TKT

Phonology
 What is Phonology?

Phonemic chart

Stress

Phonology Connected soeech

Intonation

Key concepts
What is lexis?

Lexis refers to individual words or sets of words: tree, get up, first of all, all’s well
that ends well, i.g. UNITS OF VOCABULARY THAT HAVE A SPECIFIC MEANING
Meaning of words

Denotative - describes the thing or idea behind the item

Figurative - imaginative meaning comes from denotative one but in different

form.

Meaning in the context - depends on the situation in which the word is used

Examples
How does the form change the meaning?

Suffixes, prefixes, compounds

Affixation can give opposite, comparative, superlative meaning or change the

part of speech.

Compound words usually don’t mean the same as the do separately.

Examples
Words that come together

Collocations - can have a different degree

Fixed expressions - can’t be changed CHUNCKS

Idioms - fixed expression with a different meaning

Learn chunks, not individual words.

Relationships between words
Synonyms - same or similar meaning

Antonyms - opposites

False friends - similar to another word in another language, but have different
meanings

Homophones - same pronunciation, different spelling or/and meaning

Homonyms - same spelling and pronunciation, but different meaning

Varieties of English - different kinds of spoken English

Lexical features clear (adjective) paper (noun)
Denotations Easy to understand Material
Not covered or blocked Newspaper
Having no doubt document

Synonyms Simple _______________________

certain

Antonyms/Opposites Complicated ____________

Untidy
unsure

Lexical sets Clean Metal, stone, cloth

well-written

Word families Unclearly clearly clarity _______________

Homophones _____ _________________

Homonyms _________________ ______

False friends “clair”

Lexical features clear (adjective) paper (noun)

Compounds clear-headed Paper plate

Collocations Clear sky, clear skin, clear White paper, lined paper
day

Figurative meanings A clear head On paper

Idioms To clear the decks To put pen to paper

Tips

● First we learn denotation, spelling, pronunciation

● Consolidation of words
● ‘Receptive’ vocabulary ---> ‘Productive’ vocabulary (expose key words to
many more)
● Teach in context, not in isolation (text, stories or description of events)
● Use words’ relationship to help learners extend their knowledge about words
● Be careful with the false friends - avoid misunderstanding
● For beginners and YL: teach categories, then item
● CHUNKS!!!
● Keep the record of vocabulary
 Follow-up

P. 19-20 in TKT course book