UNIVERSITE ABDOU MOUMOUNI

FACULTE DES SCIENCES ET

TECHNIQUES : FAST

DEPARTEMENTS : TOUS

TOUTES LES L3

U.E : ANGLAIS SCENTIFIQUE

ENSEIGNANT : Dr. AMADOU ABDOURAZAC

. Page1 ENSEIGNANT: Dr. AMADOU ABDOURAZAC

 StUdy Oil me
and “Vi”
EHHAKH is natural science cuncerncd With me . gill-g:

that haw Datum as

Qlfgfll‘jbl'IJS‘ Numral snience deals: wiih the stud)’ 0f tlllngb‘

called Arlilieial. An organism is any plant, animal, fungus 0“ bade!

lum' FUHgUS

is an organism that resemblesa plant but has no leaves01‘ roots.

wrlh then
Are able to exchange matter and energy
surrounding and to respondto Changesin thosesurroundings. They can
transform

energy and matter into different forms accordingto their needs.

Matter is the general term for the material things around us. matter may be
classifiedby its physical state as gas2 liguid or solid. Matter may also be classified
by 1ts chemicalconstitution as an element, compoundor mixture.

An elementis a substancethat cannot be decomposedby any chemicalreaCUOD

into simpler substances.

A com ound is a substance Composedof two or more elements chemlcally

combined.

A mixture is a material that can be separateby physicaLmeansinto two or more

substances.

Gas is one of the three states of matter. A gas is an air like substancethat moves
freely to fill the spaceavailable. A gas has low densigy, widely spacedpanicles
and it is easily compressed.

Liguid is a state ofmatter betweensolid and gas. The particlesin a liquid are not
as free to move as in a gas.

Solid is a substancein physical state that resists changesto its size and shape.In
a solid, the particlesare closelypackedtogetherand are only able to Vibrate.

Energy is the ability to do work and is measured in units called joules. The
original sourceofai] energy is the
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volume d 2
Insanity
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Muss is tho quunlil}
ul‘nmltcr in u nmlcriul.
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of life
".1

and living
concernedwith the siudy
a: m V

Biology is the a";

grOWth’ origm’ evomuon’

organisms, mcluding their structurc, fUHCtiOIL a}.
'1
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distribution and taxonomy.

SUbdiViSiOHS, t013103 and 'I.

Biology is a vast subject containing many
‘5
-'5
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My
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disciplines.

My examines the rudimentary Chemistry Oflife-

biological molecules.
studies the complex interactions of systems of systems of

Cellular biolo examines the basic building block of all life, the cell is the basic
structural and functional Unit of all known living organisms.

Physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs
and organ systemsof an organism.

Ecology examines how various organism interrelate with their environment. It

studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the
interactions
betweenorganisms and their environment.

m-
'l
 NATURAL SCIENCE
In science, the term nnlurcl sciencerefers10 3.
naturalistic approachto the study
ol'the Universe, which is understoodas obeying rules
_
or laws ofnatural origin.
flg‘UL‘iilci‘se compriSCH everything we
perceiveto physically exist. the entirety
of space and time, all forms of matter and energy, and
the physical laws and
constants that govern them.

ln biology, an organism is any living system

(such as animal, plant, fungus, 0r
micro-organism).

An organism may be unicellular (single—celled)or

be composedof, as in humans,
many billions of cells grouped into specializedtissue (tissue a group of
biology
cellsthat perform a similar function) and organs.

The term multicellular (many—celled) describesany

organism made up of more
than one illis the basic structural and functional.
Unit of all known living
organisms. It is the smallestunit of life that is classifiedas a
living thing, and is
often calledthe building block ol’life.

Matter is a term that traditionally refersto the substancethat all

objectare made
of.

Matter is anything that has massand occupiesa volume bodiesare made

ofseveral
substances, and the properties 01’ matter (including mass and volume)
are
determinednot only by the substancesthemselves,but by how they interact. In
otherwords, matter is made up olinteractlng “building blocks”.

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',
is the study of‘thc origin, strucmrc, and con-Iposnmn of rocks, And
I
a
filljflLSQS‘iX: I

$39,ng i521 mixture oi'mincrui pul‘thICS making up part thc I’im‘th‘s; crusL Rocks ‘5'.

“m! [N CUI’Isulidutcd or unconsoliduLud. Rocks can be classified into three mam

{’17:

F. . I

WWI-33f Igneous, sct‘limenlzny, Lmd metamorphic.

Igneous Rock is formed when

magma from the mSldC 1 ‘ - . Ofthe Earth’s crust
Crystallizcs.
g

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K
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3-7

Secllmentgry R053 bcgms 10 Form . ,.

ad-

y. ,.
when cmstmg 10le Wealhcred and the
-
.-
~

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IS
fragmentsofthe rock are
deposited. .1

W
Metamorahlc
. Rocks are often
\ formed around an .
‘ .
lntILlSIOl’l
i
by the Mat
1 I

21 nd
Pressure.

weatherin is the Wearing d0an 01‘

rocks by the environment.

m
occurswhen rocks are broken
down by physical or chemicalweathering.

are naturel inorganic substances

which are needed for building Certain
body tissues.

Plants depend on minerals on

minerals in the soil, dissolvedin the
water and
absorbedby the roots. Animals obtain
minerals from plant or animal foods.

Vitamins are organic compounds required by

animals in small amounts to
maintain health. There are two groups; those
that are water soluble(B and C)
and
those that are fat soluble (A, B, E and K).
many vitamins are
destroyed by
cooking. ‘

Erosion is the removal ofthe weatheredparts

ofrocks.Erosion always involves
movement and rocks particles can be carried away by
rain, wind, rivers and
streams.

Environment: the environment consists of all the

conditions which surround an
organism and in which it

lives.®
 —.u—

L.
Ming :1 deephole or system 01' holes under the
. .4 ground from which coal, guld, or
'fi': other mincrui subsumccsare dug.
‘1"

. a:
*z To mine to dig or work a mine. To obtain by
': a
I. K
5'
a_.
digging from a mine.
. y
Mine. ~ detectoran instrument for dis-coveringthe
presenceofa mine.
Mine — field an area ofland or water in which mines
have been placed.
Mineral any of solid substancesthat are formed naturally
the earth. such as
in
stone, coal, salt, especiallyas obtained from the
ground for human use. Gold is a
mineral. The mineral wealth ot‘a countiy.

Mineralogy: the scientific study of minerals.

Mineral — oil: oil obtain from minerals as opposedto from plants or

animals.

Mineral water: water that comesfrom a natural spring and contains minerals often
drunk to impose the health. * a non—alcoholic drink with a particular taste sold in
bottles.

Petrol: gas, gasoline ~ a liquid obtained especiallyfrom petroleum used mainly

for producing powerin the engines of cars, aircraft, etc.

Petroleum: a mineral oil obtained from belowthe surfaceof the Earth and used to
producepetrol, paraffin and various chemicalsubstances.

Petrology: the scientific study ofrocks.

PetroleumJelly: solid substancemade from petroleumused in medicine for the

21

skin.

Petrochemical:a Chemical substanceobtained from petroleum or natural gas.

Coal: a hard black mineral which is dug out of the ground and burnt to produce
heat.

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magnetlg and

\
119210common hard metal that is used to make steel, is IS tound In
35-,
._.=_
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.3 VOW Small quantities in food and blood. It is a chemicalelement 3)“?1'7’01 F“- Z-'r. .
iii.

gm:
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3 heavvwhim nmofnl +1.,” :n 1)n,1:mm..:,m MA 1'0 mm! m nmduce Nuclear it:I_=_

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power and mlCleal‘ H-

i‘.‘

weapons.It is a chemicalelement symbol U. L;

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M:
:

' 3'...
a very hard gl’e)’ l‘OCk, often used in building.
Gold: a valuable soft
yellow metal that 1s . ewelleryetc _ 1't is
. used to make coms,J
' ,

a Chemical element: symbol Au.

Diamond-.a clear
> ‘
I el)’
~
hald
.
valuable stone, used IHJBWGUCI')’
. . .
and m Industry.
.

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as; ‘

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a multiplié par b

a
facteur de b

sur b
M
Symbolesulilim’ngLMzll‘hématiglfifi
Symbols used in [\v'lathenmtics

2
Z

=
31-13

a.b

a/b ;%
3 times b
a times b

a over b ; a by b; a aboveb
E

a plus b
: 3+b aplusb
a moins b
2 E1 “ b a minus b

a plus b ur c
= T
a+b
a+bbyc;a+b0verc;a+bab0ve C
F de x (fonction) I fix) function x
A prime = A, A prime
A second
= A” A doubleprime
a au carré 2 a2 a
squared
a puissancen 2 an a to
the n‘he power
racine carré de a 2 Va squareroot of a
racine cubique de a 3 3x5 cubique root ofa
a égale b I a = b a equals b
a plus grand que b = a> b a greaterthan b
a plus petit que b = a< b a lessthan b
a différent de b = a i ba not equal to b
a identique 2‘1 b = a E ba identically equal to b
a inférieur ou égale a b — a g ba equal or to lessthan b
a supérieur ou égale a b ‘- a 2 ba equal or to greaterthan b
AB paralléle 21 CD : AB II CD AB parallel to CD

-NSEIGNANT : Dr. AMADOU ABDOURAZAC 'P n ‘c'

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LES NOMBRES ORDINAUX a by“ .

*‘n: :.

Delft
,
a. 12 l). A Eartir de 13 .
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"x'l:
Firs—t i 15' Il suffit d’ajouter— th au nombre cardinal entre 13 61 19
,_.

Secogg I 2“d
Thirteenth :
13th '
:1".
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Thiig 3 3rd
Fourteenth : 14‘“ ‘

Fouflh 4H1
Fifteenth : 15m

=*= Fifth . Slh

Sixteenth : 16th

Sixth 6 lh
Seventeenth : 17th

Seventh 71h
Eighteenth : 18m
Eighgh 81h
Nineteenth : 19m The 9 reappears
Ni 3th _
9th

Tenth 1 1 01h

Eleventh : 1 1 "1

*Twelfth : 12‘"

c. Pour les nombrcsterminus par — ty, on

changecetteterminaison en ~ tieth
Twenty Twentieth 20‘h
Hundred Hundredth
:
:
:
: 100‘h
Thirty Thinieth 30lh Thousand Thousandth
:
:
:
: 1.000‘h
Fourty :
Fourtieth : 40‘h

Fifty :
Fiftieth : 501h

Sixty :
Sixtieth : 60‘“

Seventy : Seventieth : 70‘“

Eighty :
Eightielh : 80'“

Ninety :
Ninetieth : 90”I

(1. Attention aux deux (2 lettrcs u’il faut a'outer aux nombresterminég
par 1. 210113.

215‘131~“:22“d ;
 e. L‘unnne on 'l‘rung‘uib‘ lea Hombresordinaux 50m
précédés de l‘arliclc défini
THE. II l'au! bicn 1-: prunonccr (di) [2i] dcvam8‘“, J l”
Ci]€5i‘101115 commcngum
par un son voyclle animal, electricity,
:
hour,
Cet article 56 prononceméme quand on ne
l’écrit pas ; par exemplepour les
dateset certains titres.

Dates: Thursday, July 15 2004 SC

”‘
lit: Thursday, July the 15‘h 2004.
Titres: Georges1H Georgethe third.
JonesPopeI] :JonesPOpe the second.
King Mohamed VI King Mohamedthe sixth.
Queen Elizbeth I Queen Elizbeth the
 COHSJSI u! d1ffer~
Mathemam 0.. "mm is the study ormunbcr and space.Muthcmulw
ent topics like algebraand geometry.

numbers. A natural
A number is a Symbol usedfor counting. 1. 3, 3: 4, 5... are natural
number is a positive integer. The natural numbers are 1. 2. 3, 4» 5- ~ A“ integer is any Whom
-

number positive or negative, including zero.

The Set of natural numbers is another name for the. set of counting “"m bch' The set
of counting numbers is the set of numbers people first used to count things SUCh 33 5116613»
cows, donkeys, camels, etc. the set of of natural
counting numbers is the same as the set
numbers and is a subsetol‘the integers.

Whole numbers: the set of whole numbers 1s

. [he set whosemembels
. me In“ 1'
- zero and the t‘

ral numbers. Whole numbers = {0, 1. 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7. 8 ...}

Note: the natural numbers or counting

numbers are not usually consideredto include zero.

Set: A set is any collection ofthjngs. The

membersofa set could be numbers, names, letters,
shapes,matrices. etc.

Examples: The set of vowels is {a, e. i, 0, u}. The set of traffic-light colors is = red, green,
yellow.

When we use some elementsofa set A to form a new

set, the new set is calleda Sub-
setof A.

Example: ifA = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {3, 5‘ 7}. Then B is a Subset ofA

When we put the elementsofA and the elementsofB into

21 set, this new set is called
the Union ofA and B.

Negative Numbers

A negative number is a number less than zero. For example -4.9. —27, —O.451 are negative
numbers

Negative numbers are used to count or measure in the opposite

sense to the positive
numbers. They are marked with a — (minus) Sign.

Directed Numbers Show measuring or counting in two different

directions
1
i
Page
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figanmlc: 4‘0 {:0 -l() (\LM,,-4E
The set of numbers used for the higher reading culled positive and are wmclinwr; marked
I

with a + like this {+l, +2., +3, +4! +5. . . }.

The set of numbers used [01‘ the lower readings arc culled negative and arc marked
with a — like this: {—6, -5, —4. -3: -2‘ —l m}

Cardinal Numbers

Cardinal numbers describethe number of objectsin a collection. The number olelcmcnlsin a

set is a cardinal number. The cardinal numbers are 0, l, 2, 3.

Ordinal Numbers

An ordinal number describesa position in a number sequence.For example: First (1“), Sec-
ond (2“), third (3”), fourth (4m). .. are ordinal numbers.

Whereasa number is a symbol used fora number. For examplethe Roman numeral V
representsthe number 5.

In a fraction we have numerator and denominator

The numerator is the number abovethe line in a fraction. For examplein the fraction 5/7, the

numerator is 5.

The bottom of a fraction. below the line is called the denominator. In the fraction 2/3, the
denominator is 3.

There are also

Number bond

A number bond is a pair of number wirh a particular 101a]. For example thesc number bond

make 10: 1+9; 2+8; 3+7: 4+6; 5+5.

Number line
—+—+—£—+—i———$—+—%——+
It is a line with a scale: showing numbers in order: -4 -3 -2 -] 0 2 1 3 4

Page n
x}
 has numbers :nslcnd of wards
A . . ' l
a qtatmnem used 19 mathematicswinch
I V

number sentenceIS

For example: 2 + 3 = 5 is a number sentence

Number square

A number squareis a square grid with cellsnumbered in order.

e.g.:

45

Mixed Number

A mixed number is a number which is a whole number with a fraction.

1 1 a 3
Examples: 35, 29.756. I8;

Note: 3. 1/2 is the sum 3+1/2

Odd Numbers

Odd numbers are natural numbers. Odd numbers do not divide exactly by 2.
Odd numbers
are thoseending in l, or 3, or 5, or 7, or 9.

I - Numbers Continued and Ended

l — Even Num her

When an even number is divided by two, [here is no rcnminder. For

example2 4 6 8 ’ a a 9

10 are evennumbers.

Even numbers are numbers that can be divided exactly by two (2). The even
numbers are the
multiples of 2.

2 — Prime Number

A prime number has only 2 factors, itselfand 1. e.g.: l7 =17 x 1/13= 13 x l.

Page
6
 2,
3. 5, 7. l 1, l3. l7. and
all prime nnmbcrs. A prime
1‘) am"
number is a number that is not a
rectanglenumber. A rectanglenumber is a
number that can be Shown 2m 3 pattern
nfdols in
the shapeofa rectangle.lixnmplc: (» I 2 x 3.

3 — Compositenumber

A compositenumber is whole number that has factorsother than one and itself.
21
E.g.:
12 is a compositenumber because 12 : 3 x 4. We talk also about prime
factor. iiie prime
factor is a factor that is at prime number. Whereas a factor is a whole number which exactly
divides another whole number. 3 zmd 5 are factorsof 15.

4— To factorisePower of a Number

The powerofa number is lhe result ofa nmlliplication usingjusl that number.

Examples: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8

2x2=4

2x2x2x2x2=32
A number to the power2 is said to the squared.72 is 7 squared= 7 x 7 = 49

A number to the power3 is said 10 be cubed. 33 is cubed= 3 x 3 x 3 = 27

5 — To factorise means to break up or separateinto factors. For example24 may be factor-

isedinto2x3x4or4x60r3x8
The term factoriseis used with the same meaning in algebra. For examplex2 + 5); +6

may be factorisedinto (x +2)(x + 3).

II — Other MathematicalExpressions

6 — Unit fraction: a unit fraction has numerator 1 and any integer as denominator.

7 — Decomposition: Decomposition is a venical methodof subtraction.

is an equation containing unknowns to a maximum

8 — Cubic Equation: A cubic equation
power 013. Example: y = ,x + 3x 2 - 5x is a cubic equation.
9 — Coefficient: A coefficient is a number or letter multiplying an algebraic term. For exam-

ple in 21x2 + bx + c, the coefficientOH“ is a. and the coefficient()I‘x i5 b.

Page/fl
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 '
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a ,
f
l
- Axis: coordinatesare '
10 An axis is the horizontal or vertical line on a graph from which
M J;
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measured.
a
"r x

gs;
“ill.

Example
" ‘13;

1'55.
pl

0 +x

11 To cancel: to cancel is to simplify

—
numcmlm and clwominator b)/ a
a fraction
‘ ' by divmg
‘' ~ ‘
-v >

common factor.

Example: Slmphfy
. .
a fractxons
.
by cancellmg: 26 ; G;
. 22
5 45
6—0

And to simplify something is to make it easierto

understand

Page
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Whether you are attending classes,working in an office, or participating in

recreationalactivities, you use computerseveryday. Even
activities in your
daily routine - typing a report, driving your car involve the
use of
computers. Computers have become the tools people use to
access
information and communicate with others around the world.
Today,
computersare everywhere.

To be successful in today’s world, you must have a knowledge and

understand 0d computersand their uses.

Page
ENSEIGNAM‘ : Dr. ['\2\’I/-‘\l)()lg‘ ABDOURAZAC

(L327?
 "-
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What is a Computerand what doesit (In? A},

1.; _ '
'

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N

A Computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of A mu“-

.u-
i?
,
,sz ‘B
instructions stored in its own memory that l
can manipulate the date according to ~ ’52:
I
. at“:
Specified“1135 (Process),produce
results (output) ant store the results for future in
':

use. .u'

Data 18 a COHCCUOH of unorganlzed

. I .
facts, whlch
'
can molude
.
words, nu mber
11nages, and sounds.
I
Computers mampulate
' ' and pIOCGSS ‘
data
' to create
information.

Information is data that is

organized, has meaning, and is useiui.
Examples
are reports,newsletters,a
receipt, a picture, an invoice, or a
Check.
Data enteredinto a computeris
calledinput the processed results are called
output. Thus, a computerprocesses
input to createoutput. A
computeralso can
hold data and information for future use
in an area called
storage.This cycleof
input, process,output, and storageis
calledthe information processing
cycle.
A person that communicates with a computer or uses the information
it
generatesis called a user.

The electric, electronic, and mechanical

equipment that makes up a
computeris called hardware.

Software is the seriesof instruction that tells the hardware

how to perform
tasks. Without software, hardware is useless; hardware
needs the instructions
providedby softwareto processdata into information.

Page
r .ICNSEIGNANT : Dr. AMADOU ABDOURAZAC

Q9,
Lesson 2

The Comgonentsofa Comguter

A computer consists of a variety of hardware components that work

togetherwith software to perform calculations, organize data, and communicate
with other computers.

These hardware components include input devices, output dmices, a

systemunit, storagedevicesand communicatedevices.

21) Input devices

An input deviceallows a user to enter data and commandsinto the memory

of a computer.Three commonly used input devicesare the keyboard, the mouse,
and a microphone.

A computer keyboard contains keys that allows you to type letters of the
alphabet, numbers, spaces,punctuation marks, and other symbols: A Computer
keyboardalso contains specialkeys that allow you to perform specificfunctions
on the computer.

A mouse is a small hand held device that contains at least one button. The
mousecontrolsthe movementof a symbol on the screencalleda pointer.

A microphoneallows you to speakto the computerin order to enter data and

control the action of the computer.

b) Output devices

An output deviceis used to conveythe information generatedby a computer

to a user. Three commonly used output devicesare a printer, a monitor. and
speakers.

Page
ENSFKGNANT : Dr. AMADOI'
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A printer producestext and graphics, such as photographs,on paperor other a.

g
“£7
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hardcopy medimn. A monitor which iooks iikc a Lclcwsmn scrum 1.9 used to ‘3-

display text and graphics. Speakers allow you to hear music, voicc: and other
Mk 1..
Ag

|
#1

sounds generated.by the computer.

L

. f,

C) System Unit

The system unit is a box—like casemade from metal or plastic that housesthe
computerelectroniccircuity. The circuily in the system unit usually is putt for 01‘
IS connectedto a circuit board called the motherboard.

Two main componentson the mother board are the Central ProcessingUnit
(CPU) and memory. The Central Processing Unit (U.P.U), also called a
processor,is the electronicdevicethat interprets and carries out the instructions
that operatethe computer.

Memory is a series of electronic elements that temporarily holds data and

instructions while they are being processedby the CPU.

Both the processorand memory are chip. A chip is an electronicdevicethat

contains many microscopicpathways designedto carry electricalcurrent.

The processorand memory are internal becausethey reside inside the system
unit.

The keyboard, mouse microphone, monitor, and printer, often are located
outside the system unit. Thesedevicesare consideredexternal.

(1) Storagedevices

Storageholdsdata, instructions, and information for future use. Storagediffers

from memory, in that it can hold theseitems permanently, whereasmemmy holds
theseitems only temporarily while they are being processed.

Page
ENSEIGNAN'I‘ ; D_r. AMADOU ABDOURAZAF
a.
fi'

Storage medium is the

A physical material on which
data, instructions. and
information are stored(a disk fol
cxauipie).

Storagedeviceis used to record

A information to and from a storage
medium.
Storage devicesol’ten functions as a
source of input becausethey transfer
items
from storageinto memory. Four (4)
common storagedevicesare a floppy drive, a
hard disk drive, a CD—ROM drive, and a
DVD-ROM drive. A disk is a devicethat
readsfrom and may write onto a disk.

e) Communications devices

Communications devices enable computer users to communicate

and to
exchange items such as data, instructions, and
information with another
computer. Communications devices transmit these items over
transmission
media such as cables, telephone lines, or other means used to
establish a
connection between two computers.A modem is a communications device
that enables computersto communicate via telephonelines or other
means.
Although modemsare available as both external and internal devices,most are
internal; that is, contained within the system unit.

Page
ENSEIGNANT : Dr. AMAIXHF ABDOURAZAC
“‘2
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CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

Chemicafi93am
A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that maHUfaCtures
chemicalsusually on a large scale. The general objectiveof a chemicalplant IS
to createnew material wealth
Via the chemical or biological transformation and
or separationof materials.

Chemical plants use special equipment, units, and technology in the

processes.Other kinds of plants, such as polymer,
pharmaceutical, food, and
some beverage production facilities, power
plants, oil refineries or other
refineries, natural gas processingand biochemical
plants, water and wastewater
treatment, and pollution control equipment use mane
technologieswhich have
similarities to chemical plant technology such as fluid
systems. Some would
consider an oil refinery or a pharmaceutical or polymer
manufacturer to be
effectivelya chemicalplant.

A by—product secondary or incidental product deriving from a

is a

manufacturing process,a chemical reaction or a biochemical

pathway, and is
not the primary product or servicebeing) produced.A
by-product can be useful
and marketable, or it can be considered Major by-products are from
animal sources,vegetation, and minerals x petrochemicals.

LECTURER : Dr. AMADOU ABDUURAZAC P21{4‘3

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Instructional waste, commercial,and industrial
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Hazardouswaste, radioactivewaste, and electronicwaste;
Biodegradablewaste.

LECTURER : Dr. AMADU L‘ A Bl)OURAZA( Page

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ABDOU MOUMOUNI UNIVERSITY

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Facuity of Sciencesand Techniques
HydrogeologyDepartment

Hydrogeology (hydro—meaning water and — geology meaning the study Of the

Earth) is distribution and
movementof ground water in the 501] and rocks of the
Earth’s crust. The term
geohydrolotwis often used interchangeably.
In ECOIOE)’; the Lust is
the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or
natural satellite, which is
chemicallydistinct from the underlying mantle.
The Mantle is a part of a
terrestrial planet or otherrocky body large enough to»—
havedifferentiation by density.

A terrestrialPlanet is a planet composed. of silicate rocks or metals. Within the

solar system, the terrestrial
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planets are the inner planets closestto the

sun.
An Aguifer is an
underground layer of water bearing
unconsolidated materials (graveL sand. ..) permeable rock or
from which groundwater can be
extractedusing a water well.

GROUND WATER
Ground Water is the amount of water that
is available beneath the
the Earth. It is mostly used as fresh surface of
water as it is obtained from natural springs
and man-made wells. In almost all
rural areas of the world, people
ground water for all their needsincluding mostly use
drinking.
Ground Water is rain water that has
filtered through the soil to reach
impervious rock bed. It is also the water that has an
seepedinto the ground from
lakes, ponds and rivers. Ground Water can be
polluted especiallynear big cities
and industrial areas.

Dr. A madou ABDOURAZAC,

Lecturer

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5'! Biodiversity
Biodiversity or biological diversity
means the existenceof a large
different kinds of animals and plants number of
which make a balanced environment,
Biologist most often define biodiversity
as the totally of genes, speCIes
ecosystemsof a region”. and

Another possible definition is that

' forms at all levels of biological
"Biological diversity is the variety of life
systems (eg: molecular, organismic,
pogulation, speciesand ecosystem,.”. .

One textbook’s definition of biodiversity is "variation of life at all levels of

biological organization”.

Genetically, biodiversity can be defined as the diversity of alleles, gens, and

organisms. Genetics make individuals of the same speciesdifferent from each
other. It is important for groups of plants and animals, including people,to have
genetic diversity. It allows groups to adapt to changes in their environment,
such as a changein the climate.

Climate change affects air and ocean temperatures,the length of seasons, sea
levels,the pattern of ocean and wind currents, levelsof precipitation, as well as
other things. These changesaffect the habitats and behavior of many different
species.Many will not be able to adapt fast enough and may becomeextinct.
N.B. For the underlined words, seethe GLOSSARY KEY WORDS.
The different aspectsof biodiversity all have a very strong influence on each
other. We have to understand the relationships between living things and their
environments.

Biodiversity also helps us in our day-to-day lives.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
The Environment can be broken down into some basic units: biomes,
ecosystemsand habitats. A biomc is a city. So there are many ecosystemsin a
biome. And a habitat is like a home. There are many homesin an ecosystem.
Everything that lives in a ecosystemis part ofthe web oflife, including humans.
Each speciesof vegetation and each creaturehas a place on the earth and plays a
vital role in the circle of life. Plants, animals and insect speciesinteract and
dependupon one another for what each offers such as food, shelter, oxygen and
soil enrichment.

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Weather is descnbedas the specmc :73

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place and time. This can be w1th

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cleamessor cloudiness. Sir;

1. Why do weatherCOI‘ldlthnS constantly change-

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Factors responmble
‘ . for the weather condltlons ale
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' tempelaLure, air
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pressureand moisture.

- When air movesfrom placeto place at varying notes of speed, we call it

the wind.
The hotnessor coldnessin the weather
- is calledthe temperature.
Weight which is exertedby the air is
- calledthe air pressure.
- Presenceof water in the atmosphereis calledthe
moisture.
2. What are the different seasons
in the atmos here?

Summer season _._ ,V

Summer is the warmest seasonof the year. It is

time when the sun shines most
a
directly overthe land. Summer includes the
months of June, July, and August.
Autumn season ., ,

The season between summer and winter is

autumn. It includes the months of
September,Octoberand November.It is the time of the
year when leavesfall
from the trees, and so autumn is often calledfall.

Winter season
Winter is the coldestseason of the year. It includes the
months of December,
January, and Februaly.

Spring! season
One of the seasonsis spring, which usually includes the months
Ofmareh, April
and May. Rainy weather occurs often in the spring, a time
of the year when
plants and cropsbegin to grow.

3. Formation ofclouds

When water vapor in the air is cooled and condensed,clouds are

l’ormed. A
large of tiny water dropletsfloating in the sky are presentin the clouds.
They
appear in a variety of shapesand sizes depending on how and Where they
formed.

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some clouds are white and
ulhcrs black. due to the
which makes [hum 100k dark. The thickness of a cloud
thicker the cloud the darker it WU!
appear.
4. Wind

The atmospherethat surrounds the

earth is a big layer of air. The air with
layer movesfrom place 10 place when it this
warms up or coolsdown. This moving
air is known as wind.

Wind is causedby heating of the

atmosphereby energy from the sun.
Two features of wind, its speed and its
direction are used in describing and
forecastingweather. The wind speed is measuredwith
an instrument called an
anemometer,and wind direction with a weathervane.
5. What is climate?
Climate is the averageand variations of weather in a region over long periodsof
time. The climate of location is affectedby its latitude, terrain, as well as oceans
and their currents.

The branch of sciencethat studies climate is called climatology. Hotter climates

are found in the tropics, colderones around the poles and warm or temperature
climates in between.
6. TEMPERATURE

Different parts of the world receivedifferent amounts of heat from the sun. the
amount of heat dependson latitude, distance from the equator, and time of the
year. At high latitudes, a similar amount of the sun’s rays is spreadover greater
surface area than at the equator becauseof the curve of the earth. The rays also
have to travel through a greaterthickness of atmosphere.The tilt inclination of
the earth and its annual motion round the sun are responsiblefor the movement
seasonaltemperaturechanges.

7. FLOODS
Flood is a body of water that coversnormally dry land. Most floods are harmful.
They may destroy homes and other property and even carry of the top soil,
leaving the land barren. When people are not prepared, sudden and violent
floodsmay bring huge losses.Rivers, lakes, or seasmay flood the land.

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 8. FORMATION OF FOG

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Fog IS a collection of tiny water dropletsthat float the air. Fog lOOkS “kc 3
in
cloud and is formed near the ground. When warmer moist air passesover cool
ground it is formed. The air cools and water vapor turns to droplets when this
happens.In this way the fog is formed.The fog can often be seen in the morning
as the ground becomescold during the night.

Biome: The characteristicof plants and animals that exist in a panicular type Of
envu‘onment, for examplein a forest or desert.

Ecosystem: All the plants and living creaturesin a particular area COHSldered1“
relation to their physical
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What is the Universe
Universe?
People in the past thought that
other far away regions which
the planets and Stars.
THE UNIVERSE

the universe consisted of their

Today, it is rightly believedthat

Thus, the universe includes the entire

own region and
they had heard of along with the Sun,
the Moon

the universe is the whole of spaceand time and

everything in them — matter, light, and all
other forms of radiation and energy.
solar system — along with our Earth and
even/thingon it. All the stars including the sun are the parts of the universe
The bodiesin the universe are big as well as small.
too.

COSMOS and COSMOLOGY

The Cosmos
Cosmosis a term used in Astronomy as well refersto everything
as physics. It
that exists — from the smallest atoms to the huge heavenly bodies that are far
away from us. This word has come down from the ancient Greek word ~
Kosmos— which means well — ordereduniverse or world.
Cosmoloo= \'
Cosmology means study of the origin, structure, development, behavior and
future of the cosmosor universe.

SIZE OF THE UNIVERSE

No one knows about the limits oftheUniverse. But all the scientists agreeon the
point that the universe has been expanding ever since its origin. The galaxy —
clusters are flying further apont. As a result, the universe is getting larger and
larger days after day.
What is a star?
A star is a shining ball of gas. It is formed when a cloud ol‘ hot gas and dust
condensesinto a globe—like form. The heat of a star comes from deep inside
where hydrogen has turned imo helium. This helium gives out nuclear energy.
The colour of a star tells a lot about it. Sometimes a star may start giving off
more light and grow into a red, yellow or even blue giant star. Not only this, it
may grow even larger and hotter to becomea Super-giant star.

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THE STAR SYS'I'EMS

A
star system (galaxy) is like an independentstar—crty
and dust in it. They are all held togetherby_
formed soon after the universe had come ll’ltO
werejusthuge clouds of gas—mainly hydrogen
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TYPES OF GALAXIES
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The galaxy, of which our

solar system is a part, 13 called the ' r
Besidesit, threeother galaxies can M1114]? W1}
be seen from the Earth With the na e eye n
dark clearnights. They are:

l. Andromedawhich can be
seen in the northern hemisphere
2. Large Magellanic .
cloud they can be seen in the southern hemlsphere
3. Small Magellanic
cloud
Galaxies fall into four types in
respectmeir shapes:

a — Spiral Galaxies

b Barred Spiral Galaxies

—

c — Elliptical Galaxies

d — Irregular Galaxies
WHAT ARE CONSTELLATION S
The Word — Constellation — refersto a certain area ofthe sky
stars in it. Till now, the sky has along with all the
been divided into 88 constellations
Various constellationshave different shapes. in all.
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The Earth us Ecosvstem

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ehmate, 8011, water, air, nutrients
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organization 1n nature. It 13 made up
(non-llvmg or physical) environmenn including
and energy.
Ecologrstscategorizethe elements
that make up or affect an ecosysteminto six
(6) mam parts. These are: the
sun, abiotic substances,primary producers,
primary consumers,secondary
consumersand decomposers.
The sun the source of all living thing our entire biosphere (life—8124101?)
is
is
driven by its massiveheat engine.

The biosphereis heatedby solar radiation. It is warmedjust enough by the

the sun’s rays to support life on the Eaith. The biosphere’s life support systems
are formedby a variety of chemicaland physical processes.

The sun is the ultimate sourceof energy for all living things on thin Earth.
The sun’s rays warm the whole planet so that every living being may survive.
Plants need sunlight to prepare their food. They are eaten by animals. Some
other animal eat plant eaters.Man eats both plants and animals. In essencewe
—

are all recycledsunlight.

Water from oceans, lakes and rivers is evaporatedinto the atmosphereby

the sun. As a result water is changed into water vapor. This water vapor takes
the form of clouds and results in rain and grows. When the rain comesdown, it
flows into lakes and rivers. Thus the water cycle starts again.
When the atmosphereis hit by sunlight, 3O % ofit is reflectedoff into the
space. Almost half of it helps in heating the atmosphere,the land and the sea.
The water cycle, the winds and the ocean currents receiveone quarter of this
sunlight.

Some of the sun’s heat is absorbedby carbon dioxide, water vapor and
other gasesin the atmosphereto be directedtowards Earth to make it warm. The
ozonelayer protectsus from harmful effectsof ultraviolet rays.

The food chain starts with plants and animals which eat grass are called
herbivoresor grass—eating animals. Animals which eat flesh of other animals are
called carnivores or flesh-eating animals. Bacteria and other micro—organisms
change dead plants and animals into useful nutrients which are taken up by the
soil. Thus, plants use thesenutrients to start the food chain again.

The Three CyclesNitrogen2 Carbon and oxygen

—
The Nitrogen Cycle: It the circulation of nitrogen among the atmosphere,
is
soil, water, plants and animals ofthe Earth. All living things require nitrogen but
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gaseousmtrogcn
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of the air.
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The Carbon and Oxygen

Cycles: All plants and animals on this
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require to live by carbon and Oxygen
important biological molecules
are composedof carbon and oxygen 3
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nitrogen and hydrogen. ONE EV H

Carbon particularly is an Important
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organic compounds. component 0 3

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Air is mixture 01‘ gases

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atmosphere when the wind

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that surround the Earth, 11 is uficn
ennui the
blows; it is the air you feel against your lace.
[\‘loving air is culicrl
wind. Wilhout air; the Earth would be just a iliCiL‘SS world
similar to the. moon.

Air shields the Earth from certain

harmful rays from the sun and other
objects in the outer space. At the same
time, Air traps much of the heat that
comes from the sun. In this way, Air
helps keep the Earth warm enough to‘
support life. Clouds that form high up in the air fall back on Earth the MIT“ 0t
rain and snow. All living things must have
air and water to survive We also
need air to hear. Sound needs [1 medium like air to travel. l‘he Earth has 3
plentiful supply ol‘air.

But the quality of air depends largely on the. amount of industrial wastes and
other pollutants that peopleadd to the atmosphere.Polluted air harms our health.
It also injures plants and animals, damagesbuilding materials and even affects
the weather.
What is wind?
Wind is a form of air that movesquickly as a result of natural forces.Blowing of
Wind can be felt when the weatherchanges.

A difference in air pressureis what causes the wind to blow. The greater the
differencein air pressure,the strongerthe winds.
The Gases in the Air
The main gasespresent in the air are nitrogen and oxygen with traces of
carbon dioxide and solid panicles.
Oxygen is life supporting colorlessgas which is found in the atmosphere.It is
required by living things for respiration. This gas is neededto help in burning.
About 21 % of the air is oxygen.
Nitrogen makes up nearly 78 % of the atmosphere.It makes an important part
of protein moleculesthat are found in the living material of the tissues of all
living beings — humans, animals and plants. It is the most abundant gas.
Carbon dioxide is a, colorlessgas. lt has no smell and can dissolvein water.
Carbon dioxide is released into the air when animals respire and when fossil
fuels burn.

A moleculeof carbon (C02) has two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom...

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Sulphur Dioxide is produced by burning fossrl tuels, espeCially
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coal. Sulphur
dioxide is poisonous and causesbreathing problems. It also CllSSOl‘x/Cb' in ldill LU
hmke acid rain.

Structure of the atmosphere I

Scientist divide the Earth’s to differences into four layers

according to
differencesin temperature.The layers, from the lowestto highest altitude are:
1. The troposphere
2. The stratosphere
:
3. The mesosphere
4. The thermosphere
1

- The troposphereis the layer of the atmosphereclosestto the

Earth — the
layer in which we live.
The stratosphereextends from the tropopause to about 50
—
kilometers
abovethe Earth’s surface.
The mesosphereextends from the stratopause to about 80
—
kilometers
abovethe Earth.
- The thermosphereis the uppermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere.It
begins at the mesopauseand continues into the outer space.The air in the
thermosphereis extremelythin.

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