Transducers Trainer

Submitted by:-
1.Shatyajit Dutta (2018EEA2377)
2.Allu Sai Haneesh (2018EEA2375)
3.Rohit Rana (2018EEA23 )
4.K.S. Santosh (2018EEA23 )
1.Positional Resistance Transducer
Aim: Variation of output voltage with setting of Linear Variable Potentiometer
Theory: A variable resistor can be used to provide a variable voltage. A steady voltage is
applied across the ends of the fixed track. The wiper then picks off a variable
voltage at the contact point with the track (with respect to the end of the track).
Used in this way the variable resistor is called a potentiometer.

Here, the position of the variable resistor spindle (or slider) setting is indicated
by the output voltage from the potentiometer.
1.1: Variation of output voltage with setting of Rotary Potentiometer

Observations:
Control 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Setting
Output 0V 0.38V 0.96V 1.63V 2.2V 2.7V 3.26V 3.86V 4.49V 4.99V
Voltage
 Fig: Characteristic of a Linear Rotary Carbon Potentiometer

Voltage between settings 9 & 2 = V9 – V2 = 4.11V

V −V
Voltage per kΩ =R9 −R2 = 0.587V/kΩ
9 2

1.2: Variation of output voltage with setting of Slide Potentiometer

Observations:
Control 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Setting
Output 0V 0.5V 1.04V 1.68V 2.2V 2.78V 3.4V 3.98V 4.47V 4.95V
Voltage

Fig: Characteristic of a Linear Slide Carbon Potentiometer

Voltage between settings 9 & 2 = V9 – V2 =3.97 V

V −V
Voltage per kΩ =R9 −R2 = 0.567V/kΩ
9 2

Conclusion:
In this experiment we learned about the different types of potentiometers (Rotary
Potentiometer, Slide Potentiometer) and plotted their characteristics of Vout v/s control dial
setting and they were linear in nature.
2. Resistance Temperature Dependent Transducer.
Aim: To observe the temperature-resistance characteristics in a Platinum RTD
Theory: Platinum RTD transducer consists of a thin film of platinum deposited on ceramic
substrate and have gold contact plates at each end that make contact with the film.
The resistance of the film increases as the temperature increases. It has a positive temperature
coefficient (PTC). The increase in resistance is linear, the relationship between resistance
change and temperature rise being 0.385Ω/°C.
Rt = Ro + 0.385t
where Rt = resistance at temperature t°C
Ro = resistance at 0°C (= 100Ω)
Observations:
Time(minutes) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RTD 31 36 42 47 49 53 57 60 62.1 62.7 65
Temperature
(in oC)
RTD 105.2 107 109 110.5 111.6 112.6 113.2 113.4 114.5 114 115.3
Resistance (in
Ω)

Fig: Characteristics of Pt. RTD Transducer

Conclusion:
In this experiment, value of resistance for different values of temperature was observed. Graph
value of RTD resistance v/s RTD temperature is plotted. Graph came out to be approximately
linear with positive slope indicating that RTD has positive temperature co-efficient.
3. Linear Variable Differential Transducer(LVDT)
Aim: To obtain characteristics of linear variable differential transducer (LVDT)
Theory: LVDT consists of three coils mounted on a common former and having a magnetic
core that is movable within the coils.

Movement of core from its central position produces an output voltage. The voltage increases
with movement from neutral position to maximum value and then may reduce for further
movement from maximum setting. There is no gradual change of phase, only and abrupt
reversal when passing through neutral position.
Observations:
Neutral:1.12V
Core -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
position
(turns
from
neutral)
Output 4.37V 3.68V 2.65V 1.35V 1.12V 1.85V 3.03V 4.32V 4.49V
voltage
(digital
meter)
Output 4V 3.5V 2.5V 1V 0V 2V 3.5V 4V 4.5V
voltage
(analog
meter)
 Fig: Graph of analog output voltage v/s core postion

Conclusion:
Core position is varied with respect to neutral position and output digital and analog voltage is
observed. At neutral, analog output voltage was minimum and increased as core position is
changed in either direction. There was an abrupt phase change while using the neutral position.
Graph of analog output v/s core position is plotted.
4.Wheatstone Bridge
Aim: To find out the value of unknown resistance using wheatstone bridge
Theory: A Wheatstone Bridge circuit, consisting of four resistors and a sensitive center zero
meter connected to a DC source.

During measurement, R3 is adjusted until there is no current (Im) flowing in the

galvanometer circuit. The galvanometer current is zero or "null". Under these
conditions, the bridge is said to be "balanced". Hence the term "null balance".
The purpose of the galvanometer is to "detect" the presence of the null condition.
From the known values of R1, R2 & R3 at balance, the value of R4 can be
calculated from: -
𝑅2
R4=𝑅1xR3

Observations:
R2= 12 KΩ
10KΩ Resistor Dial Reading at R3 R1 𝑅2
R4=𝑅1xR3
Setting Balance (10 x Dial (10KΩ-R3)
Reading)
10 474 4790Ω 5.21KΩ 11.03KΩ
9 459 4590Ω 5.41KΩ 10.01KΩ
8 430 4300Ω 5.7KΩ 9.05KΩ
7 400 4000Ω 6KΩ 8KΩ
6 360 3600Ω 6.4KΩ 6.75KΩ
5 319 3190Ω 6.81KΩ 5.62KΩ
4 263 2630Ω 7.37KΩ 4.28KΩ
3 203 2030Ω 7.97KΩ 3.06KΩ
2 135 1350Ω 8.65KΩ 1.87KΩ
1 74 740Ω 9.26KΩ 0.95KΩ
 Fig: Graph of unknown resistance v/s 10KΩ resistor setting

Conclusion:
In this experiment, we calculated the value of unknown resistance(R4) for different values of
10KΩ resistor setting (which fixes R1 and R3 values). R2 is already fixed to be 12KΩ. Graph
of values of R4 against 10KΩ is plotted and it came out to be linear with positive slope.

5.Mathematical Operations
Aim: To study about characteristics of a summing amplifier and an integrator.

5.1 Summing Amplifier:

Using Kirchhoff's Laws, the current(s) into a junction must be the same as the
current(s) out of the junction, so, since there is no current flowing into the Op
Amp, the feedback current (IF) must be equal to the sum of the three input currents
(I1, I2 & I3).
𝑉𝑜 𝑉1 𝑉2
= + +⋯
𝑅𝐹 𝑅1 𝑅2
If all of the resistors are made the same size, then they cancel out in the equation
leaving:
VO = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . . The output voltage is the sum of the three input voltages.
Observations:
Maximum possible output voltage=9.93 V
Inputs(V) Output
A B C -(A+B+C) Measured O/p
1 1 1 -3 -3.129
2 1 3 -6 -5.97
-3 4 2 -3 -3.115
3 5 4 -12 -12.156
-3.5 2.7 -1.4 2.2 2.212

5.2 Integrator:

An integrator is a circuit having an output voltage that is proportional to the

average of the input voltage multiplied by units of time. In mathematical terms
this is referred to as the integral of the voltage. Note that, in the feedback path, the
resistor has been replaced by a capacitor, since the voltage across a capacitor at
any time depends on the amount of current that has been flowing and the time for
which it has flowed.
1
Vc=C ∫ i. dt
Observations:
Maximum Output Voltage = 10.65 V
Switched Input Reference No. of time time taken Calculated
Time Voltage(V) Voltage(V) Constants to Time
Constant reach ref.(s) constant
1s 1 10 10 10 1
100 ms 1 10 10 1.84 0.184
100 ms 0.2 5 25 3.35 0.134
10 s 5 2 0.4 4.53 11.325

Conclusion:
In this part we checked the output of Summing amplifier with the theoretical ones (-
(A+B+C)) by giving 3 inputs A, B, C and and it comes out to be approximately same. And its
next part we calculated time constant using reference voltage and time taken to reach
reference voltage.