INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

The Macrozoobenthos As Bioindicator Water

Quality Of Kali Baru Barat River
Ariane Pratiwi, Melati Ferianita Fachrul, Diana Irvindiaty Hendrawan

Abstract: Macrozoobenthos can be used as biological indicators in determining the quality of waters in a river. This study aims to determine the
condition of river water quality based on the calculation of Diversity Index (H '), Evenness Index (E) and Dominance (D) of river waters using ecological
models. This research was conducted in April, May, and June 2019 in the waters of the Kali Baru Barat River in the South Jakarta area, where the river
is dominated by activities of restaurants, offices, workshops, and shops. The method of determining water quality in the waters of the Kali Baru Barat
River is done by taking macrozoobenthos samples by grab sampling, as many as 7 sampling points along 15,4 km in the Kali Baru Barat River flow. The
results of macrozoobenthos identification were found in 7 classes with 18 species. There are 1 species of Bivalvia, 2 species of Diptera, 5 species of
Gastropods, 2 species of Nematodes, 6 species of Oligochaeta, 1 species of Hirudinea, and 1 species of Crustaceae. The highest abundance of
2 2
macrozoobenthos is 11,629 Ind /m , while the lowest abundance is 203 Ind/m . The ecologycal index calculation show that the Diversity Index (H') value
ranges from 0.2 to 1.35, the Evenness Index (E) value is 0.11 to 0.92 and the value of the Dominance Index (C) is 0.31 to 0.95. Based on the results,
describe the conditions of Kali Baru Barat River is heavily polluted.

Index Terms: Kali Baru Barat River, Macrozoobentos, Diversity Index, Evenness Index, Dominance Index, Water Quality
——————————  ——————————

1. INTRODUCTION This research was conducted in the Kali Baru Baru River. The
KALI Baru Barat River is a river located in the South Jakarta selection of sampling points is based on pollutant sources
area, where the activities along the river are dominated by around the river. The location of sampling points shows in
offices, restaurants, workshops, and shops. The enhancement Table 1.
of human populations and activities will have an impact on TABLE 1
water quality. Although some water pollution can occur SAMPLING POINT POSITION
naturally, most of the water pollutants are caused by human Sampling Geographic Coordinate
Location
activities [1]. Human activities around the river banks can Point S E
Jl. Desa Putra, Jagakarsa
decrease the water quality, and if this continues can cause 1
District
6°20'15,2" 106°49'45,6"
water river pollution. Waste carried from the river banks such 2 Jl. Amd VIII, Jagakarsa District 6°18'17,5" 106°50'14,0"
as workshop, households, and others can increase the supply Jl.Terminal Baru, Pasar Minggu
3 6°16'58,4" 106°50'39,3"
of organic material in the waters. Water quality degradation is District
one of the most serious of all environmental problems that can Jl. Raya Pasar Minggu,
4 6°15'43,4" 106°50'34,9"
Pancoran District
effect to human health and the biotic community [2]. Biological
Jl. Raya Pasar Minggu,
monitoring in waters using macrozoobenthos is more accurate 5 6°14'40,7" 106°50'33,7"
Pancoran District
and beneficial compared to using other bioindicators because 6 Jl. Dr. Saharjo, Tebet District 6°13'27,4" 106°50'50,3"
macrozobenthos is very sensitive to organic pollutants, is 7
Jl. Minang kabau,
6°12'43,2" 106°50'39,5"
easily distributed, and is easy and costly for samples [3]; [4]. Setia Budi District
Factor underlying the use of indicators macroozobenthos
because macrozoobenthos has relatively passive or low 2.2 Macrozoobenthos Analysis Method
mobility. So, macrozoobentos will remain in the waters even The sampling of macrozoobenthos is taking substrate in the
though polluted water [5]; [6].The movement of bottom of the water using Eckman Grab (13 x 26 cm) then
macrozoobenthos is very slow, relatively dependent on type sample put into plastic bags and labeled.
substrates and also sensitive to environmental pressure such Analysis of macrozoobenthos samples is carried out in several
as water quality and sediment The water sediment character stages, namely the filtering stage, the sorting stage, and the
determines the distribution of macrozoobenthos [7]; [8]; [9]. identification stage. At the filtering stage macrozoobenthos is
The purpose of this study is to determine the structure of the filtered using a fine sieve. After that, the sample is preserved
community and to determine the status of waters in the quality with 10% formalin and given a rose bengal dye solution to
of the Kali Baru Barat River. distinguish between macrozoobenthos and litter. Then in the
sorting stage macrozoobenthos is separated from litter and
2 RESEARCH METHOD the indentification stage species macrozoobenthos using a
stereo microscope.
2.1 Study Area
2.3 Pollution Level Based On Macrozoobenthos Structure
———————————————— 1. DIVERSITY INDEX (H’) BY SHANNON W IENER’S
 Ariane Pratiwi – Dept. of Environmental Engineering Universitas
Trisakti Indonesia E-mail: ariane082001500008@std.trisakti.ac.id
H’ = – ∑ pi Log2 pi
 Melati Ferianita Fachrul – Dept. of Environmental Engineering
Universitas Trisakti Indonesia, Corresponding Author E-mail: Whereas :
melati@trisakti.ac.id H’ = Shannon Wiener’s Diversity Index
 Diana Irvindiaty Hendrawan - Dept. of Environmental Engineering ni = Number of individuals in one species
Universitas Trisakti Indonesia, E-mail: N = Total number of individual species found
dianahendrawan@trisakti.ac.id pi = ni/N

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TABLE 2 macrozoobenthos. The degree of acidity (pH) when neutral

WATER QUALITY CRITERIA can support the life of aquatic biota. While the degree of
No. Evenness Quality Reference acidity in acids, this cannot support the life of aquatic biota
Index [12].
1 >3 Clean water Wilha (1975) TABLE 4.
1–3 Medium Polluted
PH IN KALI BARU BARAT RIVER
<1 Heavily Polluted
2 3.0 – 4.0 Very Lightly Polluted Wilha (1975) Sampling 2019
2.0 – 3.0 Contaminated Lightly point
Average Standard Deviation
1.0 – 2.0 Medium Polluted April May June
3 2.0 Not Polluted Lee,et.al 1 7.10 7.30 6.90 7.1 0.2
2.0 – 1.0 Contaminated Lightly (1975)
1.5 – 1.0 Medium Polluted 2 6.80 6.50 6.80 6.7 0.2
< 1.0 Heavily Polluted
3 6.80 6.60 6.50 6.6 0.2
2. EVENNESS INDEX (E)
E = H'/(H' max) 4 6.90 6.60 6.80 6.8 0.2
5 7.00 6.70 7.00 6.9 0.2
Whereas :
6 7.10 6.70 6.50 6.8 0.3
E = Evenness Index
H’ = Diversity Index 7 6.90 6.80 6.80 6.8 0.1
H’max = Maximum Diversity Values (Log2S),
S = Number of species The ideal acidity (pH) for the life of macrozoobenthos
The Evenness index criteria according to Brower et al. (1990) organisms with a gastropod class of 7.0 to 8.7 this indicates
as follows: that in the Kali Baru Barat river macrozoobenthos gastropod
E <0.4 = Low level of Evenness class could live [13]. The concentration of Dissolved Oxygen
0.4 <E <0.6 = Medium level of Evenness (DO) needed by macrozoobenthos ranges from 4.00 to 6.00
E> 0.6 = High level of Evenness mg/L if the Dissolved Oxygen concentration is high in aquatic
3. DOMINANCE INDEX (C) - SIMPSONS’S INDEX ecosystem, this will be better for macrozoobenthos [14] [15].
C = ∑ (Ni/N)2 TABLE 5
DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN KALI BARU BARAT RIVER
Whereas : Sampling 2019
C = Dominance Index, Average Sd
Point April May June
Ni = Number of Individuals of Each Type,
1 4.6 4.5 1.5 3.5 1.8
N = Number of Individuals All Types.
2 3.2 1.7 1.7 2.2 0.9
Simpson Dominance Index value ranges from 0 to 1, if the
Index value close to 1 means there is dominance of certain 3 2.8 3.8 1 2.5 1.4
species in the waters. 4 3.4 2.1 1.3 2.3 1.1
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5 3.4 2.7 2.9 3.0 0.4
Temperature can affect water quality because it can affect 6 3.6 4.3 1.7 3.2 1.3
the growth of organism in waters. The optimal temperature 7 2.7 2 0.8 1.8 1.0
that suitable for macrozoobenthos ranges from 29 to 40ºC [10]
[11].
In Table 5 shows that all DO concentration in sampling points
TABLE 3 at Kali Baru Barat River are 0.8 to 4.6 mg/L based on the
TEMPERATURE IN KALI BARU BARAT RIVER results the concentration of dissolved oxygen is not suitable
for the life of macrozoobenthos. The macrozoobenthos
2019 Standard
Sampling Average community found in the Kali Baru Barat River consists of 7
April May June Deviation classes with 18 species. The classes and species can show in
Point
1 27 26 26 26.3 0.6
Table 6. Parathelphusa sp species it can function in the food
chain as a feeder on organic substances in the water and can
2 27 25 25 25.7 1.2 eat suspended materials (filter feeder) so, it is very important
3 26 25 26 25.7 0.6 for the balance of the ecosystem. Gastropoda’s class has a
considerable amount in the waters this is due to the body's
4 27 26 26 26.3 0.6
resistance (shell) is hard so that it can survive and is also a
5 27 26 26 26.3 0.6 type of deposit feeder on the surface of the mud [16].
6 29 28 28 28.3 0.6
TABLE 6.
7 29 27 27 27.7 1.2 SPESIES MACROZOOBENTHOS
Classes Spesies
Based on the results of sampling temperature measurements, Bivalvia Anadara Sp.
it is known that the water temperature in Kali Baru Barat River
Chironomus Sp.
is average water temperature ranges from 25.7 to 28.3ºC. Diptera
Tanytarsus Sp.
This is due to the differences of time to take the sample.
Based on temperature values, this is suitable for Gastropoda Filopaludina Sp.

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Classes Spesies This high Evenness value can indicate that in these waters
Melanoides Sp. there is no dominance of certain species, this illustrates the
Pila Sp. condition of the aquatic environment not under stressful
Balanocochlis Sp. conditions [17]. The overall Evenness value at the sampling
Cyclophorus Sp. point at Barut Barat River ranges from 0.11 to 0.92 with an
Achromadora Sp.
average value of Evenness that is 0.38 to 0.77. According to
Nematoda Brower et.al (1990) the value of Evenness index in Kali Baru
Leptolaimus Sp.
Barat River is in the category of medium Evenness level
Hirudinea Placobdellasp.
where there is still dominance by several species. This is due
Aeolosoma Sp. to the Evenness values ranging from 0.4 <E <0.6.
Branchiura Sp.
Cambarincula Sp. TABEL 9
Oligochaeta
Chaetogaster Sp. DOMINANCE INDEX
Lumbriculus Sp. 2019
Nais Sp.
Sampling point Average
Crustaceae Parathelphusa Sp. April May June

1 0.77 0.93 0.33 0.68

The low number of species found in the Crustacea class is
due to a less adaptive way of life, where several types of 2 0.37 0.54 0.34 0.42
macrozoobenthos from the Crustacea class have soft bodies,
so they are less able to adapt to environmental conditions. 3 0.44 0.35 0.84 0.54

4 0.82 0.39 0.64 0.62

TABLE 7
DIVERSITY INDEX 5 0.96 0.56 0.59 0.71
2019
Sampling point Average 6 0.73 0.39 0.95 0.69
April May June
1 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.6 7 0.54 0.45 0.31 0.43

2 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.2

Dominance index value (C) is an index value that determines
3 1.0 1.3 0.4 0.9
the presence or absence of macrozoobenthos that dominates
4 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.8 a waters.Based on the dominance index value, the
5 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.6 macrozoobenthos obtained in the results of this study ranged
6 0.6 1.1 0.1 0.6 from 0.31 to 0.95 with an average dominance value of 0.42 to
7 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.0
0.71. Domination Index value is inversely proportional to
Diversity, if the Domination Index is high, then the Diversity
Index is low and vice versa. Based on range of dominance
Diversity values at all sampling points in Kali Baru Barat River index values according to Susiana (2011) the average value of
ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 with an average value of diversity that dominance in the waters of the Kali Baru Barat River has a
is 0.6-1.2, Macrozoobenthos Diversity Index Value in Kali Baru dominance that is categorized as sufficient dominance this is
Barat River is categorized as heavily polluted water quality. due to the average in dominance index value in the range of
This is due to the Diversity Index values obtained below 1.0. 0.5 to 0.75. There is dominance at points 1, 4, 5, and 6. This
this is due to dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg / L. so the is because the value of the dominance index (C) exceeds the
value of diversity in the waters is low. besides due to the low value of 0.6 sampling points whose values are more than 0.6
oxygen concentration values can also be caused by the found at points 1, 4, 5, and 6. this shows the dominance at
uneven distribution of macrozoobenthos in the community that point. While the lowest dominance at points 2, 3 and 7.
[16]. This shows the distribution of individuals at points 2, 3, and 7
evenly. Where at point one is dominated by the species of
TABLE 8 Filopaludina Sp, Chironomus. Sp, Aeolosoma Sp, Tanytarus
EVENNESS INDEX (E) Sp and Nais Sp. At point 4, 5 and 6 are dominated by species
2019 of Nais sp and Chironomus Sp. In April, the species that
Sampling point Average dominated are chironomus.sp, Philopaludina.Sp, and Nail.Sp,
April May June
in May, the species that dominated are Philopaludina.Sp, Nail
1 0.57 0.11 0.64 0.44 Sp, and Tanytarsus.Sp, then in June, the species that
2 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.71 dominated are Nails Sp, Aelosoma Sp, Filopaludina Sp, and
Melanoides Sp. Melanoides Sp species that dominate in
3 0.69 0.79 0.23 0.57 waters can be used as bioindicators for pollution of organic
4 0.33 0.71 0.43 0.49 matter and indication that dissolved oxygen (DO) in these
waters is low [18]. Melanoides Sp. found in Kali Baru Barat
5 0.14 0.59 0.46 0.40
River waters shows that organic matter is contaminated.
6 0.36 0.68 0.11 0.38 Indicators of heavy pollution is characterized by the presence
7 0.73 0.66 0.92 0.77 of species of Nails, Chironomus, Tubifex and Erastalis.
Species Chironomus Sp can be found in polluted, muddy

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waters and bodies of water that are covered by vegetation.
Chironomus Sp. is a species can survive in waters that
contain high organic matter. This shows that in Kali Baru Barat
River there is a high level of organic matter [21], [22].
4 CONCLUSION
Macrozoobenthos which are found in the waters of Kali Baru
Barat River consist of 7 classes, consisting of 18 species.
From these 7 classes, 1 species of Bivalvia, 2 speciess of
Diptera, 5 speciess of Gastropods, 2 speciess of Nematodes,
6 speciess of Oligochaeta, 1 species of Hirudinea and 1
species of Crustaceae. Macrozoobenthos diversity in Kali
Baru Barat River is categorized as heavily polluted water
quality because the diversity index value is still below 1.0. The
overall Evenness value at the sampling point in the Kali Baru
Barat River ranged from 0.11 until 0.92. The Evenness value
in Kali Baru Barat River is categorized as having a moderate
level of Evenness. Based on the dominance index value, the
macrozoobenthos obtained in these observations ranged from
0.31 until 0.96. that is categorized as sufficient dominance.
The species that dominate are Filopaludina Sp, Chironomus
Sp. Melanoides Sp, Aeolosoma Sp, Tanytarus Sp and Nais Sp.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by Environmental Engineering
Laboratory. We thank our colleagues from the Department of
Environmental Engineering Universitas Trisakti for providing
insight and expertise that are very helpful in this research.
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