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Fruit processing
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Abhijit Mitra
University of Calcutta
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All content following this page was uploaded by Abhijit Mitra on 02 August 2020.
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS:
The scientific method of preparing jam, jelly, fruit bar and other fruit
Fruit products, products has opened a livelihood option in the modern era. These
Nutritional Status,
fruit products are not only nutritionally rich, but they are also
S. apetala fruit.
For Correspondence: economically viable to initiate a small scale industry. Preservation
Prosenjit Pramanick* and processing of fruit products are also important to maintain the
Address:
quality of the end products. The present paper is an approach to
Department of Oceanography,
Techno India University, Salt develop various fruit products along with their preservation and
Lake Campus, Kolkata 700
processing technology with special reference to jelly prepared from
091, India.
Sonneratia apetala fruit, commonly available in Indian Sundarbans.
Email ID:
ppramanick660@gmail.com This jelly is rich in vitamin C and the source material (S. apetala
Washing
Packing
Fruit Jam
Jam is a type of fruit spread product (Fig. 2) made from whole, cut or crushed fruit boiled with sugar.
Almost any fresh fruit can be made into jam by mashing or slicing it fine, adding an approximately
equal amount of sugar, and simmering until it reaches the proper concentration or gel at 218° to 222°F;
(103°–105°C). It appears very rustic: a squishy, somewhat homogenous spread. It is frequently possible
to identify the original fruit just by looking at a jam. Jam tastes much like the original fresh fruit.
Washing
Fruit Jelly
Jelly is defined as the semisolid fruit product made from fruit juice8 (Fig. 3). It should be clear and free
from any residual parts of fruit and firm to hold its shape.
Washing
Addition of sugar
Packing (filled the hot jelly into clean and dry sterilized jar)
Cooling
Stored in refrigerator
We prepared jelly from Sonneratia apetala fruit (Fig. 4), which is a mangrove tree found in Sundarbans
at lower Gangetic delta. The fruit is rich in Vitamin C9.
Washing
Addition of sugar
Packing
Jams and marmalades may be regarded as filler– matrix composites consisting of fruit particles
embedded in a continuous pectin gel. The dispersed phase or filler consists of insoluble solids of the
fruit of different sizes and shapes depending on the product (whole pieces, pulp or sieved pulp). The
continuous phase or matrix is a pectin gel, which contains various solutes (sugars, pectin, organic acids
FIGURE 10: High methoxyl pectin (left) and Low methoxyl pectin (right)
The gelling power of the pectin is based on its molecular weight i.e. the number of chains link a pectin
molecule boast. Pectin molecules contain negative charge that makes them to move away from each
other due to repulsion force. This negatively charged pectin molecule is changes to neutral molecule by
the addition of acid, allowing them to more close together and moving around freely for unbound
water. Addition of sugar helps in the binding of water molecules and form hydrogen bridges between
non-esterified carboxyl groups and this hydrophobic interaction binds the pectin molecules together
(Fig. 11). Methylester groups are the hydrophobic part of the pectin molecule. Hydrophobic forces push
them into aggregate formations, and form a gel matrix within pectin network. High methoxyl
pectin will only form gel if the amount of soluble solids is higher than 65% and the pH is 2.0 - 3.8.