Numerical Analysis

Newton Raphson Method

Group Members:
Sarmad Pervez  ID:101519061
Babar Khan  ID:101519096
Nadeem Mushtaq  ID:101519118
 Introduction/Method
Introduction Method
 Evaluate f’(x) symbolically.
 Newton’s method is a numerical
algorithm which allows one to find  Use an initial guess of the root , to
the roots (e.g. zero crossings) of a estimate the new value of the root,
nonlinear equation. Newton’s as f xi 
method works by taking an initial xi 1 = xi -
estimate of the independent
f xi 
variable, and then iteratively  Find the absolute relative
improving upon the estimate. approximate error as
xi 1- xi
a =  100
xi 1
 Example
We all know that the root of this function Now we can start iterations.
is 2.

But for the better understanding, we

wanted to see how it works with Newton
Rap son method.
If the iterations continue in this way,
For to find the roots of equation, we we find the following values​​.
need an initial guess . Initial guess =
x0=0.
And now , the derivative of this function
is necessary to us.
 Applications in Electrical Engineering
Thermistors are temperature-measuring
devices based on the principle that the
thermistor material exhibits a change in
electrical resistance with a change in
temperature.
By measuring the resistance of the
thermistor material, one can then
determine the temperature.
Thermally
conductive
epoxy coating
Tin plated
copper alloy
lead wires
Use the Newton-Raphson method of finding roots of equations to find the resistance R at
18.99 C . Conduct three iterations to estimate the root of the above equation.
the relationship between the resistance R of the thermistor and the temperature is given by
1
 1.129241  10 3  2.341077  10  4 ln( R)  8.775468  10 8 ln R 
3
where T is in Kelvin and R is in ohms.
A thermistor error of no more than  0.01C is acceptable. To find the range of the resistance
that is within this acceptable limit at 19C , we need to solve
1
 1.129241  10 3  2.341077  10  4 ln( R )  8.775468  10 8 ln R 
3
19.01  273.15
1
 1.129241  10 3  2.341077  10  4 ln( R )  8.775468  10 8 ln R 
3
18.99  273.15
Cont.….
Applications in Electrical Engineering
Iteration 2
Iteration 1 The estimate of the root is
The estimate of the root is f R1 
R2  R1 
f R0  f R1 
R1  R0 
f R0 
 2.341077  10 4 ln(15000)  8.775468  10 8 ln 150003   2.341077  10 4 ln(12946)  8.775468  10 8 ln 12946 3 
   
  2.293775  10 3 
  2.293775  10 3 
   12946   
 15000  4 7 2
4 7
2.341077  10  2.6326404  10 {ln(12946)} 2
2.341077  10  2.6326404  10 {ln(15000)}
12946
15000 6
5  2.6140  10
3.5383  10  12946 
 15000  1.9906  10 8
1.7230  10 8  12946   131.32 
 15000  2053.5
 13078
 12946
The absolute relative approximate error a at the end of Iteration 2 is
The absolute relative approximate error a at the end of Iteration 1 is
R2  R1
R  R0 a   100
a  1  100 R2
R1
13078  12946
12946  15000   100
  100 13078
12946  1.0041%
 15.862% The number of significant digits at least correct is 1, as the absolute relative approximate
The number of significant digits at least correct is 0, as you need an absolute relative error is less than 5% .
approximate error of less than 5% for one significant digit to be correct in your result
 Algorithm
Step 1:
Evaluate f’(x) symbolically.

Step 2:
Use an initial guess of the root , to
estimate the new value of the
root, as

f xi 
xi 1 = xi -
f xi 
 Algorithm
Step 3:
Find the absolute relative
approximate error as,

xi 1- xi
a =  100
xi 1
Step 4:
Compare the absolute relative
approximate error with the pre-
specified relative error tolerance .

Yes Go to Step 2 using new estimate of the root.

Is a s ?
No Stop the algorithm
Output