,08% 0,37% 0,09% 0,09% 0,14% 0,26% 1,04%
Saudi Arabia 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% 0,60% 1,52% 0,94%
Portugal 0,86% 0,96% 0,70% 0,81% 0,61% 1,41% 1,38% 1,07% 0,54% 0,62%
Lithuania 0,10% 0,08% 0,10% 0,10% 0,08% 0,11% 0,09% 0,08% 0,37% 0,50%
Croatia 0,88% 0,48% 0,38% 0,70% 0,64% 0,73% 0,73% 0,68% 0,53% 0,42%
South Africa 0,00% 0,21% 0,75% 0,32% 0,29% 0,48% 0,12% 0,19% 0,44% 0,32%
Serbia 0,07% 0,06% 0,06% 0,21% 0,23% 0,23% 0,25% 0,25% 0,26% 0,27%
Austria 0,60% 0,51% 0,45% 0,39% 0,30% 0,30% 0,35% 0,32% 0,27% 0,26%
Morocco 0,01% 0,03% 0,07% 0,16% 0,18% 0,05% 0,25% 0,09% 0,07% 0,26%
China 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,03% 0,20%
Slovakia 0,46% 0,16% 0,24% 0,16% 0,18% 0,11% 0,12% 0,18% 0,16% 0,16%
Thailand 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,13%
Denmark 0,26% 0,20% 0,15% 0,12% 0,13% 0,10% 0,12% 0,12% 0,15% 0,12%
Libya, State of 1,86% 1,95% 1,62% 0,76% 0,80% 1,08% 1,02% 0,64% 0,18% 0,09%
Palestine, State of 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,00% 0,02% 0,09%
Viet Nam 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% 0,04% 0,07% 0,05% 0,08% 0,11% 0,08%
Ireland 0,01% 0,01% 0,01% 0,02% 0,02% 0,02% 0,03% 0,05% 0,07% 0,06%
United States of America 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,03% 0,06% 0,05%
Finland 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% 0,03% 0,06% 0,05% 0,06% 0,04%
Ukraine 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% 0,02% 0,01%
India 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
Slovenia 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
Belarus 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
Bangladesh
Sweden
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00% 15
Analysing the share of the value of exports that
Romania achieves with regard to agri-food
products, according to destination, it can be
seen that the first three destinations reach
about 20% of the import value.

Analysing the share in the last year, applying

the Parreto principle (80/20), it is estimated
that the first 20% of destinations (i.e. 9
destinations: Italy, Bulgaria, Egypt, the
Netherlands, Hungary, Spain, Jordan, Iran and
Germany) reach a share in total agri-food
imports of 46.54%; even if the 80% share is
not reached according to the principle, these
first nine destinations reach a significant share
in Romania's exports.

16
 Trade Balance Thousand euro
Categories 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Product: 01 Live animals 163.425 149.475 128.567 160.976 206.928 241.423 195.214 253.355 221.191 308.667
Product: 02 Meat and edible meat offal -216.120 -262.486 -333.005 -320.798 -406.632 -485.849 -553.576 -699.758 -717.287 -733.921
Product: 03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates -94.981 -100.585 -118.250 -133.183 -154.878 -177.041 -186.909 -183.555 -176.291 -221.110
Product: 04 Dairy produce; birds' eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal
origin, not elsewhere ... -131.232 -149.235 -134.758 -155.540 -245.177 -310.657 -303.091 -370.246 -441.168 -525.356
Product: 05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included -26.201 -9.596 -16.795 -18.736 -26.252 -23.728 -28.358 -37.128 -39.033 -36.855
Product: 06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and
ornamental foliage -91.327 -84.098 -91.549 -92.724 -112.567 -125.563 -131.447 -148.975 -147.673 -195.809
Product: 07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers -108.112 -104.385 -141.406 -182.694 -278.140 -260.027 -331.688 -422.544 -384.671 -423.748
Product: 08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons -159.827 -214.007 -247.548 -395.082 -510.109 -570.818 -576.378 -593.711 -621.964 -666.682
Product: 09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices -155.250 -153.268 -159.685 -192.536 -217.662 -222.731 -217.975 -225.002 -242.934 -267.830
Product: 10 Cereals 959.660 1.668.486 1.690.792 1.467.641 1.505.753 1.550.568 1.835.783 2.190.299 1.438.835 2.977.647
Product: 11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten -81.237 -95.770 -86.493 -82.144 -78.678 -84.790 -88.625 -96.857 -94.333 -104.517
Product: 12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit;
industrial or medicinal ... 208.792 549.326 594.736 545.667 824.861 931.982 765.055 681.979 511.363 980.737
Product: 13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts -20.430 -18.568 -18.371 -24.368 -26.931 -28.339 -21.514 -26.875 -30.368 -30.273
Product: 14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere
specified or included 457 122 599 17 875 28 -188 -479 -380 148
Product: 15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared
edible fats; animal ... -56.156 31.887 49.188 41.904 3.975 19.362 51.931 50.592 -6.069 85.772
Product: 16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other
aquatic invertebrates -5.509 5.967 -4.108 -16.628 -12.588 -44.106 -41.835 -66.701 -76.807 -112.115
Product: 17 Sugars and sugar confectionery -260.199 -210.865 -140.442 -195.549 -218.794 -230.549 -216.950 -262.570 -228.494 -299.129
Product: 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations -107.993 -124.759 -138.499 -160.623 -190.010 -194.311 -210.988 -232.601 -228.589 -251.048
Product: 19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; pastrycooks' products -146.869 -166.712 -168.975 -208.679 -250.365 -282.732 -303.131 -330.413 -346.982 -393.397
Product: 20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants -107.788 -130.343 -157.454 -185.715 -224.835 -231.663 -265.567 -307.725 -311.710 -334.624
Product: 21 Miscellaneous edible preparations -192.388 -185.966 -191.367 -215.251 -240.030 -270.723 -322.493 -362.271 -357.158 -443.481
Product: 22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar -110.949 -124.480 -119.477 -149.791 -203.993 -227.379 -244.421 -328.794 -344.721 -475.209
Product: 23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal fodder -224.779 -198.140 -195.511 -195.485 -213.739 -275.178 -286.274 -295.310 -341.203 -397.989
Product: 24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 216.352 270.823 444.670 593.598 446.849 357.884 312.546 582.868 1.017.476 1.000.629
TOTAL -748.661 342.823 444.859 -115.723 -622.139 -944.937 -1.170.879 -1.232.422 -1.948.970 -559.493 17
Regarding the final balance of trade
calculated regardless of product group, it
can be seen that in the last decade, in the
years 2013 and 2014 there was a trade
balance surplus of 342.8 million euros and
444.8 million euros respectively. In the rest
of the period there was a trade balance
deficit ranging from -115.7 million euros to
-1.95 billion euros in 2020 being one of the
worst productive agricultural years, thus
the export of cereals was negatively
influenced. In the last year analysed there
was a trade balance deficit of about 560
million euro.

18
 GINI Coefficient
• As far as imports are concerned, it can be observed that the value of the
coefficient varied between 0.2 and 0.219, and on average, over the whole
period analysed, it was 0.21, which denotes a weak concentration, or
rather a lack of a degree of concentration towards a particular source, thus
Romania imports as diversified as possible, from several sources.

• As regards exports, the Gini coefficient values varied between 0.101 and
0.175, and on average, in the last decade, the coefficient value was 0.125,
which determines a lack of concentration, even more profound than in the
case of imports, exports being even more diversified in terms of
destinations.

19
 HERFINDHAL indicator
• For imports, the Herfindhal indicator ranged from 0.067 to 0.074, with an
average of 0.071. This value represents a low sum of the squares of the
weights, thus the share of sources from which Romania is supplied is quite
low.
• Concerning the export of agri-food products, the Herfindhal indicator
ranged from 0.032 to 0.052, and on average this indicator was 0.038,
which is lower than that of imports, thus the share of destinations of agri-
food products that Romania exports is even lower than that of imports, so
there are many destinations with low weights.

20
The total import value increased
by 111% from the first year
analysed (2012) to the last
(2021). Analysing the sources of
Romania's imports, it could be
identified that the highest share
reached 18% in 2012,
representing imports from
Hungary. In 2021, the highest
share was almost 16%,
representing imports from
Germany.
Conclusions As regards the degree of
concentration, it can be concluded
that neither imports nor exports show
a high degree of concentration by
country, i.e. export destinations and
import sources are balanced, so there
is no significant weight for a particular
partner country. However, the value of
The value of exports also the Gini coefficient and the Herfindhal
increased during the period under indicator show that imports are more
analysis, being 137% higher in the
concentrated than exports.
last year than in the first. Thus, it
can be seen that exports have
increased more than imports, but
the value of exports is much lower
than that of imports. Regarding
the share of import destinations in
the total, it can be seen that the
highest share was 13% in 2012, to
Italy, and in the last year the same
destination had the highest share,
but only 8.4%.
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Email: raluca.ladaru@eam.ase.ro

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