Mechanical Engineering (2)

Thermodynamics

Course code: BIS 154

DR. MOSTAFA EL-MOHANDES

mos50000@Yahoo.com
m.elmohandess@sha.edu.eg

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 CHAPER (II)

ENERGY CONCEPTS
2-1 Work
a- Mechanical

W mech = F * dx = F (cos  ) dx …(J)

b- In Thermodynamics
“work is done by a system if the sole effect on
the surroundings could be the raising of a weight”

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 Thermodynamics Concept of Work

Work ?

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 Thermodynamics Concept of Work

Work ?

(a)

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 Thermodynamics Concept of Work

(a)

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 Thermodynamics Concept of Work
Units of Work:
in SI units it is a joule (J)

Power: is the time rate of doing work

Units of Power:
in the SI units is a Watt (W)

A familiar unit of power is the metric horsepower (HP),

where:
HP = 735.5 W
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Work done at a moving boundary
(Piston-cylinder arrangement)

gas

W = F dL Where: F = PA

W = P A dL
W = P dV

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 2 2
 W1− 2 =   W =  P dV (J) ................. (2 - 3)
1 1

Work is a
path
function

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 Energy Concepts
2-2 Heat
“Heat is the energy transferred without transfer of mass across
the boundary of a system due to the difference in temperature
between the system and its surrounding”

Units of Heat:
The unit of heat in metric units is the Calorie “the amount of heat
required for raising 1 gram of water 1°C (or 1 K).

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat:

1 kcal = 4.187 kJ ≈ 4.2 kJ

kW = 3415 Btu/hr

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 Energy Concepts
2- 3 Internal Energy (U)
“It is that energy stored in a substance, which does not
include the effects of electricity, magnetism, surface
tension, motion or gravity”

The existence of such property of state is a consequence

of the first law.
The internal energy of "m" amount of gas:
U = m Cv T (J) ……...….. (2-4)
The specific internal energy of “u" :
𝑼
u= = Cv T (J/kg) ……….. (2-5)
𝒎
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2- 4 Enthalpy (H)
When mass enters or leaves a control
volume, work is required to push the
fluid into or out of the system.

This term is referred to as flow work.

= PV (J) …. (2-7)

Enthalpy is the sum of the internal energy U and the flow

work P V
H=U+PV (J) …….….. (2-9)

The specific enthalpy “h” :

h = Cp T (J/kg) ……….. (2-10)
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 2- 5 Kinetic Energy (KE)
Kinetic energy of an object is “the energy which it possesses
1 2
due to its motion”. = m v
2
Relation between Work and Energy

The change of kinetic energy:

1
 KE = m (v22 − v12 ) (J) ….……........ (1 - 22)
2
Specific change of kinetic energy is determined as:
 KE 1 2 2
 ke = = (v2 − v1 ) ( J / kg) …….. (1 - 23)
m 2
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Example (2- 2): What is the change of kinetic energy for a car
of 2 tons mass if its velocity changes from 36 km/hr to
108 km/hr.

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 2- 6 Gravitational Potential Energy (PE)

P.E. = m g Z …….. (J)

Work done by the force of gravity is:

ΔP.E. = m g ΔZ (J) …………………. (2-24)

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 2- 6 Spring Potential Energy (PEs)
spring
deformation
F x
Hooke's law
F = k x …….. (N)

The potential energy

stored in a spring is
given by:

1
 PEs = k ( x22 − x12 ) (J/kg) ............................ ( 2 − 27)
2
= The work done by spring deformation:
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Example (2 - 4): Consider as a system the
gas in the cylinder shown in Fig.(2 - 6); the
cylinder is fitted with a piston on which a
number of small weights are placed. The
initial pressure is 200 kPa, and the initial
volume of the gas is 0.04 m3.
Let a Bunsen burner be placed under the cylinder, and let the
volume of the gas increases to 0.1 m3 while the pressure
remains constant (P = c). Calculate the work done by the
system during this process.

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Solve Problems
In
Sheets (1) & (2)
 CHAPER (III)

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

3-1 Statement of the First Law
“energy can be transformed, i.e. changes from one
form to another, but cannot be created nor destroyed”

Fig. (3-1) Sign convention for heat and work

Q − W = U (J) ......... (3 − 1)

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 5
CHAPTER (III)
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
For a system undergoes a cycle

Q − W = U  W) cycle
=  Q ) cycle

For a thermodynamic cycle U ) cycle = 0

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 6
3 - 2 First Law as Applied to a Closed System Processes
m=c
(a) Constant Volume (isometric) Process (V = c)
(b) Constant Pressure (isobaric) Process (P = c)
(c) Constant Temperature (isothermal) Process (T = c)
(d) Constant Entropy or Adiabatic (isentropic) Process (S = c)
(e) Polytropic Process (general)

All process can follow a general law which known as the

general law of expansion and compression of gases:
PV n = c
Where n is called the polytropic index, which may have any value
from zero to infinity
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3( ‫محاضرة‬ 20
(a) Constant Volume (Isometric) Process (V = c) 7

PV n = c n=

W =  P dV = 0
v
The First Law
Q – W = U

W = 0

 Q = U

 Q = U = m Cv (T2 – T1)

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5
(b) Constant Pressure (Isobaric) Process (P = c)

PV = cn
n=0
Q – W = U

W =  P dV = P (V2 − V1 )
v

PV=mRT P V2 = m R T2  P V1 = m R T1

W = m R (T2 – T1)
 Q - m R (T2 – T1) = m CV (T2 - T1)
 Q = m R (T2 – T1) + m CV (T2 - T1)

 Q = m Cp (T2 - T1) where R = Cp - Cv

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 9
(c) Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Process (T = c)

T=c PV = c n=1
U = 0 Q=W
V2 V2
c 1
W =  P dV W =  dV = c  dV
v V1
V V1
V
 V2 
W = C ln V  = P V (ln V2 − ln V1 ) = P1V1 ln  
V2
V1
 V1 
W = P1V1 ln (r ) ……. (“r” is known as expansion ratio).

or W = m R T ln (r )
1

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(d) Adiabatic (Isentropic) Process (S = c) 10

PV  = c n=
Q - W= ΔU

Q=0
W = - ΔU
P1 V1 − P2 V2
W = - m Cv ΔT or W1−2 =
 −1

Applying
PV
= const . with P1V 1 = P 2 V 2 = const.
T
  −1
 −1
P1  V2  T1  V2  T1  P1  
=   & =   & =  
P2  V1  T2  V1  T2  P2 

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 11
(e) Polytropic Process (General)
PV n = c n = any value

U1-2 = m Cv (T2 – T1)

P1 V1 − P2 V2
W1− 2 =
n −1 Q1-2  0
Q1-2 = W + ΔU

PV
Applying = const . with P1V 1n = P 2 V 2 n = const.
T
n −1
n n −1
P1  V2  T1  V2  T1  P1  n
=   & =   & =  
P2  V1  T2  V1  T2  P2 

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 Summery 12

The Gas constant R = C P - CV

The Specific Heat Ratio =C /C

P V
Low of State PV=mRT

For a closed system m=c

P1 V1 P2 V2
= From the low of state
T1 T2

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 12
The 1st
Law of thermodynamics (Energy form):
Q − W = U (J)

The 1st Law of thermodynamics (Power form):

Q• − W • = U • (W)

Work :

W =  P dV
v

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The general laws for expansion and compression

Any process can follow the following general form:

PV n = c

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 Summery of Equations 12

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 P48
Example (3 - 2): The values of specific heats at a constant pressure
and a constant volume for an ideal gas are 0.235 kcal/ kg K and
0.174 kcal/ kg K respectively. Find the values of characteristic gas
constant (R) and the ratio of specific heats () for the gas. If 1 kg of
this gas is heated at a constant pressure from 25 °C to 200 °C,
estimate the heat added, ideal work done and change in internal
energy. Also calculate the initial pressure and the final volume, if
an initial volume was 2 m 3.
Sp. heat at constant pressure, Cp = 0.235 kcal/kg K = 0.235 x 4187 = 984 J/kg K
Sp. beat at constant volume, CV = 0.174 kcal/kg K = 0.174 x 4187 = 728.6 J/kg K
Mass of gas, m = 1 kg
Initial temperature of the gas,
t1 = 25°  T1 = 25 +273 = 298 K
Final temperature of the gas,
t2 = 200°  T2 = 200 +273 = 473 K
Initial volume of the gas, V1 = 2 m3
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Example (3 – 4): A quantity of air has a volume of 0.4 m 3 at a
pressure of 5 x 105 Pa and a temperature of 80 ºC. It is expanded in a
cylinder at a constant temperature to a pressure of 105 Pa. Determine
the amount of work done by the air during expansion.
{R = 287 J/kg K}

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Example (3 – 4): A quantity of air has a volume of 0.4 m 3 at a
pressure of 5 x 105 Pa and a temperature of 80 ºC. It is expanded in a
cylinder at a constant temperature to a pressure of 105 Pa. Determine
the amount of work done by the air during expansion.
{R = 287 J/kg K}

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Example (3 – 6): A Gas at 1.5 x 105 Pa and 20°C in a closed vessel
is compressed to 10 x 105 Pa. Its temperature then becomes
180ºC. If the compression process follows the law pvn = c, find
the value of index “n”.

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Example (3 – 6): A Gas at 1.5 x 105 Pa and 20°C in a closed vessel
is compressed to 10 x 105 Pa. Its temperature then becomes
180ºC. If the compression process follows the law pvn = c, find
the value of index “n”.

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Example (3 – 7): A certain quantity of air has a volume of 0.028 m3
at a pressure of 1.25 bars and 25°C. It is compressed to a volume
of 0.0042 m3 according to the law PV1.3 = Constant. Find the final
temperature and work done during compression. Also determine
the reduction in pressure at a constant volume required to bring
the air back to its original temperature.

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