Exp. No.

-4
Steady-State Response of
RLC Circuit
Name - Pranay Gupta
Entry No. - 2019CS10383
Name - Tushar Singla
Entry No. - 2019CS10410
Table No. - 9
Date of experiment - 20/08/2019
Date of submission - 25/08/2019
Objective:
To draw the phasor diagram of series RLC circuit and compare the
experimental and theoretical results.

Apparatus:
1.Signal Generator
2.DSO
3.Multimeter
4.Components
5.Bread board

Theory:
An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an
inductor (L), and a capacitor (C), connected in series or in parallel. ...
The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for current, and resonates in a
similar way as an LC circuit.
Step Response of an RLC Circuit-This computes the resonant frequency
and corresponding Q factor of an RLC circuit with series or parallel
topologies. The resonant frequency here is defined as the frequency at
which the amplitude of the impedance or the admittance of the circuit
has a minimum.
Electrical Impedance (Z)- is the total opposition that a circuit presents to
alternating current. Impedance is measured in ohms and may include
resistance (R), inductive reactance (XL), and capacitive reactance (XC).
The impedance Z of a series RLC circuit depends upon the angular
frequency, ω as do XL and XC If the capacitive reactance is greater
than the inductive reactance, XC > XL then the overall circuit reactance
is capacitive giving a leading phase angle.
Likewise, if the inductive reactance is greater than the capacitive
reactance, XL > XC then the overall circuit reactance is inductive giving
the series circuit a lagging phase angle. If the two reactance’s are the
same and XL = XC then the angular frequency at which this occurs is
called the resonant frequency and produces the effect of resonance
which we will look at in more detail in another tutorial.

Then the magnitude of the current depends upon the frequency applied
to the series RLC circuit. When impedance, Z is at its maximum, the
current is a minimum and likewise, when Z is at its minimum, the current
is at maximum.
Series Resonance-
The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and
capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude but cancel each other
because they are 180 degrees apart in phase. The sharp minimum in
impedance which occurs is useful in tuning applications.
The amplitude of the source voltage across all three components in a
series RLC circuit is made up of the three individual component
voltages, VR, VL and VC with the current common to all three
components. The vector diagrams will therefore have the current vector
as their reference with the three voltage vectors being plotted with
respect to this reference.

Fig.-1 Schematic representation of phasers

This means then that we can not simply add together VR, VL and VC to
find the supply voltage, VS across all three components as all three
voltage vectors point in different directions with regards to the current
vector. Therefore we will have to find the supply voltage, VS as the
Phasor Sum of the three component voltages combined together
vectorially.

Fig.-2 Calculation of net voltage

The phase angle, θ between the source voltage, VS and the current, i is
the same as for the angle between Z and R in the impedance triangle.
This phase angle may be positive or negative in value depending on
whether the source voltage leads or lags the circuit current and can be
calculated mathematically from the ohmic values of the impedance
triangle.
Damping- Damping is caused by the resistance in the circuit. It
determines whether or not the circuit will resonate naturally (that is,
without a driving source). Circuits which will resonate in this way are
described as underdamped and those that will not are overdamped.
Procedure:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

Fig.-3 Schematic diagram of circuit

2. For a particular value of sinusoidal input voltage, measure the

voltages across the individual elements using DSO. Repeat the above
experiment for a number of input voltage values (voltage should be less
than 1V) and at different frequencies
3. The amplitude of the source voltage across all three components in a
series RLC circuit is made up of the three individual component
voltages, VR, VL and VC with the current common to all three
components. The vector diagrams will therefore have the current vector
as their reference with the three voltage vectors being plotted with
respect to this reference (current).
4. Note down measured series Component Values
Observation:
Device Frequency(Hz) Image

Resistor 600

Resistor 700

Resistor 800
Capacitor 600

Capacitor 700

Capacitor 800

Inductor 600
Inductor 700

Inductor 800

Fig.-4 Observed phaser diagram

Conclusion:
1.In a series RLC circuit containing a resistor, an inductor and a
capacitor the source voltage VS is the phasor sum made up of three
components, VR, VL and VC with the current common to all three. Since
the current is common to all three components it is used as the
horizontal reference when constructing a voltage triangle.

2.The impedance of the circuit is the total opposition to the flow of

current. For a series RLC circuit, and impedance triangle can be drawn
by dividing each side of the voltage triangle by its current, I. The voltage
drop across the resistive element is equal to I*R, the voltage across the
two reactive elements is I*X = I*XL – I*XC while the source voltage is
equal to I*Z. The angle between VS and I will be the phase angle, θ.

3.When working with a series RLC circuit containing multiple

resistances, capacitance’s or inductance’s either pure or impure, they
can be all added together to form a single component. For example all
resistances are added together, RT = ( R1 + R2 + R3 )…etc or all the
inductance’s LT = ( L1 + L2 + L3 )…etc this way a circuit containing
many elements can be easily reduced to a single impedance.