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Khouloud El haji khalil y Marta Hernández Sarabia

Diabetes: Symptoms, treatment, prevention, and early diagnosis (medicalnewstoday.com)

Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body’s

ability to process blood glucose, otherwise known as
blood sugar. There are several types of diabetes,
which have various treatments.
In the United States, the estimated number of people of all ages living with
diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes is 34.2 million Trusted Source.

Without ongoing, careful management, diabetes can lead to a buildup of sugars in

the blood, which can increase the risk of dangerous complications, including
stroke and heart disease.

Different kinds of diabetes can occur, and how people manage the condition
depends on the type. Not all forms of diabetes stem from a person being
overweight or leading an inactive lifestyle. Some are present from childhood.

The most common types of diabetes include type 1, type 2, and gestational
diabetes, which we cover in more detail below. Less common types of diabetes
include monogenic diabetes and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes
Also known as juvenile diabetes, type 1 diabetes occurs when the body does not
produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone responsible for breaking down the sugar in
the blood for use throughout the body. A person living with type 1 diabetes may
receive a diagnosis during childhood.

People living with type 1 diabetes need to administer insulin on a regular basis.
Individuals may do this with injections or an insulin pump.

There is no cure for type 1 diabetes. Once a person receives their diagnosis, they
will need to regularly monitor their blood sugar levels, administer insulin, and
make some lifestyle changes to help manage the condition.
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Successfully managing blood sugar levels can help people living with type 1
diabetes avoid serious complications. Some common complications include:

 ketoacidosis
 nerve damage
 issues with the eyes
 increased risk of skin infection
 issues with the kidneys
 cardiovascular disease
 foot problems, including numbness
 high blood pressure
 stroke

Type 2 diabetes
People with type 2 diabetes do not make or use insulin effectively. According to
the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), this
is the most common type of diabetes, and it has strong links with obesity.

A person living with type 2 diabetes may or may not need insulin. In many cases,
medication along with changes in exercise and diet can help manage the
condition.

Anyone, including children and adults, can develop type 2 diabetes. The most
common risk factors for type 2 diabetes include:

 age 45 or older
 overweight
 family history

Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy when an individual becomes less
sensitive to insulin. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), between 2–10% of pregnancies each year result in gestational diabetes.
Individuals who are overweight going into their pregnancy have an elevated risk
of developing the condition.
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The CDC adds that around 50% of people with gestational diabetes will later
develop type 2 diabetes.

During pregnancy, individuals can take steps to manage the condition. These
include:

 staying active
 monitoring the growth and development of the fetus
 adjusting their diet
 monitoring blood sugar levels

Gestational diabetes can increase a person’s risk of developing high blood

pressure during pregnancy. It can also cause:

 premature birth
 increased birth weight
 blood sugar issues with the newborn, which typically clear up within a few
days
 increased risk of the baby developing type 2 diabetes later in life

Prediabetes
Prediabetes, or borderline diabetes, occurs when a person’s blood sugar levels
are elevated but not enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. For a doctor to diagnose
prediabetes, an individual must meet the following criteria:

 glucose tolerance levels of 140–199 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)

 an A1C test result of 5.7–6.4%
 fasting blood sugar levels between 100–125 mg/dl

People living with prediabetes have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes,
but they do not usually experience the symptoms of full diabetes.

The risk factors for a person developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are
similar. They include:

 being overweight
 a family history of diabetes
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 having a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level lower than 40

mg/dl or 50 mg/dl
 a history of high blood pressure
 having gestational diabetes or giving birth to a child with a birth weight of
more than 9 pounds
 a history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
 being of African-American, Native American, Latin American, or Asian-
Pacific Islander descent
 being more than 45 years of age
 having a sedentary lifestyle

Prevention
A person cannot prevent type 1 diabetes.

However, people can take some steps to help prevent type 2 diabetes. Some ways
to help prevent type 2 diabetes include:

 maintaining a moderate weight

 eating a balanced diet low in added sugars, saturated fats, and processed
foods
 exercising regularly

To reduce the risk of developing gestational diabetes, a person should maintain a

moderate weight before becoming pregnant.

While these steps can help, it is important to note that people may still develop
either type 2 or gestational diabetes.

How insulin problems develop

Doctors do not know the exact causes of type 1 diabetes. However, insulin
resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes, has clearer causes.

Insulin allows the glucose from a person’s food to access the cells in their body to
supply energy. Insulin resistance is usually a result of the following cycle:
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1. A person has genes or an environment that make it more likely for them to
be unable to produce enough insulin to cover how much glucose, or sugar,
they eat.
2. The body tries to make extra insulin to process the excess blood sugar.
3. The pancreas cannot keep up with the increased demands, and the excess
blood sugar starts to circulate in the blood, causing damage.
4. Over time, insulin becomes less effective at introducing glucose to cells,
and blood sugar levels continue to rise.

With type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance takes place gradually. This is why doctors
often recommend making lifestyle changes in an attempt to slow or reverse this
cycle.

Exercise and diet tips

If a doctor diagnoses someone with diabetes, they will often recommend making
lifestyle changes to support weight management and overall health.

A doctor may refer a person living with diabetes or prediabetes to a nutritionist. A

specialist can help people living with diabetes lead an active, balanced lifestyle
and manage the condition.

Steps a person can take to stay healthy with diabetes include:

 Eating a diet high in fresh, nutritious foods, including whole grains, fruits,
vegetables, lean proteins, low-fat dairy, and healthy fat sources, such as
nuts.
 Avoiding high-sugar foods that provide empty calories or calories that do
not have other nutritional benefits, such as sweetened sodas, fried foods,
and high-sugar desserts.
 Refraining from drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or keeping intake to
less than one drink a day for females or two drinks a day for males.
 Engaging in at least 30 minutes of exercise per day on at least 5 days of the
week, such as walking, aerobics, riding a bike, or swimming.
 Recognizing signs of low blood sugar when exercising, including dizziness,
confusion, weakness, and profuse sweating.
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Some people can also take steps to reduce their body mass index (BMI) if needed,
which can help those with type 2 diabetes manage the condition without
medication.

Summary
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes affect the body differently and require different
medications.

A person with type 1 diabetes will require injectable, intravenous, or inhalable

insulin.

People with type 2 diabetes will typically require metformin and other
medications that increase insulin secretion and reduce glucose levels.

In addition to treating the direct effects of diabetes, doctors may recommend

medications to treat other conditions associated with diabetes. These may
include weight loss medications to help people reach a moderate weight and ACE
inhibitors to lower blood pressure.

1.Criterios para la selección de los términos. Se establecerán, al menos dos criterios.

Criterio de relación con la temática de medicina, concretamente la enfermedad denominada

como diabetes, y criterio de grado de especialización medio-alto ya que hay bastante
términos especializados.

2.Listado de términos. Este listado responderá a los criterios establecidos en el punto 1.

 Blood glucose
 Blood sugar
 Diagnosed
 Undiagnosed
 Gestational diabetes
 Monogenic diabetes
 Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes
 Insulin
 Injections
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 Insulin pump
 Monitor
 Metoacidosis
 Nerve damage
 Skin infection
 Cardiovascular disease
 Numbness
 High blood pressure
 Stroke
 The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
 Medication
 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
 Premature birth
 Borderline diabetes
 Prediabetes
 Glucose
 A1C test
 Symptoms
 Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
 Saturated fats
 Cells
 Genes
 Body mass index (BMI)
 Low-fat dairy
 High-sugar foods
 Intravenous
 Inhalable
 Metformin
 ACE inhibitors

3. Agrupación de términos en campos temáticos. Los campos deben ser suficientemente

precisos para que quede perfectamente claro qué términos entran en este campo y qué
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términos quedan excluidos del campo. Si es necesario, se incluirán explicaciones para

delimitar uno o varios campos temáticos.
Campo temático de diabetes:

- Diabetes
- Insuline
- Blood glucose
- Blood sugar
- Type 1, juvenile diabetes
- Type 2, gestacional diabetes
- Monogenic diabetes
- Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes.
- Prediabetes

Campo temático de enfermedades:

 ketoacidosis
 nerve damage
 issues with the eyes
 skin infection
 issues with the kidneys
 cardiovascular disease
 foot problems, including numbness
 high blood pressure
 stroke
 Polycystic ovary sindrome (PCOS)
 cholesterol
 Dizziness
 Confusion
 Weakness
 profuse sweating.

Campo temático del azúcar:

- Glucose (aparece en otro apartado porque es tanto una sustancia que se lleva en la
sangre que puede producir diabetes como un componente del azúcar)
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- Lipoprotein
- added sugars
- saturated fats
- high-sugar foods
- sweetened sodas
- high-sugar desserts

4. Ordenación de los campos en un árbol temático. La ordenación de campos y subcampos

debe ser lógica.
1º: campo temático de la diabetes

Subcampo: azúcar

2º: campo temático de las enfermedades

5.Tres características del texto extraídas del árbol semántico. A partir de la estructura del
árbol, se justificarán tres características del texto original.
Es un texto de carácter divulgativo que trata principalmente el tema de la diabetes, en el
que se explica el contexto de cómo se origina. Podemos ver que un concepto que aparece
repetidamente es el azúcar ya que es el factor principal por el que ocurre la diabtes. Trata,
además, algunas enfermedades que se pueden producir o son factores por los que la
enfermedad es producida.