Robotics

ETCHING - Chemical Etching is done with ferric chloride, ammonium persulfate, or  Sometimes
hydrochloric acid.

Drilling - Holes through a PCB are typically with tiny drill bits made of  solid tungsten carbide.

Solder resist- Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with a polymer solder  at recist
(Solder Mark) coating

Prished Circuit Assembly After the printed circuit board (PCBs) is completed, electronic
components must be attached to form a functional printed circuit assembly.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PCB

1. Breadboard - this is a way of making a temporary circuit, for testing purposes or to try out an
idea. No soldering required and all the components can be re-used afterwards. It is easy to
change connections & replace components.

2. Stripboard - Stripboard has parallel strips of copper track on one side. The strips are 0.1
(2.54mm) apart & there are holes every 0.1 (2.54mm)

3. Printed Circuit Board - Printed Circuits Boards have copper tracks connecting the holes
where the components are placed . They are designed especially for each circuit & make
construction very easy. However, producing the PCB requires special equipment so this method
is not recommend if you are beginner unless the PCB is provide for you.

PCB Problems & Solutions

1. Design flow
                          - Poor PCB Design can lead to open circuits, short circuits & heat damage.
Design Problem could lead to:

• Acid traps: If traces are laid out at sharp angles, etching acid can become trapped at the
intersection & eat away the conductor. This leaves an open circuit in your PCB.
• Narrow traces: When PCB's include traces, the thin metal conductor can break or wear off the
PCB, leaving an open circuit. Compounding the problem, the broken conductor can migrate
elsewhere on the PCB, shorting out other components & circuits as it moves.
• Edge short circuit: If a conductor is near an edge, it can short out against conductors in other
PCB layers
• Starved thermal : If a thermal relief has insufficient space to transfer heat to the plane or a heat
dissipating fin, heat will build in the PCB & damage solder joints & electronic components.

• soldering float

SOLDERING FLAWS

• Open Circuit:  The solder fails to provide a physical & electrical connection between the
component pin & the PCB pad.
• Short Circuit: The solder provides a bridge to a different component or pad.
You can connect soldering defects by repairing the defective joint. However, you need testing
equipment to identify the bad joints causing PCB problems.

COMPONENT FAILURE
              Defective or damaged electronic components can cause issues. Im addition to
replacing failed components, manufacturer would need to identify the source of defective
components or determine how the components were damaged. Your investigation might lead
back to design claw or manufacturing problem.

AGE & PHYSICAL DAMAGE

Heat, dust, natural material decompositio can cause PCB's lead to malfunction. For example,
humidity inadvertently introduced during PCB manufacturing can vaporize at normal operating
temperatures. This vapor can push the layers of the PCB apart in a process called delamination.

       Delamination can also result from thermal stresses introduced into the PCB based material
during manufacture. Most delamination issues can be solved by observing proper PCB storage
protocols.