NUmerk:a/ methods Numet1ca1 Solution to OrdlnlllY Dlfferentlal Equations 11, 31

substituting all the requisites in Eqn (iv), we 'get , . , h h

,:. f{x1 + 2' >'t + 2 f(xI'Y I)} =f{0.15, l.1411216}
Y2 = 1.0959091 + 0~1[0.913422 + 0.8503373] I.

= 1.1840966 2(0.15) . , ,
= 1.1411216 - 1.1411216 = 0.8782223
(iii) Modified Euler's method: The formula is,
Now substituting the requisites in Eqn (vii), we get
h "h h Y2 = ~.0954762 + (0.1)(0.8782223) = 1.1832984
Y•••I =Y •• + !{x •• + 2'Y •• + 2 f(x ••,y",)} (v)
The value's obtained'ale shown below in a tabular form.
Putting m =:0 in the above Equation, we get ,

h h x Euler's method Improved ' 'Modified

yl=yo+h!{xo+ 2' Yo'+ 2f(~~YJ} (vi) "1! t
..
Euler's method Euler's method

. 2xo I
0, 1 1 1
.• ' ,,,
!(Xo,YJ = Yo - Yo = 1 0.1 '1'.1 " 'I, 1.0959091 1.0954762
0.2 1.19'18182 1.1840966 1.1832984
h 0.1· " h I" ••••

Yo + 2f(xo,YJ = 1 + T(1) = 1.05 ;xo + 2 = 0.05

h h ' '. " EXERCISE 11.2
:.! {xo + 2' Yo + 2 !(XC)' yJ} =! {0.05, l.05}
1. Use Euler's method and Improved Euler's method to approximate Y
2(0.05) whenx=O.l,giventhat ' ,
== 1.05 - 1.05 = 0.9547619 '''; t. '
dy y-x . ' ,
Hence, from Eqn (vi), we get ,. . :: dx'== Y+x ' y(0)=1 taktngh=0.2.

y) = 1 + (0.1) (0:09547619) = 1.095476i \

2. .' Solve y' = 3r +y in 0 ~ X ~ 1 by Euler's method taking h == 0.1 given
Putting m = 1 in Eqn (v), we get ,',
. tha(y(O)"; 4. .
h h ,: 3. Solve y' = x + y, y(0) choosing the step length 0.2 for y(1.2) by
Y2 = YI + hf {XI + 2' YI + '2 !(xl,y)} '(vii) Euler's
. , . method . ,/

,Using Euler'smethod solve y' == x + Y in 0 ~ X ~ 1 with h = 0.1, if I

XI +
h
'2= 0.1
0.1
+ T~0.15
- . ':- y(0) == 1. Find the exact value of Y at x = I, using analytical method.
, ,

Using Euler's method fmdy(0.6) ofy' = 1 - 2xy, given thaty(O) = 0

taking h ='0.2.
J( xl'Y) 2xI 2(01)
=Y - -, - = 1.0954762 _ .
Solve y' = - Y; y(0) = 1 by (i) Euler's method for y(0.04) and (ii)
I YI 1.0954762
Modified Euler's method for y(0.6).
== 0.9129071
Solve y' = x + Y + X)I, y(0) = 1 for y(0.1) taking h = 0.025, using
h 0.1 Euler's method. '
YI + '2 f (xl' Y I) == 1.0954762 +2 (0.9129071)
Given that y' = log(x + y) with y(0) = 1. Use (i) Improved Euler's
== 1.1411216 method to find y(O.2), y(O.5), (ii) Modified Euler's method to find
y(O.2).
 Numerical methods Numerlcal Solution to Ordinary Dlff8l'8l1tial Equatlons 11. 33

Let h be the width of the equispaced values of x.

Use Euler's method and its' Modified form to obtain y(0.2), y(0.4)
and ),(0.6) correct to three decimal places given that y' = y - r, Then the first increment in~ is obtained by the following set offonnulae:
y(0) = 1. k =f(xo'yJ (11.41)
Use Euler's modified method to get y(0.25) given that y' = 2xy, == slope at the beginning of the interval (xo' yJ
y(0) = 1.
;; =f(xo + h, Yo + Jch)(say) (11.42)
Using Improved Euler's method, solve '
k" =f(xo+h, yo+;;h) (11.43)
y' = x + l..Jyl, y(0) = 1 in'the range 0 s'x S 0.6 taking h = 0.2. = slope at the beginning of the interval (xo' yo> -:
Given that j/ » 2 + ..J(xy) and'y(I) = 1. Findy(2) insteps ofO.:i'using Also, slope at the middle point of interval (xo' y J is
Improved Euler's method.
Givenyl)=r + y,y(O) = I, detenniney(O.I) andy(0.2) by Modified h h
Ie =f(x + -,
2
y + Ie-)
2
(11.44)
Euler's method. - 1 ,0 0

Solve yl) = Y + eX, y(0) ::I 0 for y(0.2), y(0.4) by Improved Euler's . Now the increment in the value ofy in the first interval is given by
method.
h
15. Solve yl) = Y + r, y(0) = 1 for y(0.02), y(0.04) and y(0.06) using Ay = '6 (Ie + 4le + ;;') l
(11.45)
Euler's Modified method.,
which can be easily obtained by the Simps~n's rule,
ANSWERS
. '
/ I .
1.0928, 1.0932
4.4, 4.843, 5.3393, 5.90023, 6.538253, 7.2670783, 8.1017861,
9.0589647,9.1039647,10.257361 '. , The increment in y in the second interval (XI' yJis obtained by the
y •
'J following formulae : '
3. 1.1831808
k = !(XI'YI)
4. 1.1; 1.22, 1.362, 1.5282, 1.7210, 1.9431, 2.1974,"-2.4871/2.8158, ;; = f(xi + h, YI + Jch)
3.1873; exact solution = 3.4366 '" " k" =!(xi + h. YI + ;;h)
S. 0.4748 6. 0.9603 ;.0.551368 ': h h
7. 1.1448 8. 1.0082, 1.0490; 1.0095
~ '\ ; ; .' ",",1:' I
k =f(x
I I
+ -,
2
y +k-)
I 2
9. 1.2, 1.432, 1.686; 1.218,,1.467, 1.737 ',." I " ". ,
~
.... _'.#... I, I . , ! h
10. 1.0625 11. 1.2309, 1.5253, 1.8851 and Ay = -(k+ 4k' + k")
6 .
12. 5.051 13. i.1105, 1.25026 .. .
, !
In the same way the increments in y can be obtained very easily in the
14. 0.24214,0.59116 '15. 1.0202, i.0408, 1.06.19 succeeding intervals.
\ ' .• ,r ,

WOrk[n~,met!JOi! Given : =f(x, y), y(xJ =Yo

11.13 RUNGE'S METHOD
find out kl = hf(xo,yJ
let the differential equation be ." le2 = h!(xo + h, Yo + kl)
dy k, = h!(xo + h, Yo + A)
dx = !(x, y), y(xJ = Yo