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- TRANSPORT PHENOIN/LENA'
lt»-IP
si - _ '¦

¡.
_ . _ the;-' pro_r_sr.|t.rn various oombirtations -of known facts about the present world and
1,. - read out from computers' analyses the social and oeological conseqttenoes of various
1"
courses ofaetiona. But, tn fact. the real future is likely to be vel? t¡t`.fi`eren¡ from any of
' FH the predietahle fimu-es.
1 -René Dttbos, .-1 God Hïrìrin
I I

I
_ I

1 i I. |

1-»
.1
J

1 I' 1.1 tsrreooucrtow '

4 '.1- The reactions that s chemical may undergo axe en important sspect efe chemies1's
fate in the enviremnent., but su equally important process has to do with the rate of s
1 5' ehemiesls transport in the squstie environment. In this chapter, we shall discuss
En three processes of mass transport in squatìe ecosystemst transport by the current of
¿rw the vmter {sdvee_tion1_,' transport due te rnixing within the water body (dispersi-sn),
and transport of sedirnent panicies within the water eolurnn and between the water
'F a_1'¿-:ithe_hed.
Toxic: ehemieals, at low concentïatìons in natural Waters, esìst in a tlissolveci
phase and e sotflngd phase. Dissoived jsttlgstartees trgttspïted ¡;)f_we_I_e1' mov-ernenl
-I¡u. .#_ v¿'_ith Iirtie or no “siipf r_e1a¿|:_i_ve1:›_ t¿11ç_\_\jater. They are entitely entraìo-ed in the current
1. . a;jt_tj_ move at the water ve1ocit'_v. Likewìse, ehemìcais that are serbecl to -eolioidai ma-
terial or fine suspended soíids are essentially entrained in the cun-ent., but theïrgay 'isì | Í
4 u_ndergo _ additional transport processes such es setiimentstion and deposition or | I

. .fsšëšllllï anti F-f§t1_Spensi_11¿11. Ihese processes_may serve to retard the movement of the -5-t.
¿Irl-
sorberì stihstaltees relative to the v.'ater_ movement. Thus in order to determine the

ii
fate of toxic organic substances, we must know both the water movement and sus-
pended sedimeut movement
The transport of toxic ehemieals iq water prineipaily depends on two phenome-
na: adveetion and dispersion. ádveeríonl re_1'j`ers_to movement of dissoived or very
fine panìeulate material at the eu:rrent ve_1oei_t}f_ig_a1¿1y of three direetions flongimdi-
nal. lateral or transverse, and vertieai). DLs;3er'st`ori refers to the process by which ì_¡.-

these suhstances are mixed vfithin the water eolumri. Dispersion eee also eeeur in -_-¡__-__ i

Úlffle ti_ir_ee_tioz_1s..fis sehemssie fer adveetion, t1.|rbuIenttiii=hmion,and dispersioaih a

stream is given is Figure 2.1. Three processes eomribute to misìng {dìspsrs;itm); _-
'I
|||
.-

'-'-'-¬;
.__-_.-v.
EH.-__
II\±
"hr

35
l

_ -__
 I
2_l lntrnductiou 3'?
1
Iilì Tra ttsport Phenn-mena
ttattsport oi" dissol vcd suhstances in nat-,tral Waters except tclatittg to transport
__'\7' _ _ through thin and sta_t_rnnnt tìlrns at the air-tvatcr interface ot transport through
l scdiment pote water. _ "

I Ú -----c-› ñ
AD J
-_;-it
OH _ 2. Teri:-ulcraf dififnrfon. Ttchulent
`
and fine particnlate scostartc-es
or eddy diffttsion
f- refers tu.hu
caused 'oy microscals
tor ntising
1 enee.ol`i t dissolvetl
ve-:tive process at the mictoscale level caused by eddy fluctuations in turlr¬u›
` an si-l-
ts

Ient shear ilow. Sheet forces within the body of water are surliciettt to cause
1,..-.-.cui-r-I-IIIIH* _ this i`orm___ol` rnirting; lt is several orders of roagrnitttde larger titan molecular
difihsion and is a contrihttting factor to dispersion. Turhulertt dilïusion r.-:tn
nccur in all three directions i:-ut is usually anison-opio {i.e., there esist prolet-
ential directions for turhulent mizting due to the direction and rnagnitutlr nl'
t| sheet sttessesl.
V _ _ _ 3. _ƒ_§!rLrpersio¿l. The intcractjon of tetbulent diiihtsion with velocity gratltettts
' rut=.aLrL1=_t¬rt caused byfshcat forces in the water body causes a still greater degree tii lnt:-.-
- onrrttstort ing 'snovm as drspersiorc Transport of toxic suhstances in screarns anti tii-ets
is predominantly by ad¬-fection, but transport in la!-ces and estuatics is ol`tr-tt
1*-ì
'“__7"' ' Ú 0 1 v dispetsion-controlled. Velocity gradiente are caused hy shcar forces .ti llic-
-_|_.

_ k iii'ät .
›- f
s-:accesaresafI -tess. tat~r=r-É
oountleries of the water body, such as vertical profiles due to wind shr.-tir tu
tt ' the air-water interface, and vertical and lateral profiles due to shcnr site-.-tr-f.
at the seditnent-water and bank-water interfaces (Figure 2.2}_ hiso, -.-t-'tin-tt-,f
gradiente can develop within the water hody due to channel ntfirpitttltigs- .in-.1
sinnosity or meartdering of strcatns- Secondary currents develop tn sin-..|||
and n`vet channels that account for a great deal of mi:-:ing Figure 2.3 =.|ntt~.--.

_ sea
l -
the heltcal curn':1tt that forrns es a result of rnorphology in site-.un ;-`n:tttnc!›.

otsrsastozrt Thermal or density stratiñcation in lalses and estuaries serves to deereose t|r±.||rt -
sion by stahiliaittg tvatcr into layers of equal density. Morpltological cattsci. oi .ht
ñ 1 v persive mitting in rivers also include dead spotsr side channels, and ponls tvttrrr-
hacl:-tnising occurs. When turhulent diiïusion causes a parce-l of fluid cotttrtitttttp,
i/g K dissolved suhstances to change position. that parce! of fluid becomes cnttutnrt! tn
the vvatct body at a new velccity, either faster ot siov.-cr. Titis causes the ttntcel nt
iluid and the toxic suhstance to mix forward or haclcward relative to its tn-ig'i.I~-tt-_
t 1-'igure 2.1 Schernetic ot' rtansport processes {l ft advection. movctnent of chertttcai entraincd in current
veiocirv- [li niriauient oifthsion. sorearl ot' chrtnlttal cu: to eddy t'r.::n.1trons; and 131 drspet-sion_ spread
in estoaries? tìdal oscillatiorts create a large degree of mt:=ting_. The mising pt't~.-r-- . t-.
called dispersion and resuits in a mass Hurt of toxic suhstan-:es from areas of |-.tglr
I | r

ot' chemical du: to eddy flucntetions in a macroscop-ic veiocity gmdirat ñzld. concentration to arcas of 'row concentratjon. The process is enelogous to rr-ole:-ulirt
dttïttsion hot occuts at a much mote rapid rate.
ln Chapter l, the concept of a mass haiancc taken around :_ control t-olttnte tt ;¬-.
. LI .Molecular dtfiosioit. Molecular dirïusion is t`ne roizting oi' dissolved chemi- introduced. The at:-:urnulatiott of trtass in the control volurrte is alvvays equal to :hr
cals due tolthe random v-'aii-t of moleculas within the fluid. lt is caused hy iti¬ inputs of mms, minos die cutflotvs of' mass, plus ot minus the reactions occurrt|i_t-_ tu
. _.il!t -
netic energies oí molecular vi'nrational, rotstionsl, and transiational tnotio:1.
In cssence, rrtolecuiar diffusion corresponda to an increase in entropy v:herc--
the control voiutne. ln this chapter, wc will quantify the first two terms es transpott
te-rms-
'oy di-ssolvedhsuhstances move from regions ot' high concenrration to regions
ot' lovr conccttttation according to Fiehfs iav.-s ofdšñusiort It is an csceeding- A ccumttlation = Inptits - Outflov.-'s ± Reactioos tIl
ly slotv phenotttenort, such that it v.-onid taire or. the order of lü days For 1 mg t_?,__.-f
1:' oi dissoived suhstance to riitïuse through a iii-cm water column from a l ratts po FE
concentration ot" lll mg 17'. It is generally aot an irnportant process tn :ne

r.
 33 Transport Pheriometta
Wind shear 'H
-Éfii r
where "Transport" eari he hy |'_'1]i adveerjori {flot't"| en-ii-"or L2) difl”ttsiorii'tiìs1:|t..'sion i .

(mit-tirigji. ln Chapters 3-6, we will quatttify the “Reaetioi-is" term, so a eompiete F

mass 'oaiattee eqoatioa may he tt-ritten ti-iereafter. ' .I-

- --te _
1.1 ADTECTIÚN
W 'tï-J- ¿'77 R _??T'<SS-S
B-edshear
Aoseefive tratfisport is the root-ernettt of mass ertttained in a current and eras-elmg
from one point to another. For a ehemieal traveiiog in a stream or a river, atltfeetitfe
tran 5-P ort is the product of the voiuttieoie flotvrate and the mean eorieettttatiort
ie-:gttation ([21]. Figure 2.4 illuso-ates the moi.-'emerit of mass from point o to point It
by adveetion. _ _ L _ .. . Ban s sar
-lr .
I “
=J=u.-íC`=QC_ _
It
_
1 *I"'
(ej
I: ¬
.-
¡showed
k profile
h

Meander -I--'_-ji-ìr
where* .fis the roass diseharge :rate in uitits ofMT'“, E is Lite mean eurrent `veloeity'l ia
te __,...--Í
units of LT“', C is eoncettuation 'iii units of ïviifi. and Q is the voittmetrte t owra
f iri units of UT".
` s st e ady How conditions (öQfâf = D) and steady state{EIt1Í.f'5't-=
Durtnu _ 0], the mass
--"""--_ Bank shear
normal
pretiie /' -q___

diseharge rate is constant with respect to time. If either the flowraie or the eoneen-
trutioo becomes time-vanabie, then mass dtseherge rate (aah-eetit-fe mass transport]
`
I 'Wi'. .om-es vanabie ` ume.
with ' Mass `inside
' the control solmtje
- `
(Figure 2.4 1, at att;-f in-
f stant. may be tn-itteo as 1.-olurne times cooeennation (V - Ci, where If' ts the tfoluroe
-ï"**

io um ts of L1 .and C is the coneeottatioo, ML'3. The change in mass with _resp_eet to

time rhie to aritteetioo may he written as a ciiíïerattee equation:

it-(VC) = f_Q.=C`.= - Qi-Q) -"if (31

itmass = Uviass inflow rate - Mass outflow rate) .ett Dead spot
ix bael-t-mixing '
where C, is the eotteeritratioo ertterhtg the incremental control tfoiurae
et ` and
es eCbuatioo
is the
eotteenoation leatfittg the contro] voìunte. Ditiding through by I gw q _-I-
t-ti. _
1'¦.{1'C`|
1-; = ao. - oo. to Fìetlre 2-1 Sehemeties of treioeity gradiente created by shoes sttesses et the air-water, hee-ti-atea. and
bank;-water interfseee. .
and further division 'tw the itteremeotal volume F = .-1 iio: yieirìs a diifïeteoee
-| U J
' E equa-
oa-
tioo tequation iia), ojueh taken to the limit as .for -- üis a partial differetina eq
tion iieseñhing adtfeetion ofmass ttooer time-tfaryiitg conditions

` ec
*_ =
-eroet -
'I-'-`-fii
'."iI A331

¬fC
I
 L..; r1st';tt't¿r_';tut.t ¬,
-il] Trttnspofl Phennrncna ___.

E = QIA, a constant mean velocity. The negative sign in equations tf-1] and (5) is nec-
essarj- to reilect an increasing concentration within the control volume if mass ut-
flcnv is greater than mass outflovv. (líotc Figure 2-=l-,__in which a negative slope or
eonccnuaticn gt-adient¬ ítt'_`ìt'it.tr, produces tt positive chmige in concentration with re-
spect to time, !iC.'o.t.} Tne negative sige in equations (fl) and (5) cottvetts a negative
slope (conccntrstion gradient) into a posicive mass flex into the incremental control
t.-oltnne. ss need-ed.
Figure 13 Secondary cut-te nt in a stream responsible for Lateral and Ion E111-l'Ú¡l"tfl'l 5¡5-F"¦"5¡5“- Equatlon (5) is a mathematical description of ativection when flovrrate and-'or
_ 1 - |
concentration are changing. lt is a time-'vnriabi'e equatton (note tnat ume is the de-
ii. . |
rivative on the left-hand side of the equation)_ es opposcd to the :reddit-'-store equa-
ll 'll =-
-es
.---P'
sc
-_'-=-"_
target -tt-cl
=_I-iii
.¿jb¡, . _ tiort
' fa: |.ar A se sit] _ - - 'Under tinte-variable conditions, it is sometimes necessarv to estimate the totttl
mass that has passed a point in a gitfen amount of tinte. This can he accotnplished hp
5 _ _ hsherc its: ts the mcrcrnentttl distance of' the control volttnte ätrttïl 155 lflfléflmdlfifil '55' integrating the mass dlschat-ge rate river time
tance The last term of cquation (Sb) is valid under steady flotv conditions such that _ i
. it«f=_l“ t_2(t)-C{t)drl tot
U

where M is the total mass and t gives the prescrll:-ed time interval of interest tn ---
current velociry tll. Il` steady flow conditions prevail (Q is constant with time), then couation (TJ is ii
special case:

sr = Q -'ttlr' cm tri r 'ri

li the change in concentration vvith respect to time con he de scrihed 'oy ri inatln: min

se 9% ieal equation, then it may bc possïole to integrate the equation directly. The priietrss
is eouivalent to cstimating the area under the concentration versus time corvt- ittitl
multiph-ing hv the flonrate to get the total mass.

Exetttpfe 2.1 Atfvectfve Transport nƒPestt'cfde in to River

Cn 1, .___-___ò
Celculate the average mass flutt (in kg d") of the pesticide alachlor passing tt potttt
in a river draining a large agricultural basic. The mean cnncenttation of pcsticttln is
¦.{l ug If', and the mean flow is 50. rn* s". ls this an accurate estimate ot' the ini til
¿.12-` mass passing this point io a yeah consitlcring high runofï events?
oe
Soluriflrt

J=Qc
\¡_ "-9 _
t __,= soma
s
las
L
toottt.
rn*
se
lll" ng
s_s.=toos=_¿__3
d
________1
se ¬ I - ` .li Clterttìttal' ttte cntrainrd in the *llttiid at _ _ _
FF*-e-e _.-t itdtecove tratupon p ““ _- “¡““` ›-v °'“
- “I 1° f""“ ~ _- _ “ _ _ L-sing the annual averaoe concenrratton and annual average flotvrate does nt-.t
the "re “ 1 cui-ent 1. clocitìl. tt. .-tt hy-t-orhettcei cottcrtttrtàttflft
' . E1"-vf-llffl
- .15~ 5l“¡""f`l'* bli-- “W 35 °°†'¢E“m"":"' ` "`
,.,,¿ - _ astur; - _ the total
gnc
lratton
_ annual mass '__
are postttvetv ctscltarge .
passing . _oecause flovvratc and conecti-
flotvs acreate
point
sus dtsranee .t lvote Inat the slops nf-il-re lips hi'_'.'.':~.r, ts negative nnen tnsssts trans-port t¬ro¬r r _ _ _ _ corretatcii
_ High high pesttctde
_ _ concentrrtteons
into th tn remental e|em=ntor"¬›olutn= l-'=A.-tot

mi-í
 !
1.3 [ltlt"tt.t sinnifüispersion á3-
41 Transport Pheoomenn
' -'=É---Lí."s¬- f
due to agricultural runoiì 'l'he mass discharge rate calcuiated above underestlmates
the total ave rage mms discharge rate (QC) for the year. Use equation td] to estimate r =|§i it ' ___¿_ _
the total mass passing a point during the year.
in--_-Z
' il
gceg-C
_ _- | -¡_ I -jb-¡:::_:¿:¡¦ .Egg :-.¬.1_¦

QC _ 'Q + Q HC C3 -¿--:-_i-.---;=;;:c.=-;---:-. se _
ig
--t - -r~.1='=†=.ss'f-2-*ia-:t..t,-_ ,_=,
"_ _ _+oc
=Qc+Qcf+Q'c __ .. T' .
"'-1 *'f.tC'tZ›"ï†'- .'!-T'"" '--_-_¬-ri;
Ú Úi Cc-nc vs. Distance
at vttrious times

-lvr
Cono. _. _ _ _ _ _,'W
l É'
-l | fP.f=J _ - C{_.i')tf! l É]
t U 0 _
I Distaticc ¡___
That the average maga discharge, QC, is equal to the average ilovi-rate times the 'É = Grà-
ot-erage cottccniration, Q- C, plus the average mass ílitctoaiion. Q' tí". The deviation
from the tocan is denotcd by the prime i'_Q' and C' ] and the average mass iluctuation ^ - t
.gm
it _,aoiaI':-, _ -f
depends oo the correlation between flowraie and conccntration. :-:-.':' " "'ï:-.Ii.'ɦÉ'¦-¦¦É"-
:_:'¡I"¦'É-¦-:ft §':É-5
. . .. ,....-:¦.Í.f:¦¡_
- - Ús.-e›;i _..
-.-:-.-.ic¦:;'§.§'§.;';:;:-t-:.;.;:¦'.-.;.-. .¦ . ¦t'¡.':-;'¦ '
_ ___
-
_.

-¦-:'¦¢¦ï1:¦ï-i¦:1--.-;1;¦¦É'f¦f¦
' ..-:¦:-'I:'_¦¦ ..:_ _ _ ¡ _:
. Íi _ - . .:-:-'-:¿: _' _._:______¿_ ... - -1--.-
=-=- És;-'tf ` ` iì.:E:='
1.3 DIFFï_lSIDl'¬Í¡DISPERSION
Íïfillft 1:5 Difhtsivc transport ñ-orn point ii to point iii. At the heeinniiig ot" the ettperiment tr =- tfiji alt nt'
is tasa. i=_iei _ piisiiiiieii tits f_iis_i1aii- et siiriiiiiitii insert mi iriei-en-is-ii st rineiieais the chamas
____________ emical______________
is dissiolv-ed ` a_tl~ie healrer ott the I-efl_ hand side.
_________v t_r_i .- ` the eiipertrnent
Wlteri _ . rrtitss
begins. ' moves
through fltiids under quiescent conditions. He recogniced the analogy to Fourierh __ _ _ _ "cn - ion to areas- ofiow ' concenrnitiori - according
. - to Ficlt- .- s laws ot- diñiusioti
- - until_
Him Fbflum is estahtisiied tsee oisei ot' ronoeritriition versus distance _ ., at vtirioiis times i __ t, _ t. __ F
low ot' heat conduction. Molecular dirñtsion results lioni the traitslational, vibra-
|_I
tiunal, and rotaiiooal movement ot" molecules through ti íluid, in this case water. En- fi'
:rgcticalty lt is a spontaneous reaction, and it results ln ah increase 'in entrops tien-
'
nancy toward the random state) . Ficlt determined that mass transfer hy difiion was
proportional to the cross-sectional area of the apparaius and the steepness ot' the
r.--me
ses
_ t - 1"-_=-'_¿T
t tioi
eoncenrration gradient _
dt? ¬_;l_'_iée_rigÂí_Iìri_g_i_t;liš:_c_3ii_ï__rl___tf`ï`i_iïi_ïu___ïoã_fš_'iciìr3_±__ì_2¶_;_-i___and F is the area] mass fltiit
f
_ ,_ _
J,,, ='f .4 -- t Si
tft are necessary
______________________ to eonvei-t
________________________ ___ a____E__ì
nocšitf-
____________~__;_¢@n¢,,;nÍ¡¬al¡-¡F
________ __ apiottan âlde qfçquanüïlä
gt*tt______tent into a positive(9)fluzit
amltnUm
the
______H___ the ______________________g__ ________r______________ ___ __fiu_ _ on¬._:ntiot^t_ ote Ehai proportionalttji' con_
where J,,, ls the mass ilus rate due to molecular diiiiisions, MT-'; .-fi is the cros s-sec- '_"_'.-n.n-._

____________ 3 müg _________ “___ __; _l_____5 ütêem ctent: as units ofl.:T"', which ts required tp
tiotiai area, L3; and o't'_Í`.-'oír is the concentrtition gradient. !\›iL"3L*l. In Figure 2.5. a
__________ __ E ________________5_________ pm ________ _________ ast___t;__t'ne. The molecular diliiìision coeiiì- -Ti

douhiiug ol" the ruhular cross-sectional area would result in twice the mass rate ol" Il
'I-i.
'i
____T____________ ____=f___________S am ì1____________a___ fe c cmte ____tÍ._nt:l_ the sotverit l'~':'arer}- lvlolecular
Ii-'lf.' _____l__IIg!I_ _ I_, _ pJi_:y_ :_ ¡_ ¡ñ,_ f fluit, and .ri douhling in the cortccntrtttion grrirliettt {dtiv`u1g force) would do' liltevvlse.
il |'i

A proportionaliiy constant was needed to change the proportionaitr; [cqua on Cliemtsttn' and Physics and thev msm-i:nany` C Fndwfis m 'wmàr m Hamfiwks ¿if -i
-[SJ] into an equation: “mii l11'UPe-rries (see l: _'man
S¡_: ___ ____¿_____fi. .__________ __________aì _ _ ___:-t el *J Jilnemmlrldatc mm; mìim:-Tal
___ E “F =11Eš_flfl`..'1ffl .S - 1'fland menm-id??
0¡s_sttl.at:_ dtihl-
--l ¡-
till: _
esta tu ,gmg 'ag ¿hggãï-M11? ___¡,_-†,_ iaiite_t.ita_r sltiìlïvaieii gs.
*I-'
¡Í
Í "rm="-Dad `†`
HI mìgm ___=____I__ ___ _ _____ _ _ P _~ -- _; In, aminar houndary layers, such es
into aces tair-water. sedtment-water. particlc-water) or tri ninas.
“=sflt_atfii1†t=1?!_attf~= anos. ' '
tt Or Ficl:`s_t"irst law of diiiusiotl can he wrinen on aii ateel basis.
it
hd
'ie "ti
- ¿iii iii -ii- _
 ` ¿I-tt Transport Ph ennmena -- 2.3 Diffusie nt'DEsp-en-¡url fl!!
.-'
I_“TT

Ea-tmtpƒe .12 Mat.-rentar D¿fi`t.ts.-'tm efe Che.-tu`cflI tu Hïtter t' = massffiutt rate
n_na_. -u. ¡_

---.¬. ¡. Calculate the mass fltut rate in me ti“¦ fer a chemical t:lifl-“using le-enveen t¬.t'c- heal-:ets, - _
¡_
mttï'
such es shnwrt in l-Ttgtlre EJE-.-itssuttte the chemical is tlttñlsing thtttugh a IU-cm dis-› 1 1- = 1 mg í =15_9 min
tmtce with a cuncentratjcn gratiiettt ef-l mg L* cm"'. ` - tl_Qtl 10:-¿mg 60 s

D= HTS cm: tr' "" 2.3.1. Analcgies Between Mass, Mnmenttlm, and Heat Transfer
|_. n_í.| unng
ln lllïï. Beussinesq first prupused that tltrbule-nt memerttum trattsp-ett is tntnIt:|gt›t|1
_ A = 3.121- ctnï te tfisctius mementum transfer in laminar flow. It was alsc suggestetì by Reyntiltle tn
-_- 1894, felicwing his fanttrus experiment in 1833, in which he shcwcd c1t':2-'t1'|1-' t|It' L'rII
.._i___,. Snfutfflnt ¡cal tlìmensionless number (Re = 13430) necessary tu change from laminar iluw In
tttrhulent fìew in pipes.7*"'*
` _
J--es .tc
É _
I tt
tte=i'- mi
~ v
10-* cm*
=_í_.4_1 -l tng ---L 35.4005.=
J 5 3] mi L cm lIIIIll0cI|13 tí wltete Reis the Reynolds numhetçììs the mean velecitjt, LT"; el ls the pipe tlntrur-
tet, L; and u is the ltinematic vlsccstty, L2T“'. Tutbulcnce transfers mcmettturn mi tt
J'= 0.00271 mg d" tfiec-sus ferce per unit arca (the shear stress) in ptepettien te the vertical vcltttttf
gratlietit,_iust as tfiscnus shear stress tines in laminar fiew, but with a pteput titntaltw
This is att increclilnly slow rate cf mass tïrattsfer C-cinsideti ng, that it would tal-:e 1 year constant that is much greater than that fet laminar flew. In Table 2.1, e,. ee tf.
te ttartspert 1 mg ef chemical if the ccncentratinn grat-líent was held constant ever Figure 2.6 demcnstrates that mass. heat, and rnerttenmtn transpert cun item: ¬|
time. (The experiment in Figure 2.5 aemally shows a nenstea-55* state condition.) multaneeusljf' and they' are al] analogeus. The flux rate per unit area is a _t;rt1tlit-ut flt |-
¬-'irtg force (52-'Efe} times a proportícnality constant fer the turhulent flmt' fieltl -¦f;l .-'ts
Exantple 2.3 Malecuier Dififizsien Ti: raetgh tt Thin Film in Fiel-:`s first law cf diñìtsion fur mass, the negative sign cn the flux is a mtttltetnnt
The molecular clifi"usittity of caffeine (Cal-130) la water is tl.ti3 H ltïiertt-1 s“'. Fer a
1.0 mg L" solution, calculate the mass flu:-t in tng s"-threugh art intestinal mem- Table 2.1 Mass. Mementum, and Heat Transfer Cu effieiaats
hrane (0.1-ml area) with a licttid film approximately üfl ¡tm thiclt. l-law lung ttfunld
lttelecuIar.*'Lamittat Regime Turbulcrtt Reg tine
ìt take I mg of eafïeine te move threugh tl.l mi' nf intestine. assuming the ahetfe
flus rate? (Note: We asstttne nanspott through the film is the rate-llmitìng .step in Mass D en
ttanspcrt and metabelis1'tt.} hiementum v = u.-fp e,.

5flIm'fflrt.' Thermal (heat) tt = L H,

DC,
¿FC tt-'here D == rnelecuia: tlifiusicn ceefficient. l_.1T-i
J = - EL-I _
tir en - eddy mass -:ii†`ì`usi'¢it¦¬'. PT"
1' = ltinematie viscesitjf, i_3T"
_-1€' = -[GI - l.EI) mg L* [assurne :tere cafiìeine' insìtle ìtttestinej e, = eddy ¬-tiscesity, L2Í"'
tt = themes] difïitsitfity, UT"
.it.1:=t5Dp.m c, == eddy thermal diH”usi\'itj«', l.3T"
_ ¬-'ist:esit';t, l'~'fl.."T"
J= u]m2 'Lomg-_ 1 miçïnl 11.?- ._ P-_
s L 6tl>=Hl“"m lml lüütJem“ lütlem P = mese density. M`l.'1
.-E = ceetficient et'them*.-el centiuctivtty. HL” EFT"
_ J= 0-90195 tng s"' C, = heat -capacity, l-l'M"'Et'l '
 It

-tn Transport Phc ttnnwn:

1.3 Dlffusinnƒlltispetsion #1'
il
I- t_:,,,s¬=-..U, s,.e=~1-, mas-n (lil

.- V- . - - .t-.naiogies between mass, mometttttrn, and lfleatitransfer are qnalìtatitfcly very

"' l - vertical I useful. hut sometimes they can introduce errors into aquatie chemical moclcis. The
' _ ¡tm mornerttum elitttensic-nless ratio hettt-'een thetinal tiiffttsit-ity and mass tìir"h.tstnn coefñcient is
¡al velo-city El' 3¡ transfer terrttecl the Lewis number. lts value tieterminos the etttent ot' analogy hertt-'eett heat
finlti
anti mass transfer. Panitulatly under ntrbulent conditions. the Lewis number cart

'_fd'o'd'=;i'- ¬.-ary hem Lil. When a heat budget mo-del is useti to calibrate mitting in a mass bal-
.r

ance motlel, ettors mas be introtluceti but it is. in general, appropriate practice. Di-
mensionless numbers rslsting ltinernatie s'iscosit';-,f to mass cliñìtsion coetïiciettts
(the Sci-.mt-:lt number) and ltinematic uiscosity to thermal diñiusivitjr {Frattcltl num-
berjl may also 1.-atjr from L0 in simultaneous heat mass, anti momentum transfer.
¬;_›
.IF .0 Cane --_`3I- _ __ _' te = sto, se = 1».-fo, Pr = ata (ta) '-_-. .r -
I ¿C vertical
l
_ t.É . mass The fmal attalogï ofimponençe is bem-een turbulent di-Efnsion anti tiispersion_.
'bl “Z nefastas These processes are physically very difierent, but both are mt:-:ing processes anti,
under certain citeutnstances, they mag.- talte the same form. Tltey are mising t' "

t
processes that n.a;r be written similar to equation (9) for molecular tiitïusion. hot the
prop-ortionalit;-.' constante are much larger. -
i
-_ F ____;._°,__ ::.-:__ _¡, -_¦_.;_,¿ 'W ,¿ __ _ :; .-._. ;. - -.||.-1-¦---.-1-:-~2:' - '- "i"-
_l--Ii__

1.
-à-»_
.¦`_it'çu.e't=f."l Jl'*"'JÚ"` ".'l"; _,-'_,= - E¦,....›'i El-¿É Uàlfiiil

'te
tt
_
9
_
ici
.
T*"`P ¬i"` et-uff
Y
l
t-:J
Temperature
Pruiìle
l|
_ ¢
vertical
heat .
:-~.-e~_~,e-' t_-t-.-:ffs
'i
. -la =* E-il

T
tft'..`C

T *T `
I

En
|:l*l'l3'l
t
_ st
Q. H
uansiet where J, is the mass flutt rate due to turbulent ciift`usio__t¬.. htT**, erfi' is the turhulent
ctíhhsion coefficient liot turbulent ciifiìtsivitjt), L3'l`*'; Jpìis mass flutt rate due to dis-
petsion. hi`l`”l; and E is the nispetsion coefficient. L¦'Í"'. These mittirtg processes
l
tr1|;,t|t rr- 1_s .-ttnntogn-_n anti su-nnltanenus uansfer nt' mnmenrum. mass. and heat transfer in a tuthuìent hare orltlers of magnitutle difference among the proportinnality constante for tiisper-
nvet tal Sheet forces et the setiirnettt-water interface create 2 \*e1'lIC3l 1-'llüïlll-' fiflllïlFhlilïfil
A |7=Uf5l'¦-'F WW'
tttsrninaï-et] sion. turbulent diflìtsion, and molecular tiifiìtsion, but the;-f all are expressed tn the I-__Í

menturn ona-rw.-ard ìvlseoos force Pet unit area is the shear strtt-t titl '= -ft fiflf-"¿'=l . l W same units and are used in a “Ficlts law" type of equation. The driving force in each
,_¡¡¡¡m,,¦,¡ uansfm mag ¡U th; o.-31:1 mt".-nn bt- 1-mi-cal nn-'ouient difíusinn imass flutt per unit_a.t-ca is de
¡tasa as Het = - t-.__ 51€.-'&:]. te] Summer sttatiñcation of the rtner ercates a -.-ertical heat fltct con-na-srrl case is the cnncentration gratiient, o`C`.«'¿r. Disjoetsion coefficients are much greater _-P

|":-tes: flu: per unit atea is 1;- - - e,5tìl.'ifrt. than eddy c'-ifiiusttfities which are, in turn. much larger than molecular tliifusion co~

fl
efiìcients.
_r- _ - __ E.
;' E ãe en P D (15)
ical eonvcntion to show that wlten the graciient incteases anos' from the : = El loca-
tton (the setíiment in Fin-ore 2.61, the float is towatti the setitrtent.
l
_i§i_ot_e tl_t_at_the m_tn_g;ul.t_t_r_t;_l_i'I_-`i`usion coefftciettt D tiepen_tl_s__o_n the tlttìd anti _-chemical
Table 2.1 aires the -definition fnt the "proportionaiitgf“ constnnts among these- properties, but the turbuient mass dithtsiritgi 'sm ene the tlispetsihn coeñicisnïšfne-
three analngous transport processes untiet laminar or nn-'oalent flow contltuons. all
PEIT-el if1t1l1~"_t2-t_1_t_.liI't*"i“'ìï=it'Íie¿f_irne. '___ " ` _
the prooortionalitjç constante 'nat-e the sarna units l..ï`l"l. ln each case the tuthulent .ett the molecular or tutiìilient scale, it is :he local conce rttratìon that we are mo ti-
-__--t._-I-11

transport “proponionalitgt constant" is much greater than the ootrcspontiing one l`ot E.
eling. not a spatial a'-terage. .-*ts soon as one considere tiiepersion due to the interac-
laminar ílttt*-'J

'f':t."-›r'"j'†"'
-ze"-1 _-Ph?.'95-' f fe arflt l|
.l_.|

ii.-_ _
¡-_-_--i-- _ n_n 3-15' -I-'¿I.|.-i.IIl¡|\Il-I-I_---r---.

43 Transport Phenornena
high concentration to areas of le-tv conecnttration until equilihriunt is achieved.,
tion hettvccn diffusion and differential advection. it is the dispersion of sotrte spa- ¬,shsf_¦_;_ inn cnncenuation g.-adient is zero tïeryy_r_l_t_ere (the c_oncentr_ation is constant
tially averaged rneasure of the contaminan: mass. For example, when one talks
in 5p_act;_artd time). "
about Fischerh one-dimensional [I-D) longitudinal ntiiting coefficient for rivecs Eqnation U9) is a second-order partial differential eonation so it requires two
(Section 2.3.5), or Tay1or's l-D longitttdirtal miiting coefiicient for pipe-s, one is
houn dai-y' conditions (one for each order)
_ and one unttal condition .n order to solve.
neeessarily deaiing vrith the miiting of the cross-sectional average eoncennation.
Solutions to eouation (19) are many and taried--there is a different solution for
The concepm are meaningless for any other measure; for example, they are mean-
aach set ofhottndaty and initial conditions that may be posed. lrttegrating equation
ingless for the lo-cal concennation. The coetficients increase in magnitud: as the
{i9} may he accotnplished by La Place Transformation or by trial and error meth-
seales increase, but the different cocfficients are relevant for quite different spatial
ods, depending on the houndary conditions posed. As tvith the steady state equa-
measures of contatninant mass. Elder's work (Section 2.3.6) dealt with depth-aver-
tions [equations (9). (131, and (1 4}], Ficlt's second law has analogies with other mia-
aged conccntration. Fischcr's mostly with cross-sectiottal averages. Tay-lor's diffu-
'
UFÉ ocesses
_ “ for turhulent diffusion and dtsperston.. so 'e,,, and E muy ha suhsntuted
sive work dealt with the local, hut turbulence tinte-averaged, cottcentration.
There is an initial period of missing. especially in medium to large rivers,_ during for fi in equation [lili under certain circumstances. The reader is rcferrcd to Fischer
ethlf' for a full discussion of the limitations and theory on the development of coef-
which the Fiel-dan anaiogy for dispersion is not valid. This is due to the scale of rur-
hulent diifusion and differential advection filling a 'fully developed flow regime. .alf- ficients for turhulllent diffusion and dispersion.
ter the initial release of a slug of cracer, it- takes some time for conditions to develop
Excn.-ple 2.4' f-'ich 's Second Law-Difusion from a Contomimttod Sedfma-:tr
that can he descnhed by the Fieldatt analogy.
lc. _ Salve Fiel-:`s second lavv of diffusion. 'I`he problem is for vertical eddy diffttsion
2.3.2 Ficiih Second' Law from a plana: source ia contaminated lake sedirnent) to the overlying water column.
The initial condition i_`iC} is
Ficl~:'s second lavv of difiiusion follotvs from the first law of di-flitsion under non-
stcady state. The second law is necessary to pt-edict the coneeotration vvidt respect c(e}=o att=o (tc)
oe"'ï-s.f`t¦"å'_, to time at any location, such as the curves presented for the two-healter experiment
shnvtrt in Figure 15. '
and the houndary conditions {B_C1 and BCI) are for a constant chemical mass M
Beginning with Fickis first lavv of diffusion. tve may write it as a difference equa-
diifusing into a semi-inñnite water column (early stages of diffosion}.
tiort [equatiort [161] and then divide by the incremental volume, if' =_.,-_4_ dx [eouatiorts
¿train-1ta)]= ct+ ==}-0 fat-aut (act)
J tt-t ac
M ¿tai .tt=f cin-S
oscar
Hinr: Trial-and-error solution for en instarttaneous planar source. Try the solution
I _ - li7-$3-
M DA gg
M _ U7)
- helotv for the partial differential equation.

HC ¿FC
sí. ¿_ Ett or-
dr D dxnr US)
- -2 C=¿I¬-et-tptfìj 1'
tlf* .Er
uma:-to ï=n'-'É
dt ox'
ns)
vvhe re .-ti is an arbitrary constant.
The negative sign in equation (l li) switches to a positive sign when the second de- _†._

rivacive is considered. Equation (19) is the mathemeticel expression for t_ime-vari- Solution: We must have
able diffusiott--it is a partial differential equation accounting for concentration dif-
ferences in space (l-D) and time. li'ic_ltfs_first law of diñitsion is applieahle at arty ¿IC 32€
point itispace and tinte, htn the driving force for movement of mass (the concentra- 'a_t'EÉ-É If
tion gradient) is always changing. Nevcrtheless, tnass ahvays diñhses nom areas of

'1-3¬'<¢.Y'frä"¢'df3"š'
1-

1. _, |
 ¬¬\_
-itiii.-iiii ¡:-ui: uotsrgttp ititipiqtrti nfãoiaue .iq puts) uoisn__i_.ttp ot snp i.todsne_n em sisi
im ¦i ttoitaiiha puc iuotioc-,spa oi anp uodsttan :tii san ig) ttotieriha Eetnnios ¡niinns E Ip .-. _t1f' *ap 3 ,tir attaid Q = xctp :ic ucncai; .t_;o sidtciuttd sui *LH
¡iiiritiiu uoitunha atitteiiici sseua otsect out si-.uš (I) uonsnisa 'tctdetto sui ni ioipeg
¿ic ia i:.t[:i-;i¿
E^“_ïth_
aii ¡iariiututtins pue stoiaãtisaatn srto.i.cLi.t1tu Lung ateos qfãuet tn apnttttãaut _1i;i
iii.i|,i_iii u:.~.ios ctuos tcao (gg) nonanha go uolïttlüasatdar ãot-ãoi it satotis gg :iinãtgi
_Í__
I t .' i ijxji'“a = .É
Je@ DE'
'u' '_' = -'U -..ii'-.-ch
ssuioocq ttotitmba uotsflgip aqi stlotttpuoa asatii rap
-'¬I '¬I -'¬I" U"I Ú"F1 tii| -i,ii.iiv.i's são cui tii sttun io; iueistioa .ütgeuotuodoid e si iiyi) pue 'tuo ut aumici uuot ai:[i_to st tusuodva aqi aioisq iâtnuapt ieiãctut :-iitnt..p :tn Ein-sn
ani iii .intos ipãuai aqi st 'J pus '¡_s ¡tua tn iiitntsttggtp ¿pps ssattt :tp si “fa ctci.1.n
2* 'É- -ru-_¡_
¡F i5fi¬i-fi'-3' _' = Ã'
inf.: sir tti'ti="'a
*tested spirqi-mo_i :qt ot atunld _- yt- Eutstg _
i.i|,n|i't=-. :nit Ju Lpfifläf âT.[1 l.[Iffl'› ã“5'E-lâilåilll 1183230 Oliìl II; S9_[1].'ti5l'I§l`p Íppã |EJLICII§IUL[ _ttp sseui aiii _to sttttat ut ïhuetsttoo iüantqia .ftp .toi anios oi iüessaaau si 11 inox;
iinii ini-.|_¬.iiii[:1ig si-:i_ pssodoid stan. 11 'tticiqoud atp go ateos siii pos :utti titan sasttcio :ipoat |it tt uo¦iti[os tii tutti saaotd ti:-itiiit c-.toqc :giga to; se tinsat attres ati: si stti_i'_
iii ~.siii|i.1 iridiei-toas .iq pantanos ãtn:-q :tintos [cottttctp ti _io iiititoeqotd ati¡_
'staiaiuoio cria rr-Gt-*
Iït-v¡_-f-5' " = _ E,
ini pi s.i:ip.ir_i atii un sacguoii luaintiint otdoosoiogtu oi ttnop ¿pps m sa pa.-nata sq
ini.-i '-ciiiitt _in spucsnotp ãi:rt[a.iit.n 'tueang ting aqi se ticas 1i.t:.~.1.1no :Emi s 'acoso :tii
tii -:t.iitii:iruis aattetitssip .iq paatoiia ateos isaiic-.us aqi oi in:uIoo.riaus [eotssiqd otit ,I F 2-11
¿ii iaiii iuori [ntieds tt-1.11 uttittra tg uso tutti sano isaãhti :cp won 'iuascid cua satppa ts ir. 3-“-3 _ 5 _?
¡ii iiatu.-is ¡ic '.-noi; iuoinqtni pcdoioatip Run; ui sctppe- _to .›Liat1e.-i c-5.rc¦ te ut pauiun I-
'I
--iia -.-i ii 'si:i.te.ii :irnos rczituictio e sv 'euguieons tratittt aqi tuorg »ft-:.tts pinos-i :iuatu si x 'anttaisip [actuan oi iaadscu qitvt a.-ttratueip puooas att_¡_
~.i|.i ¡ririgi ii :eitiitisgp aãesene ctp go ainsestu ti 'qtãutii ãutititu to tdaouon atp psonp
-ii nui ;;i5i ui ppueig 'Sttticttu yo .ftgieuotuodoid :qt ascatoirt a[n:i:i|otu ainios ttaaiì tri:-'E _ afs*"I`-1"?
ii aiii;-nii_iut ietii ssfppo sin “s:i[eas ãugi-:_tut icânti pue iaãieigo osuannntaatit iapuƒi 1,;'i›r¡=' í í =_" mi_ ,
Jl-L1.te " -
_[i_'i'|Í¡ .I5ri-;
ft.
f~t_-i»í`“=fl Ijfi-.I-I-¿Eli ¡F1 _ ri' -”"'_' *__ = -_
"lie
- pue
si attttt it vi aattutucp [eruad aqi
H-Íflïí'
az? .
it
se --i.-i'l=(.-a'›'l- ¬'I-+"-I¡-g_,.,.
"|p-“1"
_r¡r.ti.,.›t,_¦-"g=å¡.›\_L`L_ï.=¡=¡r - _ H _? _.
_ H -fi/XEFL ì__._
tt .. i _, i 0 .u.í¬¡.
¡P :afin I 1'-3 ƒ "Ii"
;"L = -TF tsteiy-1'-'3 Z.
“If Í **C- =' JW ,apuu tonpoidugo c.ti¬etu..p io; sctqetiutãatut csfi I tun -1.-u_u-.xa
.II x == attieaiico ¡uttrad puoo-as st[1 pue aun: ot to dstii tpi.-a atnetticp [em-sd :ini ;,i,iii_i_
L, ¬_._
ir.
- q -F- stiau.inuati.¶ i.Iodsuu.¡_¡_ gg -|-_|.¡.¡_
fl
 ï?

A-tf: ' J',-*'-

51 Transport Phen oirnena i

__.. .'I . . Ii.r

Rate of change Rate nfnhange of Rate of change. of Transformation

ofmass in ' control -.-' mass in
I mass in ' control - rea ct`on
i rates
_
-u-r

.ii
'III

control volume volume due to volume due to tdegranationl ' i

L Vertical Eddy . '
adtectton _ dt 'ff¡¡5-_¡' on -I e
Eïff ' `
p¡¶,¿.,[¡Lììm1ï Ep1"lìt':'|t'iío¡1 f

I
- ¿C ¿_ _ÉE __ p ¿E1 ¡E
C
Ã."
IE”
=' Z -Hi _”
E¦¦_'å_:t iìxf
+ ax;
'Ei ax¡

_" 3 HE
T , Thertoocliiie vvherc C' = cloncentration, li-ll dåí ._!_¬__1
at.-rfp-et°ta.i*:.¬ttritti p_g¿¡m,
Prottie í
t' = time, T li '
tt, = average velocity in the ¡th direction, LT" '
I-lypoiitunioii I distance in the ith direction, L
bei* = reaction transformation rate, Ml:i'l"*
li-`| il
E, is
' the diffusiou coefficient in the ith direction. ln Ficleiati theory, it is assumad
that dispersion resulting from ttirhuleot open-channel flow is atialogous to molecu-
` coefficieots
lar diffusion. The dispetsion ' ' the .i:, y. and s directions
tn ` ` are ass utncd to ' .r.|: J
'P- El-_"
he constante, given hy 5,, EJ, and E, The resuluog equatton, eitpressed in Cartesian
coordinates, is _ _
¿
.'Í'-ri »ittïï EC EIC EIC _ ö2C 'EZC _ 81€.” ¬
-ãF'+tt_,.ï:-+uJ,-à-JT+tt:*ã?-EI*-á;:T+E¡,'ã§'†f,:ì?-R (2.1)
Epiiintnioo
Compartment
The solutions ` f eq nation ('73)
_ depends on the values of 5,, Ey, and E, and on the ini-
i.grsQee
,.I I I I
I.
all
I II I

Hypolininion
tial conditions and hotutdary conditions. Variotis authors have artived at cquations
`
to approitirnate the values of the dtspetston
lateral i'_i-J, and vertical 1:) directions.
' coefñcieots
` ` the longitu
(EJ iii ` dinal tir),

Under nonsteady flow conditions, the velocity in the longitudinal directi_on_can

Compartmetit vary in space and time. Por a one-dimensional river.

amm
Ett
=- Q
ex
+ ¿txa- (aa or
-aa. tt-ti
Figu re 1.? Tlicrrnal sotuification in a Iatlte and the asstonpiion of miitiog between tivo eompornrieiits.
vi-here Q = voltmiettic flowratc, L3T”' I
al = cross-sectional area. L2

cion). ln Lhe_oer.t section. wc shall learn mote about the maiiicrnaties of the advec- To solve eouation (2-1') analytically would require exact [and simple) functional rela-
tion-dtsperston cqttation. tionships for A, Q. and E, hot in practice the nonstcady transport equation is solvcd
numerlcally. and it is coupied to numeric-al solutions of open-channel flow such as
2.3.3 .fltdvecfitin-Disperslon Eqoatlon the St. iiienant equations:

The basic equatioit deserihing atlvection and dispersion of dissolyed matter is based ai' ___1_.ì2_.¡..¡.¿¡,¡ (35)
un the pt-tnciple of comervation of mass and Fields law. Por aflhonservative sub- dl' .it Elx É'
stance, the principio of conservacion of mass can he stated:

fiUG -co¢Iu¶oaeøU¶eoao oao uof

G
itrftr
L
 L
_ d _ ,
lfíi fit É. = ._¿.h_ ,ii = *_qi tic-ee ui ooistcdsri: :ii1_tti.tc.-tisuoitiirtuoo :iiuonosiua .iapun pi:i_t .fiiooicn ig-1;) isuois
uautip-:mui a ut [sacan] :iii: s _io uoisiadsip pue ttoiioaaptt :iti_i_ 1_todstrati saiinue
oi pssn osia :tt-: scticiest :itiets pue stias io scseaiaii vipoci .ieiau iniruau it yo soiisi
sítiooicit ttittcns ue-etu pue totocg coitntg pcci eii; -is1:n_=_ua¬_i:i uodsocti :tii st1itu.t:tap oi paso uatio :ta (_i¿-ii auitucpoupii "ã*:} sa-ii;i
oi .fiiee-i.|idto: poiciat si _-tliiooieit rc:-.tis paci :ti_i__ 'ig-g) ttcipsnizic .fo 9 to totes; it uitpiin
ni psisipctti aq tra: *3 io aniat :tii tsutcsns ui 13 toi mas Éuttspto un posa-5 'sssu ginamgtadxg _i¿i:iia_t]_ put: ooiieohg noisaadsiij-uoitcaaptif 01 Stlüilfllüg ir'E'E
-tidnoi uionoci ssciuoisuetoip -:tii tro imei JZ_u:tuoiid_iou.i means no puodsp iou scop -pi
ii.-_-
ÍÚÚÚ'
*¡_j_,¿'i iofiretiosip to.ti.i _-s F@ -isc_ieiui_ io ieeituaii: stii _io aatetiosip :ninos iuiod tiene i_e pateiiiui sq m
¿i 'este iettoitocs-ssoio = if inc uif-`:s .neu e pue *fcnatuotidiotu puc noi; iuoisuoo iiicaiieiat io saasid otui paitrsf-L1
i-Jfl i'¡1!='ï'lP-“- U-iliif-115 “E91” I 1" -fics so uno .t-:au :LLL 'iucts no: :ic '3 pus fu tisiii.-it ui :capi aqi to nuatttass ui poiid
ari '-fat-ta i=-- fast-s aaa = to -de _ti itigosn :q oso ii too 'sottaisip iuutpiuiãttoi titim -'UB-1 1UP!=7'l_1.š'-im Uülï-Edil? Pl-W
"I `L[`1iJian tIEta1.LI = 5' iiiiooisa _ta.ti_t siatiat sttoittts-iidda icpottt .tua-tu .toi icatta .sti iou _-feto (55) tioiianog
'i “titdap ucsut = (ff .-
:ãui.itoiio_i ctit pattticp .Qui-i aistint i:'|
I 1 - ¬c:ti_f'etsti:i pue attrii
ot 1::-:lssu :itin iuetsito: iia cia@ iitíe 'ü 'V uati-it (51-1) tioirattho dq uaaiš si saeatt `.
IR =i=
ieuoisusttnp-:uu to; uoneoh: ooistcdsip-uoitoaape atit to ut..=o_t isaiclutis si-il
ttti _ €in=ÄQg=fp "=i=l[f¡U11l WE) “Gli-Bflbã lil 'HPFS Flmil LF-ll 1"-li '=¬-' *Wii 5° '-iufill-f'U1"J
:Ó e5't“
_i:.-.ãuoi ou :Ja iüisoiaa poc cant iitttoitoas-ssoio sin tttq “(33) uciianh: ui ootreisip i
:rf:tL1_l]1 í
qii.-.i_ .Lin-.-i oi panntucd :ta [Ei] aiataioii pon i _i-fi sam ieuoii:-ss-esos: aiii tstit mois ,
mii ponitibs tpãtiai to siiun snti i.ioit;i.it '"'3') sttteans pue s.t:.ti.t ui iucisigtsoo uoisisd
--.-ip icuiptnifiuoi :tii .toi ttoissasi-:ix: un doiaaop oi m,¿.t:ti:t-ag ¿io tito.-vi ctit pcsn g._;ni"i _ (e.1_)tev_ te t{__fa_
s.|=t›t!H U! 1I1H!:ti_i_i:oj uoiatadsiçi ieuiiiniiãtiri çiyg
I I. ilIi .
si r=ut1«=iwis se las
-poned 'âuiitiw iaiitui ati: :ano iiiun stiu-vt su-o _;_t to siiio_iiusut'i_iii.i-i ifii nana-i-the 'cc-ueistp iauiprniãuoi iittra ãoisa-:toni tttq (mois iipaets) :util ot iflstìs . I
iiairicuinua si :senior ati1_ti (uoitsatip as.i:_=asue:i .io iaieieii icuuntie sip ssotoc pus -ot tiitn iue¬.suo:i itiineu cie _t:.ii: :tii ,io este ieuottsas-ssoto pue Áiiaoica :tii _ii
titihn liiiai paitiut iisin sei ot paturtssit sq tia: .ta:ie.tt sti: “saiteiusa nos s_i:.ti_i :Emi 1o_.i
"i tttrttap aaflcie iaaai iaian-aio uoiiaaaie :trtioscie = : .i-r
.,
.i' .re T'.t..._l_1-:¿i_._
[iii] I,'?E_ _i,_ ig: 1?-Jdyg =§
..tr"t“(=~ã1s1t=ati1›l almas = o
_ii-*ii - if) ¿iria - x)i Pi:-1 *sc-ici.: to tiiãuai iiun .tati .iaoi_tui iatatiti = *fr
' l ri 'tt-nctt1i_i:d pattaiu = gr
:ii 5] uoiienha :ici uaitiã' se uoiinios tiii.u utaiqoid iaooisttatttip-ontt a
¡__i_;i 'tiuetsuoo uoiictaisooc iei.iopcti.te_ifi` =E
ol ii:-tscaist sq osito un: ooitenhs i]-5 :tii *tiidap t:i1i.v. ptntittt iicat ttooci sati a.'ii:i :tii ii
sssiuoisuauiip 'ioioei uoi:ai.t_i tiaeqsiaiii-.*i:Iet1 =_-i'
ri “icaai .ttiia-vt ts IBP!-h = si
MH
_ i __-',¡{iio-._-)
f ï-"-si-_ _, ¡{i'*'u-.t'}
tits _ ¿{.:*`rt-:t_'i
*sf 'i sl _]st-_
'
__ ¡F Í .ãì =-ig- :retira
_ :it sinfacts.-1tt'Ítf'tLs_-.t-r*s-'els-ist
- - W -- nj il'-IL) ._ la cf J _
I'
-t
Si UiE'U-`l'EÍ|P i'JÉi_" ilfllf-IQ . . :ti: i-' Ii; P' 1-'E' ¡F ll?
- J' _ã_;_E +.-¦,_¬,¡_.-ï(g-i-i-¦-J:
-lIl'|; UE LT! T_iCIE1CIl33.1i1¦1ÚI.['li."a't UDIIEHÍJÚ Di; T.lC|i'l.l'I]C!S EIU___L 'Pãt"i]C`-S HS-Í.ïE|_ 'É2¦.[ iiflüilflãlifl ¡gti W re E oe ot se F set? 515
ft iiuatuousflìiel ïl.It¦Idst±is.i_i_ 1,-5 i
ss flats1a¢lstni'HI1tsflttto ct
 5-E Transport Ph:-no mena 1.3 Difiuslooflììspersìon 5'?

where -r,¿, =' bed shcar stress, lvIL-'T'1

1.3.3 Vertical Eddy Diffusivttgr in Laliflfi
ƒ= garage-Wcishach friotion factor °= 0.02 for rtatut¬al,' fuiiv turhulent
ow vertical mirtiag in lal-tes is not meohanistiiiflnlf ¡im "me “S Íhai Í" rivflä' Tlf” mm
o = density of water. l'vlL"3 " “eddy difFusivit¬y" is often used to describe the t1.1rb_ulf-'-DT filffi-¿HIGH flflfiffifiïem fm
¿¡55D1._.,¿,¡_-1 5111351-a,nces in lal-res. Chemical and thor-mal stratification serve to limit
¬,,-É;-¡ica! 1-nitting in laites. and the eddy diffusivity is usually observed to be a mint-
mum at the thcrfnocitne. _

K
1.3.6 Lateral Dispersion Coeffieient in Rìverä _
ataay anrhors have eoi-related the vertical eddy diffusivity in strattflerl lal-tes to
. , . - - - te ¡-
Elder t 'proposed
'* an equation
- .or
,- prcdtcting
› - the lateral dtspersion
. . coeiïictent, .'='tf,.: rhc mean tiepth, the hypoltrrmton tlepth, and tltestaotltty frequency. Mortimíerk .tlrlst
correlated the vertical dtñuston coefficient with the mean depth of the a E- H
E_¿.= tb DU. __ {3a} found the following relationship. _ |.

|
,.
where ¢› is equal to 0.23. The value oftb = 0-23 was obtained hy ettperirnent in Ion3,, s, = ostias 21-” _. Gfil `.!i
_ t
-a-:tie laboratory flurnes. - _ I -'
¡l
Mills' authors have since invesrigared the value of :lu -in hoth lahoratonf fiurnes where E, = vertical eddy diffusivity, 1112 d*'
and natural strcams. Sayre” and Sayre and Chang” reported da = CLI 7 in .ti straight Z = mean depth, m '
__¡¦__

ifibflfflfflflrf fifllfafi- Yotsulrura and Cobo” and Yotsultura and Sa-rre” report values of
¢› for natural strearns and irrig:-:tion canals varg,-ing from 0.22 to 0.65, with rnostuv.-11. `¬›'erti-:al eddy diffusivities can he. calcuiate-ti from
nes being near 0.3. Other reported values of ¢› range from ü.1l"to ll.?2. The higher _ . ±=mPfl`fil"-W
. - ¿E73 by Süivìng th:
to
vertical heat balance or by the simphfied esta-nattons of Edtrtger and '_5=¶›'¢f-
values for dt are all for very fast rivets and hen-ds. The con-clusions dravrn are: ill- 5-rhnoor and Frtthï' clernonstratcd that' the toirteralìeation and release of dtssolved
that the form of equation (3-$2: is correct in predi-:ring En but da rnav vai-3;; and -fi] suhstances from anaerohic setiimertt can be used to caicuiate average h;-rpoltrmtetto
that application of Fickian theory to lateral tiispersion is correct as long as there are eddy difñrsivìtìcs. This approach avoids the problem ot assumtng that heat [temper-
nn appreciable lateral currents tn the stream. - atnrel and mass 1'dissolved substances) will mia with the same rate conslflrlll th af 1$†
Okoyelf' refincd the determination of tb somevthat by use of the aspect ratio, tt = that the eddy diiïushfitv must equal the eddy conductivitv. A sutrttttatjr of dtspersioo
LNB. the ratio of the stream ciepth to stream Width. He found that ¢- clear-sagas fi-.-¿tm coef`t`:t:ients and their order of magrutudc appears below.
U24 to 0.093 as J». increased from ilül 5 to 0.200. ;¬'-%~"_
The effect of bcnrls in the channel on EJ, is sigr1ificartt.`t'otsLLl-:uta and Savre” re- - - ,_-- - 2 -|
Conttttton Dtsperston Co..rt1cteat,om s
P'=ï'f"-`¿ ¡hai '11 varios from fl._I to 0.2 for straight channels, ranging in size from labo-
ratory Homes to medium size trrtgauon channels; from 0.6 to lü in the Missouri Molecular diffusion ¡U4
River; and from CLS to 2.5 in curved laboratory flumes. Fischer* reports that higher Compacted sediment 104-l 'T5 L
values of :im are also found near the banks of rivera. Biotttrhated sediment 104-1Ú""
Laltes-vcrtioallgr 1.04-10'
Lg;-ge riv-:rs--lateral 1ÚI*'1Ú3
1.3.7 Vertical Dispersion Coefïieient in Rivers ' Large |¬Ãvers-longitudinal 1U'*¬-1 G5'
Est'ua.ries-longitudinal ÍÚÚ-1 U7
Ver-_v little experimental work has been done on the vertical dispersion eoefficient,
ƒf_.. .iobson and Savre" reported a value for marked fluid particies of
A literature summary of longitudinal dispersion coetïtcients for streams and l
rivers is reported in Table 2.2- The wide range of values refiects the site-specific ria-
.E'¿=rtUe.T(I (35) ture of longirttciinal dispersiort eoeffioiertts and the many 11:,-ftirflliogio and mürpijü-
9.-, logic properrics that a.†`t`cct rnitting processes. .an excellent reference for nusing
processes in rtatural Waters is that of Fiflflitet' El ai."
fm 3 ¡Ugg-rithmic vflflica-1 "'¢1“951'l' distribution, where 2 is the vertical dmth dimen- Ver-tica] cïispersion coefficients in laltes [eddy cliffusivitiesl have most commonll'
sion. tt is the von Kannea cocfiìcient, which is shown capefimangajto La ha appyüg-
been determined hy the heat httdget medtodìcflf or 'oy Meãvven 's method”. Radio-
tt1¬1atei3f= G.-fil. “¡fEqu:±tiot1 (35) agrees with eztnerimcntal data fairly cin5.13,
-thenti-:al methods also have heen used v-'itit success.13“fB Tflìïtìfl 3-3 åi`f'¿`5 50m'-71l¡Ef“ aiii.
Jï

_:

“?"f._«ï:"¢',Pf›Í_%~".?`±¡-ar';>"1^<v';*¢-taÍ"`-!'«F` _ t. o i
r

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.-
ttr'tLI seo ETSI
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la-ser seo EL-|]i)l]`D FEF.
lIi'lÍ U`t`. i-
oso, .to auna; cttpaaq aq uotieqmtot-5 sonetos to (1-s ¡toa __;_u[ -lt stuatctgcoa cogen; [E9 toraat 5€ l [ifïíl `[`†'E
-_| ip ratos atotu go .tepro :tp tio are stuetctgooa t1otsn_ggo .tetera-arod taotq 'st nre;s1t[ UE DTE HQ tre.-trg ale;-_1 uttof F

DE ÉTEÍ t9t'tftl EE EGÚÍI

E.-Hi '14-*FH UJÚLLHIEI
Mr- ut P tmot- srarw
=- emos suodar g-3 a¡qel~se1a.1 uogsrtrnp rata-a~a.toti1u;tuqr›as ãug DE Éo isïrl reo Ei.UCIU'ü ÉFEE
5"'å'-9 Ltd "S-¦$†'~l`ti
-aíteua ut ssaoons ttttra posa oaaq aaeq ãattsai-quroq osos; pue .ittemteu mono tout EIE 9`I9T ts't-sei set T-Uflllãlfl.-'Pfllfrt
ttsart eso EIIIUÚ I`.L9
sissonotpeä state.-a Htrtrltra.-.o oiot stuattttpes patettturetuoo u|o.g este: as-este-1 pue ¡JE E-'llr
tttrtoei et 315 |.'¦Il.`.l`G {l`Pr3
itatenätp erp, Jo aäparmotraf sasmhas stustutpss ot paqsos lïqäuons sus te-1.1:. {ot_tp1atp Gli-Í É'E§i "¢¡t"|.'~¡'|¡ '.'lã.'|.§'H `51¦l`€É3¦El{ÍI_'\t]_ I
IIl`l*9
tutsotp 'otrotiat-1 '-5113,; '_1_f;1t;1 “¬ã"a} stueuttoetooo ¡esttustto ctqoqdo.tp.~lt¡ ãut[sp-orar
'stuatuzuns [IE l5`l='tÍ itstei este i

ist-'E t 1 oso 9'9'tÍ

'DE 515€
tltai reo 15132
-e::-tu Pl si. ¡emos urnas tra:-tm olaaa suottetnc-¡eo asatrt .tot step ttatdeqo sto; to pus out ITE ÍÍE 1.;-¬-[ *oc-oo aux;-' noeie-E1
lt-t-›"E_t tell E0001) 315-l
[IE É' EI
te patuasšrd are sauatatgsoa uotssadstp at-te; .to__1 suotieinepao atdmexg 'trote-et .toqto E"5É Eee'reJ sao S`E|§
puc 'uotteatauod tqãtt pue ttottetttsut retos tdtttsuottatar oottoostp ptttat-ot-qo1a_| *east UE if"-.Í'§
DIE 991? t_es't¦-si 1-.'o aLt.'1=^ta afivtto
:tp to .inctuotttìtotu pue qtdap atp ,to uottcun; a st uotsracistp ¡esposa 'tttunioo rei Eli*
DE 15' El ioesi
W ¬ tro
91100' Ú
-rr vt anios erp ro; toatotg ooo uotsaadsrp ¡estaca uesm :tri suodar -¡'15 steel pue *tan GE o'tst='t tes' al st-'t 9`9Ei
-1tt.-. tt1ittuttrtot}auttoott:.taLt1oqt te tuototgaoo uotslodstp [aot1_ta.-. :qt .tot sente». arnia E' i DE
'IÍIIE 'f'9'EE lea' t tel re 1 1¢'1-93.1 *1ar.t¬¿¶ t.tt'Lo5stp¬.[
6-'ZM
UE .|l.'lr9i* (oeste) t-tro Züüll' 0
l?`l†i`,
' 'tttt 'som tauottaoe-ssorj, Di” 9`FÍ Ets' si. :ID
- 3751
DE E'9I lstwl teu 6`§l (]]«'\¡1_ 'ïlããlj ¡J.l'E11¦I-l1I..I"t¡|"
' 4 tt asu torio-un .oa-tt DE EW5 test) oro [DUE ' U
ttt--'ettst't.1 91%'
li' lE`|} (setas). ±'iÉ3"ÉÚ
DE E'¿'E
lttt tro) .tieettt CIE' IE"El (test tro 99€
gta; *.1=.-t_r¬¿ visor:-oooptr
IE 'PETI TSE
tsrttro'J ¢i_'æ"'Ú'i
UE 9`tf ttrtl-tt'o 90041 'U
ser 3 'lil-"2Í.l fil"l=“¦.ï*E'f-"U
lil 5133
(set trol aiüfül 9`o er- #3 1

if El 'fl lll
se 9€ eso va`1=ot¬a ttflvtto
IE Efü ist t trol #'i§i«-"Di
ví) W@-13 Se-tn 'Di FE
es 17€ teo i»Ia1='~*-la tie»-De
I 'E El 'U tsetom +ÍE'Úi
Ul 5"6
.tot 'EE art
¡I ¿UD zo'trter'o 151? ÚÍ1
ll-l ,LF
tro: U9 o | 't
E 99@ to' | rseo F9 'E'ÍÚl
se _ CIT F5
es Li? teo t~LL"1a'-ra =-tflvtto
f-.
to' tresto 9"? 9-3
esta “ot tarta eaflfllttlt lll H
si t El otro
"¡-. Zïl' to¬1r-:eso §'§ '3Z`l`[
va Úl 'E`I5
s 91 aro
CII 'E76
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ot S I 5313
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'laatg aauaooqmteqg -I]-i UE 'rlït 19-'*!"-ti
t'E'tl I§UG`0 5".-.19 qsturerang-uoosg
[PE STE l'.f.9 F _ ¡..1_1*.1a.-.tg atgqat, DE 0l`l
treat! oso 9EiJOD'Ú IEII 5"H-í›"9 6 if '§lt"'E tstrag esa-mi emma
CIE ïüï l'5E I-E.L'1=~'L!`ti =UEUJ1'3
(I-'E §`6E isetl sto -El I}ÚC|'U [ll 9L`El '§lf`E 9;-'Q gar ättlarg a1te1¿ qm-:tg
5'ñl
DE F"-il: ias'-oli seo Fil
334 'alsarj .-'ïppnt-¬1 ill Í 91 6'? B!'[E.f|1§[`I."¡ç'

DE '57 El (seat oso E3{lÚ|J'U

l`l]L Dr-I `-Wtfìtl UFÍPÉÄ 511) 'tua-'alaq nara
DE _ ET EE (osos) toro 1¡'1i'0CIU"0
attt il-1 9'? Fl
l"§ (]fl"ç- ¬I¦If'LtH El-1flil.L113.J¦lI1tS
DE TE-99 tttfaati see vo- _ v1 'mia avisas ill Fi 1-
'Él' tere t'-meo ¿tas siesta
DE U' 91 E (seem tro El DÚU`ü ill É iI5"| E
t|:-aa¬¿1
DE ¡'05 te t't-ti seo ti
Li:-*"`=`¡i`H :|¬¬ua1ato'¿[ ¡_s .ui i1_s.¡t.t.t adogg ¡_su.t:i tu tu
:tsu:ua_ts¬¿ ,_s ¡or (L--alan ariotg 1_s un ut tu _ J L
'tuotoigooj 5'oU1;1} ¡-5111 _ *H ' llïlilƒiët Htwteaawo '-v~fltst.aw. to 'wi-a *ts ao
- L'-lïdäfl
aogsrcdstrj Lttoorea twtomtfitlflï '.{i1:o[:_.«L
uogstsdsrrj
uaoua.tnsura¡¬,1 tt sradsgq _;u.l'..teu1tun5 ¡'¡ atqtt_1_
IE"-l!Pf'I1l3l1Ú'I .f
fPeH¦-'EJWJJ TI Hlllfil. sutsasig ttt si og
euatttnuat|¿[ t.|ot:lsue.t_1_ 35

'55 uotsaedflüiufllfiflhiü E1
 _.- ¡_,.¡__._|a-- - _

ol] Transport Phenomena .-*'

Table 1.3» `v'ertical Disperslon Coefflcleut for Srrattfied Lai-tes Across the 'I'herrnoeliue -¡abla 13 (continued)
_ _ _ _- _ - _ _ V ' 1 Thermooiinc
'ierttcal Tltennoelme D_rspersto
enla? ni Däfl-¡_ Data
f¡-9111 RC fertrtt EE
Dãspersiou. Depth. Dflifl
II' Site lt1ontl1 ima: 5"' 111 ñom fcrcn “'-¬=_ sae - Month
July
flIl1'5'|
ilfllilt'-1›2 'H-J Ternpcraïttïfl 35
36
Leila Ztttioh. Switzaeriattd apst ost ïemperantte 32
il .üflüå
Temperafllïfl
Temperature 32 Aug Terrtperattlrfi 35
li-lay CI. Il -1
11€ June ü'.D-E4 E'-5'-f¬
l2.5
Tmrarure
Tempetn tur:
32'
31
Aug
- .H-ug
0.0061
0.Cifl-lil
`]_'¦|1'l.pt:T2t'i`Ll.I`¦

Temprefãïllffi
315-'
35
July "D.D3 El
Aug 0.00151
0.026 IÚ Temp-erature 32 Temperature 36
Aug, ü.Ú03G
- Aug 36
Sat-I 0-010 IG-l 2.5 Temperature 32
0.0076 1-Oti-fl"›l'¦I\-CI'*C¦"'-Ú Tcmperatu-¬=
Temperature 32 Aug Tempe teatre 35
Get 0.074 2€' 59131
IIL25 Iii Pol' 215 'l`rltiu1t1 23
Lake Grcifensec, - Ci.ÚÚ|`i' B
Su-'it2.\¦riand Eu. 21?. Dntario 0.015
Tritium
3'?
Lake Baldeggeratt. ltlav uoort ' 9 Temperature ET eta :ta-t. ufltarifl , 0.114
Tempomttu:
Switaerlantl June nos s Temperature 2'? Lata vateaaa. J-'tae-=¬-t=l= 0.21 5_1¿-laca-o E ¡He 29
llimno-corral) July ooo: - Temperature 21' Lalte .Erika
Aug dos -
¬-I¬¬.I ¡ONO Tetrlperetttns IT
Sept uoots 9 Temperature
:izan
3?'
June dos 1 2'?
Aug aos . t T-tn 1?
Sept dos ss En 1?
Oct nos as En 2?
Lai-te Onondaga Lake, I'\“r' lviay uu-t 11.5 Temperature 33
June nos tos Temperature 33
July nos 11.5 Temperature
Aug uoos 11.5 Tcmperamrt
Table 2.4 Whole Lata; ¿am-¡gg Vertical Diip ¦l1
ton Coeiïi :ient
Sept :toos 12.5 Temperature
- ' tt-.meat
Oct o.o1s -_ Temperature Dtspersiotu Data
Lalte Baikal, Russia 2.544 Temperanlre
Month sm* From Referente-
Lake Tahoe. NV o. tre Temperature Site
EP He 19
Lake Ontario 0.125. cosa Temperature
Lalte Eric
0.53
Si 1-le 19'
'iJ.l7S, 025 Terrtperatute i.l6
Lalte Cagruga. NY Lalte l-luron 31' I-le 19
Lai-te Luaern, Stvitzerlattd Ill U Temperature 3.4?
38
Tcmporantre La ke üntario 1.00' Temperamffi
Lal-:c Iuriclt Swimrlaod 0.03
Temperature Wellingtort Reservoir,
0.03 39
Lake Washington, WA
- D,ü53 Temperature
Australia 0.4 ros'
Lake Tiheries, Israel `IJ-'hite Lalte. ivfl TerttpBI^El'flJ1'l¦ 22
Lake Samrnarnish, WH 0.03 Temperature Feb-Api' D. l B 12
Lulu: LBLTI-"T 0.12 Temperature
Like E¡....fit 305, Ontario 0.01 Temp :raturc May-June 21
UJD25 Temperature 0.01 Temperature
Lake lvl-endota, WI July-Jan Tetrtp'eratLtt'¢ 40
EI-ÚÚ3 Temperature _-average l5
Linslcy Pontl. CT Laite Eric Temperature él
U .O04 Temperature (Ho stratifioatiuufi 1.15
EL.-'-'t 140, Cintario Lake Hutott Temperatflffi 41,-Il-3
EI-i]ü3 Temperature Unstratified lil2
EL..-it 127, Úïlierio La-ice Eric Temperaïflffi 41.43
I1253 .. Temperature Stratified il.1Íi5-0.15
C.agruga Lake. lt-“f Tempeflilflfl 3
C-estic: Laite, CA. 1111? llllll Temperantre 1.3 l
E
lÍa;-rttga.I.e.i-te ï'ïF.n
July U.009'1 Temperature Lake ürcifensee April (1.2 15
Dflü 59 Temperantrc i¦I.l5 ER11
July May-Aug IE
Tempetamro [Lili †¿'¿'Bn
July EI.Dilt':iE Sept-Nov
July El .Gü 53 -¬.1- .1 -¬.1-|¦l-t¢¬_j Temp eratnra U-'I|¬3t1'l.wi"L-|¡IJalT'-.nt¡LI|J'i-.TFP-hJLi¡Wal-ÃJL|\'1.n-¡Jlar3IU-|›¦.J1'

'o - ~ '¦
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- 'fïpc-q 1:-11m :-dümnxd
5'; '13 pus' _f s111aun.nadLuc|:1 us-muaq i-:am 121131;-U.:a1ug = *`-"¡,-' -+
2-111 9121-num 151111 mm sagas 111 sìuauujndnuun gc» Jaqumu H Ju ¡spam wa-çs.1:›:;i
Lïülfiadslp ¬{|n* -ri'-I-III
l-
_¡_ E 1 '1u1="*¡J1¬t:-:1
:H-'-'D ¬ 1- " H
= .I -.-'rr :|.1:.|_p¢_ -sçp qum .-HDL; ÉH1-tl 9 asp-uaqag 'paz-:pax ,§.p1:;cI1.un:› .f€[¡ng.1u:«ss:« s1_ u1:~1s.›¬Ís :Lp p-1: '.10-:zi
-Suml :-1.11 S{›:}.1:1r.1u::= uugsiadsçp map 'U1 uzq1 1:12:-É sy Jaqmnu uugrmazu :cp _;¡ -amgxd
l:..* '.23-' ,-,_ '-23' xp ,. -uldcla sq .wm ã1'|[-d Eugqanmddu [apmu B pue s:1au;u.1upa1cI uo§1:«a.~.pB u;1|1 “I-Q 1mq1
11:11:) 51-":›=± - *`*'af»'íf:1-*;›J”"'rf'f3f3 _g+ bmö ¿ -*'.:›'”'¢:› ¿Q = H; -ff
il H Il 55:1 51 Jaqmnu uup,aes1 a1{1;1 '|_¿_ 'zumsuua :nu uupaam mplo-191;; :;q1 si ty :Is-LW
:malaga ¿gana uugsxadsgp :flnqgu su.u:1 mg ua11[.L›=\a.1 :cg una (55) uopanbg J.
_.
(S51 = 'uN u:q{
[Huuãugp maz q13±~. xplnux :§.uau1u.L~ï.s 2 *"*,¿)= -Yffi
,__¡_ *uo;¡em.1o;s:mn Ju; 11::-r1sucra am.: ¿epic-1511;-apnasd = :g :¡n¿d¡;L[ sq ue: iäqmnu m1¶1aé:u :aq: 'aim uu51ecu1q1suu.n 1uu:n__1ç1:ãgs 2 sg :until gi
¡¬]_ E-1 'zy m [mag mo¿;{aãue1gn1a¦u1_Í|fangsladsgp = G5 'sa:u1:1s¿qì1§a.aÍ1
¡__¡_ E1 ':¡ o1,|"Lu-ul; mo1_;1nu nìífifi -musa uuu- *p:.m1ussgp_;o undsnen :tg: 11; sa1eugu.|upa1c[ uuçsxadsgp 'U1 uenp ssa1 qnnuì
[__]_ ¿I '_ƒ`u; :¡r u.m.1_: mcg (aãueqmmuyj 2-.qsis-<ÍS;p = 'IÚ 51 1; _u ¦s:|1'eu1LLmpa1d uupampz 1)' ¡ 112111 1:12:13 .'Í[1uflaç;§uã";s sp .¦aq1:.:n'u 1:a¡:«a¿ :.~q1_ì'[
¡_1 W '1¡'¡usu.|1red1uo:› ug uugmuauuua -.= *Q ^¡__j_ E1 ìuaynggaos uoçsazdsìp = 3
¡__L ¿1 'I1u:u1u.2dwo:› ul 1; xuaunmdmun Luc-1; muguy = 1*'-fñ 1 *q1,ãua|1uau±ã:s = -3
[01 nuauumdmon u:;:.›e[p1a ju Jsqnunu = u ¿_j_ -1 *'.-ü§:~u1:;-.1 ueanu = n
.L 'W111 = -|-¬
' sszqungsusmgp '1=qu.1nu1s1::›a¿ -.= :¿ alaqm
f_1 W 'muaammdmna ƒuçqaçm uuçmnusouua =
(1 'luëunmdwøn _f"¿c:~ ;r.un[m. = *'L,10'±h¬1(-'.›"1
(Le) _ - :mn = mi
ÍIHEJ uaqumu 191::-s-¿ :Lp q1g.n uuçs
1--1' I-4'
Ii ¡-¿F
I=-Y ¡_-_Fí
I= 41:
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l:[,»-,I
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' aàgslsdsçq SMUUI " mom!
ssepq _ a.-qsladsgçï ssvap-1 S ssflm
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-s ¦111:l_ _ uug1e[nu1n:|;~¬¡;
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uu ¿U u.r.m_; :ql s:.¬:›{a1 1; pm: 'lafdulgs qanm samunaq (gg) uopenbá [grana-.1:a_ggp1¬a§uH1:i 9€ 1I{_,Lufi-_ nl-DI awsuìfiëlü UHF!
U-g a1[_1_ fm = “"'31n1{1 uupdmnsse :qu u1spuøds.wn:› s1u__L -1u:|Lumzdu1u:: :Lp 11;q1;.*a E11-' |ï¦d.ç.¡¡ 5.-.Di I F9
usçxa una sluagpuì' uugu-:11us:1uo:› ou 11-:Lp aim us 51 anun[nq.1m L¡::|;:.|.¬.-. ug pgnu _;-:J _ _ 51; ¿HW ¿_¿¡¡ H 5-¡ ueãyqawç aria-1 :Eng uzaxg
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5-lil 5-ÚÍ * É H
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1.
-uw_1u;,1¦; [upeds :mn: :mus 1:mo:›a.1 un afqgssud sy 1; 'f-:s:[:q11a.¬.::N '(.*{p.1n amp 111) 15.” ;-BI H E "E-“*'1“'U 9391
31151 'S-M 1' E
suugnmba Iepuanjggp JZ.na†.rgp.:n jo aun cn (scada puxa :mu ug) suugxanba p=§1us1a¿_›;_gp 15% .¡,,,{}[ X 1; :pg 21121
¡ngund ga ms aq: s~asnp:.u 'ãugxgm 91:;-:lu:-:::| gn uupdwnssz aq: as-tmnaq Eugapom nm; flI'-1rI-|¬.1-Iu
ããïï ï ïìï 9-UI X I Il-*É '$7191 91!'-L"t"L
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r :,;-Lra1:_1aH _ I.11u1_1 ¡_s ¡zum $155
-aq senugraxunun ¡unha lu uuçsmdsgp 1;[n_q 123.1 pauaqnmçs s§ s1u=umedmna usg.-iu -.
1
_ ¡.11_=,-(1 'nugsxaüpj
-'aq :›Eum;::1.:|1u1 'a-11u1zL[:ua1uç pma sumar; umcu1-¡ju smmq __pa¬±qu¦ Ã[=I21åL1Iflfi,._5†fÚ
[`E3!U¦.-'x
-pm muy su.:n:s.ísuäa Lapuupgu úugxeznmüflas :Lp G1 S125@-1 UD51HI!¦H1Ufi1lFUHlïU1UïJ
" sgapuw xo-¿¡ puìe uu_L1n21¡e1u:u¦:|.u;d|un3 ~¬1H: FI 51117-*F'!I}a0.Íl W!-'“"}J!'[1 -m¢.ì'L'“-'Dal 1"9W!Pf="3 IGN!!!-WIFI FI aïqfil
uuamunãlld I.IDIi5um_L gg
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| I'¬|-I' ¬-I lr'.-Iru'l
 ¬
1.-=l Corapartrnentalieatlon 55
l"i ti-1 TritnSpn|'t Fhenomei-ia

fi tf,-_± = distance between niidpoinis of con-ipartrnenis, L

hr, ¬¡uE fiüw Damm 55 imjit-,ated by their larae Peclet number [eqt-lfttlflfl {3_-'rl':i- Tim
1' I.- P ¦| '-r ,.

ln Tnere is one mass balance eoiiaiion [e.g., equaiion tflltti] for each of the j coinpart-
Er L ` -

Éonditioos li is poor practice to simiilaie atitrerine enifironnient with one contPi~ï-

-"" ' .cr cl- '._'.''¬""
i..._.-¬.tn...¡ n¿a_.¡...
.

Ifi rrieiits. This set of ordinarj-' differential equations is solued siniultaneousijr li-1,' nti- ] 'mixed coroparttneflt- - _ .
3 Lalsfea, re ser-roim ¬ _and embavrrienis
- - t_ inay requtte
- e ntttttttttt
.- _ fitf WmPi'1"m'i'"“ lr
lït rrie rie-al computer methods.
Built dispersion coefiicients between cornparirnents are dcpcndent on the scale
_ =- nm a'i"t't'i'i-Ellis
E .;i.;±_,-,ifee some spaiial detail, such as concentration profiles These c P
lfi chosen for the compartmenis. Tlicy are noi equivalent to nieasiired dispersion coef- É'-lioiild be chosen to relato to the physical and chemical rsalities of the protütjfpå-
I i ficienis from dj-re studies, which art: usually derivcd frtirn tlie continuoiis partial dif- For eaan'iPle. a logical choice for a strau`fie›d lake is to ha-.fe two compertïflfifiïflï en
eoillrnnion and a hypolimnion (Figure 1.7), Mining liieiween oornpartrrients can be
ferential eouations. The vcr¬_i' nature of the compartmentalized sf,-fsieirt introduces
I accomplished by inierchanging ilowei
considerable niiaing into the rnodel- Such rniiiing or num-erical ciispersiori is iii addi-
i tion io die bull: disocrsioa specified by the bull; dispersioii coeFr'ielent.
J = Qc=Ct:P¡- Qflchlflfl (42)
Sireams and swift-iiowirra rivers may approach a l-D plug-flow system |fi-e.. the
i I
u-ai-er is completely mixed in the lateral and vertical dimensions, but there is no or _i
I i mi:-¿ing in the longitudinal dimension). Ln an ideal plug-flow sy-'stern, the longitudi-
fr = Qflt (Cent " Cl'c'P°)
nal dispersion coeffit-¡ent is equal to zero because no for'-card or bacltward rniititig.
I oceurs. For this cae, an infinita number of coinparirnenis tfof infinitesinial length in
ine longitudinal direction) would be required io produce acro longitudinal iniitiiig. ia'i'ir:re J' .= net mass flus from epilimnion to hypolimnion due to vertifi-21 Ffllïtflâi
Because ii is irnpossible to specify en infinita ntunber of cornpartrrteiiis, one choos- M T* f-
cs a finite number of comparnncnts and accepis the artificial dispersion that accom- Qu = eitchange fltïiw. L3 T4
-1
Pg? prinics that choice. One method of estiniating the artificial or niiiiierical dispersioii -¿Í = conceniration of organic, M L
of a conipartnieotalizcd rnodei for an ideal. plug-flow system is given by cquetion
I i (-1 ll für t-.tri ei-tplicit upwind difierencing rnethcid.
,
The magnitu¿ia., o ¡mg miefenanfle
. .
a- _ flota, O
,
7:: , can be d_determined
' from tra cerCan
_ __Úafl_¡_¡Emq
studies
han
or from temperature proiiles and sirnulations. Bltilk ispcgsion eq.. “si-1crE~€ _ is
i 2 t_
E=.H.-fi.-i.ï|f1_.flï`
¿III ¿sii be calculaied based on the iniei-cl-iangft Íiüli ¡'15 ti F Qee ei-~-'=.-ro” - '=I*'“¬t'P°
tlie distance between centroids - of two- adj- aceoi conipartmerttä- ' f' del. The
_ J Sometimes onlv coarse information is required fill' H E"*'¢“ “Se °_ 3 mn
it-'here E, = artificial nuinerical dispersion coefl`icient,- L3 T* .literature offers many ' examples of modeling - - ciïorts based - t>t1 t f flflr- SWF le trans 9 ori
, _, - . _- _ ent. coros
ii = mean longitudinal ireiociiy, L T* models. Tiie Great Lakes hate often been siniulaied as single ecinpertttt
itx = ioiigituclinal length of equaliji' spaced compartments, I. 1-,¡E¡E¦¿_rm1;.¿¿›.¦j t;it;-es in sc1*ies.'“'"'“* Toitic chemical screening mïethotitltiftãlffi ïšclìãïš
- e -. - - .- - t in an
. dr = time step for nurnerical computacion. T alli; based on ora:-itiic chemical properties that are luionn on 1~ W'
mrignitude. In_ such _ cases, ii may
_- not _, bc HBGBSSHU' W
' - Slmuiaifi -- -'“'““5P°“ “'"'hand
atìons greatcr-
Une approach would beto set the artificial dispeision eoefficient equal to the acciiiacv al distinct trade-off enists b.,i¬:tteeii errtr-te ttt T- HHSPW* *U-"-“fui d fim
mts ¡ft ;¢a~rinn rate constante as shown in Table 2.6. If the sum of tri» pflfiu 0
nicasui-ed or esiiniated dispersion coefiicient front equat_ion¬{31}. With this ap- _
lu
- ,_ - ' ' -" - - reto t tlten
oi-der reaction i-aie constant is accurately determined in tne field ot 1-=ti.i€i En
proach. ii is not necessary to use hulk dispetsion eoeíïicients; rather, one allows tlie
:in ace uraic model simulaiion will reotiire a realistit; trengport formulaiion. ' If the re-
artificial dispersioti of the rnotiel to account for the actual dispersi-on of the proto- . _ 2 . . . - ee o - ['ne
i;r¡ie_ - action rate constant ancttor the deteniion tinte are ltiv- UF “ Ú-'Úii¬ me Chu* _ '
- . . - -¬ ' - f tion of
.ei better approach is to adjust the tiine step to mininiiz: E, while preseirting sta- number of eompartnients is not very critical. Ei-rors in oatflon conetttltffi
hiiii¬i':
greater than l.IJ. I
r -'11' For e 31 a LTIU le-¬ consider a hvpotlietical
, lalte wlitise Sl¢3iïll~"'5ti1i9
_ Bull'-“il '3c'“°`m_ra _.
¿li = min
il _ HJ
non of a toi-tie chemical is deien-nined to be ll.tll times tne inflow concentratiori. ¡.I'
E-upp-ase the hydraulic detcntioo time, t. üfïitfi iflkfi 15 19 Gal-'Si fifld fila Wil'_`-5låi¦;liia'
_ , - i' 1 "_ rfl I.: T4.
_:

ti-en reaction 1-nie i;-nneiant is determined to he l.Did.a§. ii.. =' 1'Úl¬ Titi: lflhvšdb fill '-.
where ƒrefers to the physical cornpartn'ienis_ - - - - 2 ' ¬
_i.
"I Ú'Í"I U"-',_"-' _D'I" _'-ft.I'_,f Í._"\l
'-.-i--|J
I"
ln general, rnost river siroulations require many coniparïrrieiits due to th eìr near- me iilte three coinpartnienrs in series according W Tank 3-ñ~ Tilt “miel G ' L la
' 1
Un* .

II.
_ _-- _..-H
 155 Transport Pbenumenn _ 1.5 Sadiment Transport ET

Table LE Ctutflow Concentration Dlvlded by Influsr Coiiccn tratloii at Steady State as a

Function of Number of Cnnipletely li-'iiïed Comparrments and ¡rr
tt,-,M c, _
tr, - ÉL; ei-ti
_ 1 r:rc,, tetitas
Rem 'Ctttiãmnt tt Detentitin Tim: _;

Messi t-.--noi t-.-=o.i" 1-.-=1 t-i= to ii"r=llÍi'¦Íl C-1+ffP1'lrfCT l li 1

Ci'-'IP'
asi 0.09 Gtill These eonceiitraiions can be calculated foi' the water column or the bed sedime-ni,
Due-compa:-tment 0.99 0.511
Three-eompanment* 0.99 oso 0.42 [l_L'Il ìetlil'-5 by using the concentration of suspended solids in the water (MJ or in the bed (My),
Teri-eonip-artirieriä' 0.99 0.91 [R39 lttil'.l'1 4›t1ti"' ti¬here'M¿, = Mfnf the bed sediment conceritration in kg L" of pere water, HI1t2l_.ti: F
Plug flow* 0.95' 0.90 ll.37 5-==iil"i' -*l>*'l|¦l”"" i_h"e_p_or_osiry. of the bed sediment. __
"iII'
[sc eompartmentsj
Íofce - tin.-. +' ii i-.fiiire 1 total hydraulic detentiori time
2.5.2 Suspended Load
tr first-order reaction rate constant
*tc-'C,,,= 1.-Itit¬.1-'i-i)+ 1]' ri - nttriibct efeompurnients The suspended load of solids in a river or stream is defined as a florvrate rimas the
í.,.___
FC.-'(_,"", - |¦;;p[-J.-J C”. = input eoncetnrlation eoi_1eenir.rt_t_i_i;i_n of susp_end_ed solids {e.g., kg dd or tons d"}; the mean load is gtc-atly
affected by pealt flows. Peak flows cause large inputs of allochtlionous material
from erosion and runoff es well as increasesin scout and resuspension of bed and
han-ever, would have required ti reaction rate constant of lü.-'day in order to obtain bank sedinient. '
the observed result of CVC., = [hill if only the completely iniit-ed corrtpartrnent had The average susiiended load is not equal to the average flow times the at-'ernpe
been assunied. cortcentration, as staied in eouation Hd),
If mrter than order-ol^`-rriagiiitude accttracy is required iri the model, one should
estimate the ciispersioii coeffìcients from dye studies, ternperarure sirriulations, or b' ›= E it Q_c' trial
equations (321 through (36). This allows the proper co nipartmental configuration to
be selected including consideration-of nurneri cal dispersiori based no equation {-il ji. but it is calcuiaierl iii equetion (47) as per Example 2.1:

QC =(Q lt Q +Q'C`i itiii

2.5 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
The mean fltictuation of mass, Q'C', is usually greater than the first term of etiua-
1.5.1 Parrlrioning tion (1-1?] and coritrihutes greatly to the average suspended load. These equatiniis
hold trtie for the mass of susperi-ded solids aa Well as the mass of adsorbed chemical.
A chemical is partitionerl into a dissolved and partieulate adsorbed phase based on
its sedimeiit_-to-watetzpartition coeffici_ent,_ _K|,,.“'E`-The ciimeusionless ratio of the dis-
ttoltfed to the partictilate conceutration is the"'p1"oduct of the partition coefficient and 2.5.3 Bed Load
the concennntion of suspended solids. es-e_utpii1g_loei;l__eqttitibi'ium:
5e¬.'cra¦ formulas liatte been reported to calculate the rate of sedinierit motfeniettt
C,/C=K',M |[43}
very near the bortorrt. These eqtiatioris were developed for riiters and noncohesitte
scdimenm, that is, fine-to-cc-tirsc sands and gravel. lt is ìinportant to note thai ;: is
where CP = partieulate chemical coneentraticn, ¡tg 1"' not sands, but rather silts and cia)-is, to which most chemicals sorb. Thai-cfore il-ieso
equations are of iirriited predictivo va] ue in ei*i¬-rirortuieutal chemical modeling. Gen-
C' = dissolited chemical eoncentraricin, ¡tg L"
erally, bed load transport ìs a small iraciion of total sedintent transport (suspenden
K, = sedirneritfwaier partition coeffiuicnt, L 1-:gi load plus bed load)- ln estuaries, however, bed load transport of fine silts and ciays
M = suspcnded solids concetiiration., l-tg L* 11133' he an important c-ontribuior to the fate of chemical contaminante. Bed load
-r
consists of those pariieles that oreep, flow, or saltate very near to the bottom (within
The pertieulate and disse-li›ed corioetirratioris can lie cttlcttlated from lutoit'ledge of a few particle diameieisi. Figure 2.5 is a schematie of bed load and mspended load
the total concentration, C'¡-, as staied in equations (4-'lj and (45): _ in e srrearn or river. I

L
 at ststrts; True-tsPortT stooees -ff
H- Erfl “ei "¢'.“'-'¿ (57,
H.

-¬ _ - l ol ton - techiii- ues are- riescrihcti

' - for sitniï'
' le transport
.ln Ífl is Section il analytics s ui Ci .- , __ thmtht mudels dm
__
,1 i5¡._-;›¶-_=-, 11; ahaiilrl he reeogruz-ei:L horses er, f
mufmã Ef iàmìfiììsaì ,;m.1_¬¡ iba shfiplest, most ideal mìttiirg cooüitiflflä- 111 9-PÍÍE U
wh :re smbäd “F Lp H H - - h ¿tf te mare eorriplicated iiumerical results
this fact. 11125' THB? bl* CiU"-° useful m C E 1"" . . ~
- gatriirig
' ' 'irisighï
' T0 1he tlynamies of chemical movement iii trie emfirorimerit.
` ete e ti - ai tt te t-it te - :ii and tri

and |3 and Fi, are tleñneo above. The short-wave ratìiatitfe fluit cari be estimaietl frem
pyrohelioirieter data iwherc the fìeltl data are_gitfeii io cal cm": s-ljt, anti [3 'is D.-1. H I.-'Ti-1 Com PletelvD hiiìxeii Svstems
"

ls the ettpoiieritial decay coristarit for the ahsorption of solar radiauon with tieptli, 1,, ,ii._fl`¬;,-3,=¿a1 eampietely mixed system is ìllusuatetl, using a lake as au example. Fìåš
is the eievation of the bottom of the surface element, and : is the eleuatiori oi" inter- un: 1 9, The major assumptions ' 'irwo tvetl ìri this model
- are that the coricentiattori D
est. cheihicals in the lalte is uuiƒorm Ícofflpïflfïh' mìïfli-11 21115 131€ ïflkf ffufleï hi” H mn'
The long-wave radiativc Hurt is ceritreti'eri . C- and the coricenrration is the same ettergru-here within the iai-ie. Th@
mass balance 3-icltìs
Ft, = 1. ir ›< tu-1'-*i;s,,+ trata-c,_ ' ¿sat
e in M 3 ss in Mass ìri Mess
. reactìitg
where 8,, is the air temperature 2 m above the water surface PC). C¿ = 1 + ill '?fifi-ac- crìigaïš in = ìriflow - outflow ri: iri the iaite
¬{"'IïI_¬I-I'-ur tion cloudylì. The hack racliation is the lake
__ t,-1.192 =< iii-1* ii-i,+2rs)t ' rss; i This can be expressed matheiriaiìcally as
where ll, is the surface water temperature (°C]i. The eraporative heat flutt, lt,,, at the
surface is _ igincin-QoilLC±rV

_ _ _ _ _ _,
fi, = 2.13 I 104 W(_e_, - ea) [EG]
tt-hara C¡,, = chemical conceurtatiori tu iriflow, lvfl. 3
C = chemical coricetiitaiion iii the lelte and iri ourfiowt ML'
where tt- is the winti speed fl-cph}, e, is the saruratiori vapor pressure at the water sur-
Qu, = volumetric inflüv-' Iflïfii Í-yr"
face tmrn Hgl. and e,, is the ti-*ater vapor pressure (nun Hg). The contfeciire heat
ilwi, Fi,, ai the surface is (JW, = -.ialurneu-ic oirrflow rate. L3T'l
I" = volume ot" the lake, L3 f _
- _-. -- '- ' " orraatiori
F. ti,= 1.39 =-= 10-* h,{e,,-e,)P,J{a,-a,) - ist) r= reaction rate, ML 3T '. PDSIFWB Hfid flfãflflhfi SIEUS l“d“:3'¿'=
- and dccay reactions, respeGïI\"-'fll'
where i't,,, 8,, 13,, e, and e,, are tieñneel above, and P, is the atmospheric pressure t= timc,T
tf mm Hg).
ünce the net heat fluit, Fi,,,,,, is cietei-rrtinecl for each elemental slice of the lalte ia Ti-.ig tìmtt 35 -_*-ir appraaehes zero _r_ij¬.fes the ordiuary rliiïerentìal eqtiaiieri l:›e1ow.
the vertical dimension, it is possible to solve the system of equatioris represeritetl ìti
equaiíori (54); Gite must specify the siices {cie'vatious} where inflows ariti outüow
oecur í_Q,,_,-9,5. anti Q,¡liI,¿,}, and the vertical flows for each slice (Q,,,] base-:1 ou continu- Cl 5 Qu-i-cin" Qout C ± FF
try. There are ti equatioris (one for each siice) and ri uriltiiewits {E;,) when we rolee
the ìtiverse problem. The temperature profile is l-:nowri and we salve the system oi' The volume of the lake If'. fi DMt El -ati and 0
-aaa and inflow_ eoriceutraritm_ C,,., can los
equaiioris for 5_,{.-1), the vertical thertnal cliffiisivity values. ialtemaiively, a numerical '
time-riepentierit '
tfarialz-tias. ' ' to the comp l $1-¡Ít
ln acltiitioii P ' mixed assumptiflllt HFSUHP'
model cart bc utilizetl to soive the system of equatioris essuming various E2, profiles iiotts also may he made to simplìfy the cqnattoni
until the vertical temperature dela are aceurateh- aimulatetl.

H.

LJ
 'i'-il Transport Pltenonterin
2.7 Simple Transport Mo-tlels 75
.ff
Elis Cia i t-›iQ stantaneousiy irijected into the lake as in impulse ittpttt, equation (63) may he re-
-1.___i. ±.¡ |_. ¬.,
ti.
tlucecl to ' '_ .
1
1 ¿C ¬
i F -*P -'=- ÚC Ó-fl
tft' " Í J
(ai) E.Fl..l_TEl'¬l'T RESPÚHSE5 TU
mi “PULSE mm-T .tr-' ttteutss tio=trr Ditritiing by Fyieids
Tir-.†"-:
at: _ = ¿:.¬_ _
E- _- *cita T ififil
.E Llcn f"t
U K;-D

i
'I

K=CI ruhereffr = HQ `= mean hf_t'tir'aulic detention time (T). Vtfith an initial contiitioti oi' C' -=
ri rnaE.T 0 Tn.ti=.¬† CU at .r`= G, etpiatioiì (65) can he 'integrated as

fall ¢'3'1“~¬`U*"-TUUS WUT not etc-'tosarr asesor-ises ro - at':=- ; La: tesi

¿lia ['10-.L

.e u
A CoN'I'tNUot.ts nttfttt
P¦=Ú
¡UU
lntegrating equation (56) for the time ìnterval 0 to r yiel-tls l|
U Ca C = C0 exp (-.tf-r) H ' {t57}

D -runs, T ' U mus, T Equatìon (57) is the analytics] solution to en impulse input for ti eonservatiue n-acer.
l 5' ln the event that a reactiva chemical was spilletl into the 1_a_lt_e, eqnation (63) may
Figure 2.9 Schentatic ol' ti completely rniiterl laire, with ìnputs and er`flu-:nt responses.
he reduced to - -

t-o'C' .
if--=-OC-kCV E
dr " U1 1
1- The infiow concentratíoii C`¡,, is constant.
--¬-_ 2. The t-oltnnetric flowrare into and out ofthe lake is constant [Q-m = Qu”, = Q - -which can he soltf-ed similarly:
constant), and the volume of the lake If is constant fdl-hdr = Dj-
3. The rate of change in the concentration C that is occuriing within the lake is C = Cn exp [- (il + Ii"¬-)r] ' {t59]|
±¡-. _.“i|.-Ii:¡_, ,_.i¡_
governetl by a first-order reaction [r I -.lrC; note that the negative sign refers
to a cleeey reaction)- - Equation (oil) is the arial§.ftiea.l solution to an impulse input for reactiva suhstances.
Pi graphical sltetch of the responses to en impulse input for reactiva {l:`-¬-=- D] anti non-
Incoi-pnratirig these nssumptions, equatiorl (62) con ln: written es reaciiife (il: -= El) chemieals is shown in Figure 2.9.
U Response to a continuous load, such as a waste dischargc front a rnunicipality or
.rc = gq, -gc- t-ci' an industry to ii lalte, is also represeriieti by equation (63 1. which can he rettmiten as
ra E- rss)
I
4

Equation (63) is the general first-order tlecay equation for a completely 1¬¿1i;i;s-t-1 gps- .- _ -_
¿É
dt
+(iT +.t)c= 51
'r
tant
tem.
A response. to en accidental spill ufchctriical into a lake. for ett:-:u'i1plc, can he for- En nation (TÚ) has the form of a first-order, notihoutogeneous linear ditïerential
rnulateo' using the impulse (or cicltti} function ir' the ciischarge of ehcntical occurred "'-it'-`-i Ltation. Il' only the sgstiï-s_ta_te_concenttation is desired, then solution of equation
for a relatively short time perioclt For a simple cese, that consettfativc tracer is tn- i7"'-ll can he obtained noting that the change it_i eoncenrratíion is zero (.sr't'If'n'r = il). The
steacly'-state solution of equatiori (TU) is _-fpren .as:
Im I.

1.
 ¬

'le Transport Phenotnena ir' '

i¬i¬u.|i-tw.
I Qcin H Clin
'C“ Q+il-F 1+l.¬r Un i
_

where CH is the steedy-state concentraticn (hfflril. Note that there is no change in li _ "
ecneentration with respect to time, r. .-- _ 1 _ _ UÉ
“HI

ll" cnc tiesircs to see the change in eorieenrrauon with time, the nonsteady-state I I: __' I J I
ll Q
t" d linear dttïerenrial equstioii _-¡im-1-Iílï
¡.1-
solution can be obtained for equation (701, tt _ irst-or er i El
±

that has a general form: t. Ifl

'¦ ¡_
.-.r

_-:Í

1*' + .Billy “ sir) (71) 5 _.-.

4.

r II
'¦'
17- ,-
Li.
ti-'lili the general solution I I __ I'
__i
4:.
I
'¦.'."' _l¦
.i›-.aer i-rei] +=ii› t-Ptfiiliatp t-Ptiiiaite toi --¡'|
1
i I
where PU] = _fp{i') dt I
-í _:

' solution techtiiqiie

This ` ' a form of the mregranng
is ' ' factor tnethctl
' .Th e sol ii tion I ¬.. = l --
E-
of equation (TU) can he obtained as the integral equation: ' i
J I

C = CD E-(R + l."'r¦ll' + E.-Hi "' lÂI"l'].l I ¿Hi 5' Itffll' ,E-rm

hi' Ue npul
sepu;
i:›
-. i i Ú _ ph: í ._|ï_-í

ci
lIT1
üãll i

lritegratiiig this equation over the interval 0 to t yields I _t-ii

iJ 1
¿_
leoieay.
l ieumsam-andpu
'spiserotisei-lswei.e-ils,trcstel i
le
C .e C ¿.-ìt›.- uni .,. _É`i'n_ U _¿-it¬- teni) 'cut oí t
-4

° tt+i -¡_

-I-I
,_
--
,_n¡ic-lcly
Lai2
iitil
-to _.- S

-íhíïí-í-*_ enrespstoaclon-nsaestsetye _-

Note that the solution is cotriposed of two eoneentration changes: the first term on il. 1 I -.-

»J ala
stat
eady .1-

the right-liantl side of the equal sign represente “die-away" of the initial concentra- __ i
ot 1
fiaofcu

Í u_u
ímï-si

tion. and the second term represerits “huildup” of concerttration due to continiious " e-lil ¡-
to
ac
sesEI
sapo
h2l
ueonstant C1
Ett
ua2 _-¿L-¡ .ï_ _,-_ _-r

input. When r approaches infinity, equation (T5) reduces to equation U1), the
steadt'-state equation. ti'
fi 'i If si numher of laltejs are present in the series, these water horiies can he auaiyaed 2:- S-i:
Llfl
tuure

l l
colleetively. Figure lll) shows a series of laltes that consists of n equal-volume, lslLalie D
Q
Fgu
completely rniited laltes. as was done above for a single lake, the approa'cl_:i_ is hased Q.
É
..._

on ti mass balance aroiuid each lake of the series. li*-¿ei'oreÉriir_ipg _t¬ii_1_te-¬i_r_aris.hle_ so- i
Iutiotis, the steady-state s_olurio_n will he developed. tu _ E '¬_"'_'__
sepu npul
-The mass balance for the first lal-te is given es __, _-

..-
U -.-.

till
'stCaont
itell
rige =ccs-oct-reir _ _.

` rlr
and solvetl for l

'T7

iH'I|-_¦'1I¬-1I|I.-i- d
 _
tiainitsntti sus s1natu:i_tati|.uoo _;o aoqtunu out oi ic:-dset tptu s-asuoeisei 1i1snL¦¿;, sql (tal las-l daa “”'.:› = “ci
r-›.I¬|-1. ,-.|i .iI .,u¢,.¡i,.|
'i""'“_.¡,r,tf1,f] [esten sunus- atp oi pa.to.tt[op :lau initlui estncfuat out ,tt uottsnttaouoe [aii
I-.|
_'T-¡_
-tur :ini si '~l_j_t pnn {fi¡"“°*_,1) 1asso.t atttuo aqi _to autp uopusiop s'›t11s1ttss:i.ti:ie.i ,L stats.-si sptetaf “U = r :in i'5'"¿';,i -__.ï,_
|
ss ';;i so uoiiipuoa ¡saint ue tp_i_t-t r ot nt ra.-iisini stop atp .io_; (13) tiopenhc ãutiutãoiur
I
'i
iris) t.±=-tu-) «its [- = ":i ii;
liilu IF
tisi 'oö_ ~ = É it
¡iq ttsittã sq iieut teotuietp
.:i.in.ic:uiioit _1c utdut sstntlitit tra ot osnodset tuantga aqi '[11 a.in.ãi_.{ ut utiotts _ se uaiiiì eq iieiii :crei inn; atp io; aotrs[sq ssstu aq_1_ 'sacan
un Hit:atui.is+.itooc ii oiut poiuettrãas si tassaii Iotaiea-1 .to atte; e itttp aseo su-1 ur a.ti1uatasnoo ,to indut sstitdtui ue io; potttetqo oq uso nonntos orqstreit-ot`tïg1Tt_r_
fi_¿.¡ *artist [eiipptipui na_;o curp tiotitiaiap sip, si s ;,i_¡si,¡_-,-,
Ii[¿"¬f ir lil 9
(US) T " -Â? Il i.
issi (or-) rias T)
L .'ti-I)
'.,,.}.,.,% = ,,_; __ - se tic-.tm st :sat qiu sin ro; tiopn[os feotulteue -sin aiotaie-tu
'ai-re; msonsdri sin saietiãtscp ¡ - r.r pon uogisanh ui sottcigo .iaqntnu etp si it e_iat¦.-tt i il
se u:ii-.iã si tootur a.tt1c.uas
-iiiin to intiui astndtui tie :ataca: turn sapos tn sa:-¡t-:[ tt .log etnttuo; [atattaã atp snt[_1_ l-lt'-e ll ,_-
ltfiil -¡-:T = Q
Í 'P
i ti-
i .il _ fl L-:E I
ti tw t=,,.t.,._¿, zi .toi paiiros pue í'-h.I
i
i
spice-I .tot ”i”:t-t¬"Jö-l'":Jö = ii-1
“oa "
-.ti:,| iiuitciãoiut otp ãtttsn ãtttnlos pue (gg) uouenho oztit (gg) uopanbo Enpropsqng I.
I
se ueaiã si alter tpti atp to; eouepsq seem :itL¡_
1. _', ,tp 'ottip uoiiuaiop trate-no sip iou *aser ¡aitpiniput qasajo :top tiopuatep atp si s aseipii
“ll n*e= W s i-'~`ƒ+ ll
¦l$l1`H['E!q SSHIII åT.[I '¦I1'[E[ ¦|L[l. Jüj
tati illa
-*1--_- =f 3
II
J- . ` "spray,-I (¿¿] uottitnhe oiut (9¿) uoiienho ,io uoginitisqng "___
låfäl (if.-51-) dm W = Lt? .-
L1'-i-l
*jí-=zD
.toj potpsttt rotos; äurteiãattii aut ãiiisri patios sq uso (1,-pj ttotierihg
Jo; puntos pue ul-
tesi _ __f,_ i r *_ " + 'iia
to-1-}dt=='°“*;i ' to fos
_ .. _.. .IP
.«i~:it-i::›o- 'oo = ,_ii i'
arista fifltäfls-*ml sus (ts) estuche sin tjrs) Witsafia äaimtssafls JF
' Ii.
I
e ""ä:l¡ia'1"¡:íii`i':ioas aqi log
¬ .L li ¡P
lihgil H T:'j'_É=Ér' _
.f.-.¬¡f ¬ '
___ soittã :atar puoaos aqi 1o_,t eauernc ssetu :it|1
ist) -si I = ':.i H
"_""-""Ú" T"É'¬Í" `Í'¬"Í
-"" ""`|"""" ¬“:""' "" _ BIIEIl.Il|Jl]EII],¡_{ ]..lDdS7Il`E.I'_`[_ Q
 1.'I Simple Transport Models B1
.-
IU Transport Phienoittalll
I;lr-19]-r '-

3.'l.1_ _ P_lug-Flow Systems '

in Figure 1.1 I_ 'lfnepteater the number of oomparmients, the greater the tendency 1

toward plug-flow conditions. ,tin ideal plug-fiovr system is ill ustrated, using a river as an example, in Figure 2.12.
Equatio ` n |[E9} is povverñil because it provides eiìluent responses that are interins- 1 The major assumptioiis involved in this model are that the bull: ot' water ilotvs
¿lisis 1-ierviieen the ideal plug-llow model and the ideal completely mixed model ilin = doivtistream vvith no longitudinal mìiting (as a plug) and that instantaneous mixing
~1'tind ri == l in Figure 2.11). For lal-tes and reservoirs that have, in reality. plug- oi-v oeeurs in the lateral and vertical directions. ltj a one-dimensional (I-D) tt_i_odel.
un tl rl'isp cmicn characteristics, equation (S9) can be used vrith a hypbthetical num- The mass balance is developed around en incremental voliitiie F and is given es
her ol' coiripsrnnenis {ri) to.`- obtain the besti t"it to an impulse injection ofi. traeer, and i
- o .
ihus one can obtain the nioting characterisucs of the system for modeling o o er
f- Ih
-ili-L-9 = gc- pic + ac; -.ter (siii
|Ju-llutants. -.vr

-I

-.-i.-u-1-¡±i.|-i¬_|
I

/El -.-'fl fi?

" ` - - päsirl.-ur
i--ti -Iii-Í H 'H'==-Ú oc-«- -¦--t2tc+sct
~« L
Q

lfim i I l l I. l l l l l
-s i-¡_-¬i-¬ -i
ì-_--.-

-ist-I i
"~.
f' .±-tr..o_4 f
“l
.ql _;'C2

_ _¿;_¿_ _ _ _ s_ tell impulse input la2l tra

Movement of a plug of cc-riservati'-fa
cer downstrearn

ao '-
l cin CU

._ EPI" “ "'
c

ro* -
lr'""*'
2"'inletri tr =10 o rima. r ti rima. r it,
teatroace!ingeste1.0 _
'_ ti. = 1
1" _
;en P oi - n ' 5 ihll Eontinuous input (bz) atea,-Wtstete profile ol reactiva
1% _n = 2 chernicals
i

E eåüoncentre FP*F3'
hi-b
U1
xr
%_
C _-- C
¦fl

D
-u _-
i I

O o L tc ao s.c
ïi¡¬Tii'ne constante
G 1-
|
'II
U' Tifflfii t D _ Distance.: _

ll
¬.

Figure Lil A c -šalte and eftliient responses to an tnipulsc input ol' cciiiscrvativc Figure 1.11 Etchentatie of' plug-How system, 1-vitlt inputs and response profiles.

¦o
fi
tracert '
E-
t-

L.