EXPERIMENT 8

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)

AIM:

To understand different type of techniques and how to make PCB.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

PCB, Ferric chloride solution, Driller.

THEORY:

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect
electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring
board(PWB) or etched wiring board. Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the simplest
commercially produced electronic devices. A PCB populated with electronic components is called
a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA).

Types of Printed Circuit Boards

1. Single Sided Board

This is the least complex of the Printed Circuit Boards, since there is only a single layer of
substrate. All electrical parts and components are fixed on one side and copper traces are on the
other side. Single-sided PCB means that wiring is available only on one side of the insulating
substrate. The side which contains the circuit pattern is called the solder side whereas the other
side is called the component side. These types of boards are mostly used in case of simple circuitry
and where the manufacturing costs are to be kept at a minimum. Nevertheless, they represent a
large volume of printed boards currently produced for professional and nonprofessional grades.
The single-sided boards are manufactured mostly by the print and etch method or by the direct
technique by using a die that carries an image of the wiring pattern; and the die is either
photoengraved or machine-engraved. Normally, components are used to jump over conductor
tracks, but if this is not possible, jumper wires are used. The number of jumper wires on a board
cannot be accepted beyond a small number because of economic reasons, resulting in the
requirement for double-sided boards. Double Sided Board This is the most common type of board,
where parts and components are attached to both sides of the substrate. In such cases, double-sided
PCBs that have connecting traces on both the sides are used.

2. Double-sided Printed Circuit

Boards usually use through-hole construction for assembly of components. With two-sided
boards, traces can now cross over each other, increasing density without point to- point soldering.
The Double Sided Printed Circuit Board that we offer are individual PCB that are stepped up onto
a bigger panel, tooled with fiducially marks to assist assembly and are bridged (using break out
pips) or scored so boards can be freed from the panel. It allows many PCB to be manufactured at
once and also means many PCB can be assembled together that reduces the process time. The
double sided printed circuit boards are available in various technical specifications and some of
them are:

• Hot air solder leveling tin lead

• Electro less nickel

• Immersion gold

• Immersion tin

• Surface coatings

• Photo image able solder resist in various colors (green, red, blue)

• Various colors (white, black, yellow)

• Component notation (silk screen legend) two pack epoxy ink

PROCEDURE:

PCB Manufacturing Process:

1. Draw the PCB layout using proteus software.

2. Take a laser print of the PCB layout.

3. Clean the copper side of the PCB.

4. Place the Printed paper on the copper side and iron it using an iron box (Keep a cotton cloth
above the paper in order to make sure that the paper don't get burned).

5. After properly ironing, dip the PCB board into water, in order to remove the paper.

6. Dip the PCB in Ferric chloride solution.

7. Wash the PCB using water and clean it.

8. Remove the unwanted PCB.

9. Use a driller to drill the PCB at required points.

RESULT:
Studied different PCB types and fabricated single side PCB.
 EXPERIMENT 9

LED BLINKING CIRCUIT USING ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM:

LED blinking circuit using astable multi-vibrator with transistor BC 107

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Resistors R1 - 470 Ohm R2 - 22kOhm R3 - 22kOhm R4 – 470 Ohm Capacitor C1 – 47

μF / 16V C2 - 47 μF / 16V Transistor Q1 - BC 107 B Q2 - BC 107 B LED L1 - LED Standard, 5
mm, red L2 - LED Standard, 5 mm, red

THEORY:

This is a simple flashing LED circuit with 2 LEDS and 2 NPN transistors. It illustrates the
behavior of transistors and capacitors and if you use an oscilloscope it will be very easy to
determine what happens in this astable multivibrator circuit. It9s state is constantly changing and
this change affect the flow of current and voltage and the effect will be visible with the two
LED9s.The speed of the LED flasher may be adjusted with resistors and capacitor values. Being
an astable multivibrator, the circuit has no stable state but oscillates continuously between the two
states back and forth. The two transistors T1 and T2 turn and lock each other by turn. The smaller
the capacitor value is and the smaller the resistance, the appropriate LED goes out faster, for the
benefit of other, who then immediately turns on. The transistors do not necessarily have to be
BC547B, you may use BC238 or similar small-signal transistors. It is recommended to always use
the equivalent transistors. If one of the transistors is defective, wrong or have a malfunction, so
does this to the full functionality of this circuit. One LED lights up and the other is dimmed. The
two flashing LED circuit is designed for 9 volts but it works at lower voltages too.in this design
we used red LED but by changing the series resistors R1and R4 you can also use different LED
colors
PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the dot and components using knife or blade

2. Tin the components after applying appropriate flux

3. Place the components and solder them neatly

4. Remove the excess leads using wire cutter

5. If need extra connections use insulated single strand wires

6. Provide wires for VCC and ground properly

7. Observe the output with your convenience

RESULT: LED blinking circuit have been set up and viewed.

 EXPERIMENT 9

SQUARE WAVE GENERATION USING IC 555 TIMER

AIM:

Square wave generation using IC 555 timer in IC base.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

555 IC, Resistrors: R1 and R2 6.8K Capacitors: C1 =0.1uF, C2 = 0.01uF

THEORY:

In the 555 Oscillator circuit above, pin 2 and pin 6 are connected together allowing the circuit to
re-trigger itself on each and every cycle allowing it to operate as a free running oscillator. During each cycle
capacitor, C charges up through both timing resistors, R1 and R2 but discharges itself only through resistor,
R2 as the other side of R2 is connected to the discharge terminal, pin 7. Then the capacitor charges up to
2/3Vcc (the upper comparator limit) which is determined by the0.693(R1+R2)C combination and
discharges itself down to 1/3Vcc (the lower comparator limit) determined by the 0.693(R2.C) combination.
This results in an output waveform whose voltage level is approximately equal to Vcc – 1.5V and whose
output ON and OFFtime peiods ae determined by the capacitond esistos combinations

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the dot and components using knife or blade

2. Tin the components after applying appropriate flux

3. Place the components and solder them neatly

4. Remove the excess leads using wire cutter

5. If need extra connections use insulated single strand wires

6. Provide wires for VCC and ground properly

7. Observe the output with your convenience

RESULT: Generated square wave using IC 555 timer.