Ehandout Basic Training PDF

BASIC TRAINING
COURSE
Name: _____________________________________________
Batch No.: _________________ Instructor: _______________
02 – 206 Basic Training: FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING Page No. 1
STCW Code Table A-VI/1-2
BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING
This training material is specifically design to

aid delivery of the course.
No part of this document may be reproduced
without approval of the MTC management.
Mae T. Bereña
Head of Operations
STCW
• International Convention on the
Standard of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers.
• Came into force in 1978 as
Governments agreed to standardize
training for seafarers who are
working onboard commercial ships.
• STCW Regulation –sets the mandatory minimum requirements
• The STCW Code

Part A of the Code is mandatory. The minimum standards of
competence required for seagoing personnel are given in detail
in a series of tables.
Part B of the Code contains recommended guidance which is
intended to help Parties implement the Convention.
Regulation VI/1 -Mandatory minimum requirements for safety

familiarization, basic training and instruction for all seafarers
• STCW Convention Regulation VI/1

1. Seafarers shall receive safety familiarization and basic training or
instruction in accordance with section A-VI/1 of the STCW Code and
shall meet the appropriate standard of competence specified
therein.
2. Where basic training is not included in the qualification for
certificate to be issued, a certificate of proficiency shall be issued,
indicating that the holder has attended the course in basic training
STCW Code Section A-VI/1

Basic Training
Seafarers employed or engaged in any capacity on board ship on the
business of that ship as part of the ship’s complement with designated
safety or pollution-prevention duties in the operation of the ship shall
before being assigned to any shipboard duties:
Shall receive appropriate approved basic training or instruction in
-Personal Survival Techniques
-Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting
-Elementary First Aid
-Personal Safety and Social Responsibilities
Competence : Minimize the risk of fire and maintain a state of readiness

to respond to emergency situations involving fire
• Shipboard fire-fighting organization
• Location of fire-fighting appliances and emergency escape routes
• The elements of fire and explosion (the fire triangle)
• Types and sources of ignition
• Flammable materials, fire hazards and spread of fire
• The need for constant vigilance
• Actions to be taken on board ship
• Fire and smoke detection and automatic alarm systems
• Classification of fire and applicable extinguishing agents
Competence : Fight and extinguish fires

Fire-fighting equipment and its location on board, instruction in:
1. fixed installations
2. fire-fighter’s outfits
3. personal equipment
4. fire-fighting appliances and equipment
5. fire-fighting methods
6. fire-fighting agents
7. fire-fighting procedures
8. Use of breathing apparatus for fighting fires and effecting rescues
• To meet the minimum standard of competence as required in Section

A-VI/1 of the STCW Code as amended
• The course is designed to successfully demonstrate the competence in
Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting
At the end of this course, trainee will enable to:

• maintain a state of readiness to respond to emergency situations
involving fire;
• take appropriate measures for the safety of personnel of ship by
minimizing the risk of fire ; and
• fight and extinguish fires using the fire fighting appliances
correctly.
Learn, understand and perform the practical training part of this module
1. Course Lectures
2. Course Practical Exercises
conducted in sub-group per class batch
3. Course Assessments:
administer at the end of practical exercise;
Written (30%) passing mark is a pre-requisite for practical assessment.
measure the trainees’ ability to demonstrate skills required in
Practical (70%) the STCW standard of competence.

Learning Objectives
• Explain the contents of the station bill/crew muster list
• Explain the duties and responsibilities of various fire parties
involved in fire fighting
• Explain the crew emergency plan
• Lists the special duties

and duty station of
each member of the
crew during
emergencies, and the
signals for these
emergencies
A signal to summon all persons

onboard to proceed to the Muster
Station plus the Public Address.
• Seven (7) short blasts;

• One (1) long blast of the ship’s
horn/whistle;
• the Public Address of the
Master / Captain.
• A fire alarm is sounded as

continuous ringing of ship’s
electrical bell or continuous
sounding of ship’s horn.
• Upon discovering a fire the first
action is to sound the fire alarm
• Audible (for cargo ships) and non-
audible for passenger ships
The Emergency Response Teams dealing with emergencies shall

be indicated in the Shipboard Emergency Plan and every duty
of crewmembers shall be in the Muster List.
Emergency response teams are:
 Command Center
 Engine Control Team
 Fire Teams #1 and #2
 Support Team
Command Center –to tackle an

emergency successfully, a central
command has the vital part for
receiving and sending the order to the
different emergency teams. The
command center is being headed by the
master and a senior officer who have
internal and external communication. It
needs to be authoritative in every
manner to face any worst scenario and
pass the correct command for the
teams.
• Engine Control Team –being

commanded by the Chief Engineer or
Senior Engineer Officer, this group
controls all the activities related to
machinery space. They are involved
when extra manpower is required
under any circumstances. This team
keeps the propulsion and electricity
running while the emergency is
happening.
• Fire Teams #1 and #2 (Primary

Teams) –sometime commonly
known as the primary party. This
team is headed by the On
Scene Commander. Taking care
of direct assessment and
reporting of the emergency
situation to the command
center, they are the primary
teams who will try to control the
emergency situation.
Support Team –gives assistance to the primary party. They work as a

back up under the command of an Officer in coordination with the
command center (lifeboat preparation team, medical team, search
and rescue party).
• When the vessel is at Port, a special guideline or procedure

is being implemented with regards to the Shipboard
Emergency Organization onboard.
In an emergency, the best course

of action to protect the
personnel, ship, marine
environment and cargo
requires careful consideration
and prior planning. Standards
for shipboard procedures to
protect personnel, stabilize
conditions, and minimize
environmental damage when
an incident occurs should
therefore be developed.
The variety of plans to be incorporated in the system should be

simple documents which outline procedures different from those
used for daily routine operations. With normal operational
procedures very difficult problems can be handled, but an
emergency situation, whether on the ship at sea or in a port, can
extend those involved beyond their normal capabilities.
An emergency can occur at any time and in any situation. Effective
action is only possible if pre-planned and practical procedures
have been developed and are frequently exercised. The
Contingency Plan provides guidelines and instructions that assist
in making an efficient response to emergency situations onboard
ships
If the vessel encounters a dangerous situation that may

develop into an emergency, it is extremely important that the
whole crew know exactly what they should do to save their
lives and minimize damage.
It is worth stating that an abnormal condition need not
necessarily be cargo related, it might be in the engine room,
or involve deck machinery such as a mooring winch failure
for instance. Any condition that could compromise the
vessel’s ability to carry out a smooth, incident free operation
may be considered abnormal.
The crew must be drilled to take certain actions more or less

automatically. However, nobody must act without
considering the superfluous consequences.
These plans should be used actively during emergency drills.
The objective of an emergency plan is to make the best use
of the resources available. This will be the shipboard
personnel whilst the ship is at sea but may include
resources from shore when the ship is in harbor or passing
through coastal waters.

Learning Objective
• Identify the fire-fighting appliances and emergency escape
routes and its location onboard.
FIRE CONTROL PLAN

The Fire Control Plan is a mandatory requirement of SOLAS
convention described in Regulation 15 of Chapter II.
The fire control plan provides us information about

fire station on each deck of the ship, on various bulkheads,
and in spaces enclosed by class divisions.
FIRE CONTROL PLAN

Plan must show the following details:
• Control stations
• Various fire sections enclosed by
“A” class divisions
• Sections enclosed by “B” class
divisions
• Particulars of the fire detection and
alarm systems
• Particulars of splinker installation
FIRE CONTROL PLAN

Plan must show the following details:
• Particulars of the fire-extinguishing appliances
• Means of access to different compartments, decks, etc.
• Ventilating system including particulars of the fan control
positions, the position of dampers and identification
numbers of the ventilating fans serving each section.
FIRE CONTROL PLAN

General arrangement plan shall be permanently exhibited
showing clearly for each deck
SOLAS II-2 Regulation 13

General Requirements
 Unless expressly provided otherwise in this regulation, at
least two widely separated and ready means of escape
shall be provided from all spaces or groups of spaces.
• Lifts shall not be considered as forming one of the means of
escape as required by this regulation
Alternative escape routes e.g. engine

room, accommodations, cargo
holds, etc.
Arrangement of means of escape -Passenger ships

Basic requirements for stairway widths
• Stairways shall not be less than 900 mm in clear width. The
minimum clear width of stairways shall be increased by 10 mm
for every one person provided for in excess of 90 persons. The
total number of persons to be evacuated by such stairways shall
be assumed to be two thirds of the crew and the total number of
passengers in the areas served by such stairways.
• Below the bulkhead deck two means of escape, at least one of

which shall be independent of watertight doors, shall be provided
from each watertight compartment or similarly restricted space or
group of spaces
• Above the bulkhead deck there shall be at least two means of
escape from each main vertical zone or similarly restricted space
or group of spaces at least one of which shall give access to a
stairway forming a vertical escape.
• Stairway enclosures in accommodation and service spaces shall
have direct access from the corridors and be of a sufficient area
to prevent congestion, having in view the number of persons likely
to use them in an emergency.
Means of escape plans shall be provided indicating the

following:
• .1 the number of crew and passengers in all normally occupied
• spaces;
• .2 the number of crew and passengers expected to escape by
• stairway and through doorways, corridors and landings;
• .3 assembly stations and survival craft embarkation positions;
• .4 primary and secondary means of escape; and
• .5 width of stairways, doors, corridors and landing areas.
Arrangement of means of escape -Cargo ships

• Stairways and corridors used as means of escape shall be not less
than 700 mm in clear width and shall have a handrail on one side.
Stairways and corridors with a clear width of 1,800 mm and over shall
have handrails on both sides.
• Clear width is considered the distance between the handrail and the
bulkhead on the other side or between the handrails. The angle of
inclination of stairways should be, in general, 45°, but not greater
than 50°, and in machinery spaces and small spaces not more than
60°. Doorways which give access to a stairway shall be of the same
size as the stairway.
Arrangement of means of escape -Cargo ships

• At all levels of accommodation there shall be provided at least
two widely separated means of escape from each restricted
space or group of spaces.
• Below the lowest open deck the main means of escape shall be
a stairway and the second escape may be a trunk or a stairway.
• Above the lowest open deck the means of escape shall be
stairways or doors to an open deck or a combination thereof.
• Exit routes must be located as far away as practical from each other
in case one is blocked by fire or smoke.

Learning Objective
• Explain the elements of fire and explosion (The Fire Triangle)
FIRE
•A “chemical chain reaction” or known as a “rapid
oxidation” that produces “heat and light” in the form of
flames, gases and smoke.
is a colorless & odorless is any substance which

gas & one of the reacts chemically w/
composition of air which is oxygen & produces
approximately 21% by flames or burns
volume
is a form of energy generated by transformation of

some other forms of energy as in combustion or
burning

FUEL SOURCE - MATTER

• Anything that occupies space & has weight and mass.
• There are essentially 5 states of matter
 gas
 liquid
 solid
 plasma
 superfluid (such as a Bose-Einstein Condensate)
OXYGEN SOURCE
COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR
OXYGEN: 21 %
NITROGEN: 78 %
OTHER GASES: 1%
100 %
16% to 21% of Oxygen can support good combustion
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
Atmospheric gases scatter blue light more than other wavelengths,
giving the Earth a blue halo when seen from space.
 Nitrogen 78.0842%
 Oxygen 20.9463%
 Argon 0.93422%
 Carbon dioxide 0.03811%
 Water vapor about 1%
 Other 0.002%
HEAT SOURCE
• Spark
• Friction
• Lightning
• Hot surface
• Open flame
• Static electricity
A graphical representation
having a four equal
triangular side illustrating
how chemical chain
reaction interacts with fuel,
heat and oxygen
FIRE SQUARE
•
• SUFFICIENT FUEL (Vapor)
• SUFFICIENT AIR (Oxygen)
• HIGH ENOUGH HEAT (Temperature)
• UNBROKEN CHEMICAL REACTION
FUEL
to vaporize & burn.
OXYGEN
to combine with the fuel vapor.
HEAT
to increase the temperature of the fuel vapor to it’s ignition
temperature
CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION
It is a series of events, each of which causes or influences each
succeeding events, or it is the result of the chemical chain reaction
among the fuel, heat & oxygen.

Learning Objective
• Explain the types and sources of ignition onboard ship

RADIATION
Transfer of heat from
a source across an
intervening space.
• In heat transfer, Radiation refers to the

emission of energy in rays or
waves. Heat moves through space as
energy waves.
• It travels in straight lines at the speed
of light.
• Most of the preheating of fuels ahead
of a fire is by radiation of heat from
the fire. As the fire front gets closer,
the amount of radiant heat received is
increased.
Transfer of heat through solid body
• The heat from the fire is passed

from molecule to molecule along
the length of the material.
• The fire will generally follow the
heat or sometimes the heat
from conduction may cause a
new fire to ignite elsewhere.
CONVECTION -Transfer of heat through the motion of

heated matters.
• As air is heated, it expands. As it

expands, it becomes lighter then the
surrounding air and it rises.
• The cooler air rushes in from the
sides. It is heated in turn and it also
rises.
• Soon a convection column is formed
above the fire which can be seen by the
smoke that is carried aloft in it. This
�in-draft� of cooler air helps to
supply additional oxygen for the
combustion process to continue.
Learning Objectives
• Identify the flammable materials commonly found on board
and its fire hazards
• Explain the methods of fire spread and phases of fire
development
Oxidation
Stages of Temperature
Flammability
a chemical process in which a substance is

combined with oxygen, giving off energy
usually in the form of heat.
Slow Oxidation
rusting of iron rotting of wood
Rapid Oxidation
fire combustion
Flammable Materials in
accommodation areas
• Ordinary combustible materials such
as wood, cloth, paper or other
materials included in
accommodation spaces
• Cooking oil, fat or grease or other
galley or kitchen materials
• Energized electrical equipment
Flammable Materials in engine room

spaces
• Involve flammable and combustible
liquids and gases such as gasoline,
oil, lacquers, paints, mineral spirits,
and alcohols
• Energized electrical equipment
• Combustible metals such as
aluminum, magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, sodium, and potassium
Factors of spread and fire development

• Conduction, radiation and heat flows are factors that
contribute to the spread of fire.
• In fact, the spread of fire takes place when there is an
equalization in temperature between the fire and its vicinity
through the above mentioned factors.
STAGES OF TEMPERATURE
• Flash Point
lowest temperature; will burn
“temporarily” when a spark or a
flame is applied
For example, gasoline has a flash
point of approximately -40
degrees C (-40 °F) and is more
flammable than ethylene glycol
(antifreeze) which has a flash
point of 111 °C (232 °F)
• Fire Point
temperature is a few degrees higher than flash point; “will burn
continuously” even when a flame or spark is applied or removed
• Auto/ Self Ignition Point

will burn “continuously”, w/o the application of spark or an open
flame
• Flammability
a measuring factor or characteristic of a certain material to ignite
and its ignition depends on its configuration or volatility.
• Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)

 the smallest percentage of a gas (or vapor) that will make an
ignitable air-vapor mixture.
 if there is less gas in the mixture, it is too lean to burn.
•Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)

 the greatest percentage of a gas (or vapor) in an ignitable air-
vapor mixture.
 if a mixture contains more gas than the UFL, it is too rich to
burn.
• Flammable Range
the range of the mixture of air & flammable gas or flammable
vapor of liquids that must be present in the proper proportions for
the mixture to be ignited.
•Burning Speed
the burning characteristics of a certain fuel to burn faster than
other fuels and the burning rate of a solid fuel depends on its
configuration.
•Burning Temperature
the lowest temperature at which a substance will burn without
continued application of an ignition source.
Galley Accommodation
Cargoes Engine Room
• Faulty Electrical Circuit & Equipment

• Fuel Oil Transfer & Service
• Welding & Burning Operations Operation
• Unauthorized Construction Spontaneous
Ignition
• Galley Operation
• Cargo holds
• Careless smoking
INCIPIENT PHASE
The oxygen content in the air
has not been significantly
reduced & the fire is
producing water vapor,
carbon dioxide, perhaps a
small quantity of sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide &
other gasses.
FREE BURNING PHASE

Oxygen rich air is drawn into the flame
as convection carries the heat to the
uppermost region of the confined area.
The heated gasses spread out laterally
from the top downward, forcing the
cooler air to seek lower levels, &
igniting all combustible material in the
upper level.
SMOLDERING PHASE
Burning is reduced to glowing
embers with an oxygen content
below 15%, little flames, but
dense smoke & high heat fill
the area.
METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT
Cooling
to reduce the temperature of the fuel vapor below its
ignition temp.
Smothering
to reduce the amount of oxygen below the need for
combustion
 blanketing
 oxygen dilution
Starving
to cut off the supply of fuel vapor.
Inhibiting
to disrupt the chemical chain reaction that keeps the fire
going.

Learning Objective
• Explain the need for constant vigilance in combating fire
Regular Training and Drills
Safe working Practices
Good Housekeeping
Preparation for Emergencies
Periodic Inspections
Fire prevention
Fire can be prevented by following the below points:
• Good housekeeping is essential in all areas of the ship
• Laundry equipment is to be switched off when not in use. Electric

irons must not be left unattended when switched on.
• Galley equipment is to be switched off when the galley is left

unattended. Galley equipment is only to be used by authorized
catering staff.
• Clothes and other flammable materials must be kept clear of

radiators, hot equipment and systems.
X
• Paints and painting materials are to be returned to the paint store

on completion of daily work.
• Smoking regulations are to

be strictly observed - Do Not
Smoke in Bed!
• Spillages of oil, paint,

solvents or other flammable
liquids are to be wiped up
immediately and rags
disposed of correctly.
Welding or burning is
carried out properly
• Frequent safety rounds of the engine room

Learning Objectives
• Explain the duties and responsibilities of a fire patrol
• Explain the actions to be taken by a patrol to prevent fire
onboard ship
Fire patrols in passenger ships

Fire patrols
For ships carrying more than 36 passengers an efficient
patrol system shall be maintained so that an outbreak of
fire may be promptly detected. Each member of the fire
patrol shall be trained to be familiar with the arrangements
of the ship as well as the location and operation of any
equipment he may be called upon to use.
Inspection hatches
The construction of ceiling and bulkheads shall be such that it
will be possible, without impairing the efficiency of the fire
protection, for the fire patrols to detect any smoke originating
in concealed and inaccessible places, except where in the
opinion of the Administration there is no risk of fire originating
in such places.
Two-way portable radiotelephone apparatus
Each member of the fire patrol shall be provided with a two-way
portable radiotelephone apparatus.
• Fire Patrol Rounds Plan
• Find
• Inform
• Restrict
• Extinguish/ Escape
Initial Action when discovering a fire or smoke

• Raise the alarm
• Inform the bridge
• Evacuate passengers and crew from the area of fire
• Isolate the area by closing fire screen doors, watertight door
and fire dampers
• If small fire extinguish, using portable fire extinguisher. Never
fight a big fire and wait for fire team behind vertical zone.
PROCEDURES IN COMBATTING FIRE

1. Sounding of the Alarm
2. Size up the situation
3. Attack
4. Prevent Exposure
5. Ventilation
6. Overhauling
7. S.A.R
Learning Objective
• Identify the characteristics of fire and smoke detection and
automatic alarm systems
• Explain the functionality of fire and smoke detection and
automatic alarm systems on board
Fire Alarm and Detection System

A key aspect of fire protection onboard ship is to identify a
developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and to alert
the officers and crew. This is the role of fire detection and
alarm systems.
Depending on the anticipated fire scenario and use type,
number and type of crew or passengers, and criticality of
contents and mission, these systems can provide several
main functions
• It provide a means to identify a developing fire through

either manual or automatic methods and second, they alert
officers and crew to a fire condition and the need to
evacuate.
• They may also shut down electrical, ventilation equipment
or closes all fire screen doors, and they may be used to
initiate automatic suppression systems.
Relays the alarm to those endangered by the fire
A fixed fire detection and fire alarm system shall be provided in
accordance with the provisions of the SOLAS Convention.
• Initial and periodical test
• Protection of machinery spaces
• Protection of accommodation and service spaces and control stations
• Requirements for passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers
• Protection on cargo spaces
• Protection of cargo spaces in passenger ships
• Fire alarm signaling systems in passenger ships
• Control Panels
The control panel is the "brain" of the
fire detection and alarm system. It is
responsible for monitoring the various
alarm "input" devices such as manual
and automatic detection components,
and then activating alarm "output"
devices such as horns, bells, warning
lights, emergency telephone dialers,
and building controls.
Manually operated call points

Manually operated call points complying with the
Fire Safety Systems Code shall be installed
throughout the accommodation spaces, service
spaces and control stations. One manually
operated call point shall be located at each exit.
Manually operated call points shall be readily
accessible in the corridors of each deck such that
no part of the corridor is more than 20 m from a
manually operated call point.
a device that gives

warning when fire
occurs in the area
protected by the
device
SMOKE DETECTOR
All fire emits “smoke &
gases”, often long before
open flames are visible.
activated when it is hit by

varying “infrared or ultraviolet
rays” from the flames.
The detector is activated

when the room temperature
rises about “70°C, it may
be required to be activated
at other temperature.
Learning Objectives
• Explain the classification of fire and the corresponding
extinguishing agents
• Classify fire and its applicable extinguishing agents
International Organization for Standardization

(ISO Standard 3941)
Fires involving solid materials, usually of an organic nature, in which
Class A combustion normally takes place with the formation of glowing embers.
Class B Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids
Class C Fires involving gases
Class D Fires involving metals
Class F Fires involving cooking oils
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 10)

Fires involving combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and
Class A many plastics.
Fires in flammable liquids, oils, greases, tars, oil base paints, lacquers, and
Class B flammable gases.
Fires, which involve energized electrical equipment where the electrical non-
conductivity of the extinguishing medium is of importance. (when electrical
Class C equipment is de-energized, extinguishers for class A or B fires may be used
safely.)
Fires in combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium,
Class D lithium, and potassium.
Class K Fires involving cooking grease, fats and oils.


Learning Objective
• Identify the fire-fighting equipment and its location on

board
• Fire being the most common emergency onboard needs

immediate response
• Fire fighting equipments must be easily accessible in
combating and controlling it
• The following are the fire fighting equipments commonly
carried onboard and where they are located.
• 1. Fire doors: Fire doors are fitted in

fire retardant bulkhead to provide
access from the same. They are self
closing type doors with no hold back
arrangement. Located in all access,
hallways around the ship.
• 2. Fire Dampers: Dampers

are provided in the
ventilation system of cargo
holds, engine room,
accommodation etc. in
order to block out excessive
oxygen supply to the
fire. For this, it is necessary
that open and shut position
clearly marked for fire
dampers.
• 3. Fire Pumps: As per

regulation, a ship must have
main fire pump and an
emergency power pump of
approved type and capacity. The
location of the emergency fire
pump must be outside the space
where main fire pump is
located.
• 3. Fire Main Piping and Valves:

The Fire Main piping which is
connected to the main and
emergency fire pump must be of
approve type and capacity.
Isolation and relief valves must
be provided in the line to avoid
over pressure of the same.
• 4. Fire Hose and Nozzles: Fire hoses with

length of at least 10 meters are used in
ships. Number and diameter of the hoses
are determined by the classification society.
Nozzle of diameters used on ship are of
dual purpose types- Jet and spray mode.
• 5. Fire Hydrants: Fire hoses are connected
to fire hydrants from which the water supply
is controlled. They are made up of heat
retardant material to get least affected from
the sub zero temperatures and also to
ensure that hoses can be easily coupled with
them.
Straight / Jet Stream

• can be aimed accurately
• has good reach
• must hit seat of fire to cool
efficiently
• run-off of water may be excessive
• generates very little stream
• Difficult to Aim; Limited Reach

• Excellent Cooling Abilities
• Generates Steam; Has small
Amount of Run-off
• Pushes Fire and smoke
• Does not have to Hit Seat of Fire to
be effective
• 6. Portable Fire
Extinguishers: Portable fire
extinguishers of CO2, Foam
and Dry Chemical Powder
are provided in
accommodation, deck and
machinery spaces carried
along with number of spares
as given by the regulation.
• 7. Fixed Fire extinguishing system: CO2, Foam, dry

chemical and water are used in this type of system, which is
installed at different locations on the ship and is remotely
controlled from outside the space to be protected.
• 8. Fire Detectors and Alarms:

Fire detection and alarm systems
are installed in Cargo area,
accommodation, deck areas,
and machinery spaces along
with alarm system to notify any
outbreak of fire or smoke at the
earliest.
• 9. EEBD: EEBD (Emergency Escape Breathing Device) is used

to escape from a room on fire or filled with smoke. The
location and spares of the same must be as per the
requirements given in FSS code, normally at the engine room,
machinery space and accommodation hallways and
accommodation areas.
• 10. Fire Fighter’s Outfit: Fire

fighter’s outfit is used to fight a
fire on the ship made up of fire
retardant material of approved
type. For a cargo ship at least 2
outfits and for passenger ship at
least 4 outfits must be present
onboard. Located in an easy
accessible deck for fast response.
• 11. International Shore Connection

(ISC): used to connect shore water to the
ship system to fight fire when the ship fire
pump system is not operational and is on
port, lay off or dry dock. The size and
dimensions are standard for all the ship
and at least one coupling with gasket
must be present onboard. Usually
installed on both side opening of ship and
mooring decks fwd and aft.
• 13. Fire Blanket

A fire blanket is a safety device
designed to extinguish incipient
(starting) fires. It consists of a
sheet of a fire retardant material
which is placed over a fire in
order to smother it.
• 14. Resuscitation Apparatus

A resuscitator is a device using
positive pressure to inflate the
lungs of an unconscious person
who is not breathing, in order to
keep them oxygenated and alive.
There are many different types
of resuscitation equipment and
accessories that assist in
providing oxygen into a patient.
Learning Objective - Fixed installation
• Explain the different fixed fire extinguishing installations found

on board
designed to be consistent with both the potential fire hazards

and the use of protected space of the ship.
• Fire Classes (A,B,C,D) of potential hazard

• Extinguishing agent to be employed
• Location of specific hazards
• Explosion potential
• Effects on the ship’s stability
• Methods of fire detection
• Protection of the crew
• Carbon Dioxide System

• Dry Chemical System
• Foam System
• Water Mist System
• Sprinkler System
• Fire Main System
• Drencher System
Carbon Dioxide System

A fixed installation designed to
displace the oxygen in the
protected space and thus
extinguish the fire, usually used to
fight fires in engine rooms, boiler
rooms, pump rooms and holds.
The system normally consists of a
series of large CO2 cylinders.
Dry Chemical System

Type of protection system that
use of a dry chemical
powder to extinguish a fire in
cargo hold areas.
Most dry chemical fire
suppression systems make use
of a large tank that is filled
with the dry chemical powder,
and then pressurized.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER HEAD

Sprinkler Heads Specification:

• The bulb breaks as a result of thermal expansion of the liquid inside
the bulb depending on temperature.
• Glass color:
 Orange (57˚C)
 Red (77˚C)
 Yellow (79˚C)
 Green (107˚C)
 Blue (121-149˚C)
 Purple (163-191˚C)
 Black (204-343˚C)
• Foam systems are primarily

water systems with either air or
nitrogen injected into the system.
Mechanical equipment includes
compressors, drill-string floats, a
rotating control device, a separator,
and a flare. The gas source
(compressor, etc) is a major cost in this
group. Commonly installed for engine
room, dangerous cargo areas,
machinery spaces and car decks.
• The water mist or high pressure fog

fire fighting system is installed for all
ship’s machinery spaces in the
engine room. The high-pressure
water mist/fog system provides water
mist protection during
emergencies to engine room areas
and machinery spaces. This system is
independent of any other fixed fire
fighting system such as foam or CO2
system.
Fire Main system

• A sea water supply system
for fire hydrants. It consists of sea
inlets, suction piping, fire pumps
and a distributed piping system
supplying fire hydrants, hoses and
nozzles located throughout the
vessel.
• Marine drencher systems are

used on ships to protect ro-ro
spaces, and some functional
units on special purpose
vessels. A system (usually
automatic) for protection
against fire which, when
activated, sprays water over a
large area in a systematic
pattern.
Learning Objectives - Fire-fighter’s outfit

• Identify the different fire-fighting outfit as per SOLAS
requirements
• Explain its purpose and use
Learning Objectives - Personal equipment
• Identify and explain the different personal protective equipment
used on board
• Explain its purpose and use
Fire-Fighter’s Outfit –SOLAS Requirement

A fire-fighter's outfit shall consist of a set of personal equipment
and a breathing apparatus.
Personal equipment is consist of:
• .1 protective clothing of material to protect the skin from the
heat radiating from the fire and from burns and scalding by
steam. The outer surface shall be water-resistant;
• .2 boots of rubber or other electrically non-conducting
material;
• .3 rigid helmet providing effective protection against impact;

• .4 electric safety lamp (hand lantern) of an approved type
with a minimum burning period of 3 h. Electric safety lamps
on tankers and those intended to be used in hazardous areas
shall be of an explosion-proof type; and
• .5 axe with a handle provided with high-voltage insulation.
Gloves
Smoke
Helmet
Breathing Apparatus
Fire Jacket Boots

and Trouser
• Approach suit - used for work in the general area of high

temperatures.
Ambient heat protection up to 93°C.
• Proximity suit - used for aircraft rescue and fire fighting.

Ambient heat protection:
Short exposure: about 1,093°C
Prolong exposure: about 260°C
• Entry suit - used for entry into extreme heat and situations
requiring protection from total flame.
Ambient heat protection:
Short exposure: about1,093°C
Prolong exposure: about 816°C
Breathing apparatus
• Breathing apparatus shall be a self-contained
compressed air-operated breathing apparatus
for which the volume of air contained in the
cylinders shall be at least 1,200 /, or other
self-contained breathing apparatus which
shall be capable of functioning for at least 30
min. All air cylinders for breathing apparatus
shall be interchangeable.
BREATHING APPARATUS
A device that provides breathing protection to the user.
“it should be a fundamental rule in fire fighting that no one

can be permitted to enter an enclosed space charged with
smoke and gas unless equipped with breathing apparatus.”
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
Compressed Air Breathing Apparatus (CABA)
Breathing Apparatus (BA)

Demand Type
A demand valve is design to provide
air flows as demand by the wearer.
Positive Pressure
With a full face mask and a demand valve to provide
a positive pressure inside the mask that gives
constant flow of air and prevent inward leaking.
• The breathing set is not dependant on remote supply

(e.g., through a long hose)
• Dependent carrying its own tank.
1
Parts of SCBA
5
1. Cylinder / Tank
2. Cylinder Valve
3 3. Harness
4. Regulator Unit
4 2 5. Mask with Valve
Standard duration cylinder tank weighing 6 liters with 300 bars

pressure
6 x 300 = 1800/40 = 45mins.- 5mins. = 40mins.
where:
• full duration is 45mins.
• working duration is 40mins.
• the safety margin to leave the scene of fire after hearing
the warning signal is 5mins.
Lifeline
• For each breathing apparatus a fireproof
lifeline of at least 30 m in length shall be
provided. The lifeline shall successfully
pass an approval test by statical load of
3.5 kN for 5 min without failure. The
lifeline shall be capable of being
attached by means of a snap-hook to the
harness of the apparatus or to a separate
belt in order to prevent the breathing
apparatus becoming detached when the
lifeline is operated.
Lifeline is use when entering a

confined space:
• contains high hazard
atmosphere
• a risk of entrapment
• other recognized health
and/or safety hazard.
agreed lifeline signals: O–A–T–H

Signals Tenderer to Wearer Wearer to Tenderer
ONE PULL Are you Okay Am Okay
TWO PULLS Advance Advancing
THREE PULLS Take up the slack Take up the slack
FOUR PULLS Help Send Help
Emergency escape breathing devices (EEBD)

• is a supplied air or oxygen device only
used for escape from a compartment that
has a hazardous atmosphere and shall be
of an approved type.
• EEBDs shall not be used for fighting fires,
entering oxygen deficient voids or tanks, or
worn by firefighters. In these events, a self-
contained breathing apparatus, which is
specifically suited for such applications,
shall be used.
Learning Objectives - Fire-fighting agents

• Identify the different fire-fighting agents used in extinguishing
fire
• Explain the characteristics of different types of fire fighting
agents
Substance use to extinguish or put off fire.

WATER
• Primary “COOLING” agent
• the best extinguishing agent for
Class “A” solid fire
• can be use in dealing with Class
“B” liquid fire (fog stream)
CARBON DIOXIDE
• a gas that can be liquefied or
solidified under pressure
• Primary Oxygen diluting agent
• the best extinguishing agent for
Class “ C “ fire
CARBON DIOXIDE
• Non-conducting extinguishing agent
• can be used in dealing with Class
“B” fire
• heavier than Oxygen for about 1.5x
FOAM
• Primary “SMOTHERING” agent
• the best extinguishing agent for Class “B”
liquid fire
• can be used in dealing with Class “A” solid
fire
• aggregations of small bubbles or tiny
bubbles
• The main container is filled with

Safety Clip
sodium bicarbonate solution and
Operating Lever
cum Handle
a long inner polythene container Pressure Gauge

is filled with aluminum sulphate. High Pressure Cylinder
• The extinguisher is inverted for Aluminum

Sulphate
two liquids to mix. Discharge Hose

Cartridge
• Carbon dioxide is produced by

the reaction which pressurizes the
Spray Nozzle
container and forces out of foam. Sodium Bicarbonate
• The outer container is filled with Safety Cap

Handle
water. Seal Strike knob
with Piercer
• The central container holds

carbon dioxide charge and a Gas Canister
foam solution. Wet water

concentrate in
PVC Bag
Hose
• When the plunger is depressed

the carbon dioxide is released Air Inlet
Water
with foam solution and mixed
water. Nozzle
Diptube
• a smothering effect to fire

• can be use in Class “A, B, C”
• Non-conducting extinguishing agent
• Primary inhibiting agent
• The best extinguishing

agent for Class “D”
Wet Chemical
• composition of potassium acetate
• a smothering and cooling effect.
Learning Objectives - Fire-fighting appliance and equipment

• Using various types of portable fire extinguisher
• Explain the procedure in using portable fire extinguisher
• Explain the precautionary measures to be observed in using a
portable fire extinguisher
• Use portable fire extinguisher in fighting fire
• The first line of defense

against small fire. They
can be carried out to the
fire area for a fast attack.
• It is important to back up
the extinguisher w/ a hose
line
Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher

Safety Pin
Pressure Gauge
Handle STORED PRESSURE
The expellant is stored in the
Hose Stored
Pressure
same cylinder as the agent
itself, normally with gauge to
Syphon Tube shows the amount of content.
Water
Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher

Plunger
Safety Pin
CARTRIDGE OPERATED Hose
The chemical is stored in the CO2

Cartridge
non-pressurized cylinder while

the propellant is stored in a Syphon Tube
separate cartridge. Water
Classification
 Letter
 Shape
 Combined Letter & shape
 Picture Symbol
 Color (depend on vessel)
 Nozzle
the Pin Nozzle at the the Lever or the Nozzle

Base of fire Plunger
• a hose can be run out to the fire

• has more supply of extinguishing agent than the
portable one, allowing sustained and longer attack.
02 – 206 Basic Training: FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING Page No.
100
Hose Reel
Foam Nozzle with Pick-up Tube

02 – 206 Basic Training: FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING Page No.
101

02 – 206 Basic Training: PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES Page No. 1

Mae T. Bereña
Head of Operations
Mandatory minimum requirements for safety familiarization, basic training and

instruction for all seafarers

1 Seafarers shall receive safety familiarization and basic training or
instruction in accordance with section A-VI/1 of the STCW Code and shall
meet the appropriate standard of competence specified therein.
• STCW Code Section A-VI/1

Basic Training
2.1.1.4 personal safety and social responsibilities as set out in table A-VI/1-4
Competence : Comply with emergency procedures Competence : Take precautions to prevent

1. Types of emergency pollution of the marine environment
2. Knowledge of shipboard contingency plans 8. Basic knowledge of the impact of shipping
for response to emergencies on the marine environment and the effects of
3. Emergency signals and specific duties allocated operational or accidental pollution
to crew members in the muster list; muster stations;
correct use of personal safety equipment 9. Basic environmental protection procedure
3. Action to take on discovering potential emergency, 10. Basic knowledge of complexity and diversity of
including fire, collision, foundering and the marine environment
ingress of water into the ship
5. Action to take on hearing emergency alarm signals
6. Value of training and drills
7. Knowledge of escape routes and internal communication and alarm systems
Competence : Observe safe working practices Competence : Contribute to effective

11. Importance of adhering to safe working practices communications on board ship
at all time
15. Principles of, barriers to, effective
12. Safety and protective devices communications
13. Precautions to be taken prior to entering 16. Establishing and maintaining effective
enclosed spaces communication
14. International measures concerning accident
prevention and occupational health
Competence : Contribute to effective human Competence : Understand and take necessary

relationships on board ship actions to control fatigue
17. Importance of maintaining good human and
working relationships on board 23. Importance of rest
18. Teamworking principles, practice and conflict 24. Effects of sleep, schedules, and circadian
resolution rhythm on fatigue
19. Social responsibilities 25. Effects of physical stressors on seafarers

20. Employment conditions 26. Effects of environmental stressors in and outside
the ship and their impact on seafarers
21. Individual rights and obligations
22. Dangers of drug and alcohol 27. Effects of schedule changes on seafarer fatigue
• To meet the minimum standard of competence as required in

Section A-VI/1 of the STCW Code as amended
• The course is designed to successfully demonstrate the
competence in Personal Safety and Social Responsibilities
Learn, understand and perform the practical training part of this module
1. Course Lectures
2. Course Practical Exercise
conducted in sub-group per class batch
3. Course Assessments:
administer at the end of practical exercise;
Written (30%) passing mark is a pre-requisite for practical assessment.
measure the trainees’ ability to demonstrate skills required in
Practical (70%) the STCW standard of competence.
• Comply with established emergency response plan

and procedure.
• Identify emergency alarm signal.
• Take correct action in given emergency drill.

TERMINOLOGY
Blast signal given on the ship’s whistle
Bell signal given on the ship’s internal alarm system

Long blast duration greater than six seconds
Short blast duration less than two seconds
Ring sound of an alarm bell
• An emergency means a situation of imminent danger:

• of loss of life
• of injury
• of loss of or damage to property
• of damage to environment
• The need of immediate action in case of an emergency

• Fire • Man overboard

• Collision • Ingress of water
• Grounding • Heavy weather
• Foundering • Oil spill
Contingency plans have been implemented with respect to:
• MARPOL/SOPEP
• Oil Spill Management
• Stranding
• Collision
• Fire
• Bridge Team
• Engine Room Team
• Emergency Teams 1 & 2
• Support Team
Emergency Teams
Bridge
Team
Engine-Room Team
Seven (7) short blasts and one (1) long blast
Gun Fired at Fog horn Red Star SOS

an interval of continuous Shells
one (1) minute sounding
Code Flags Orange Flames on Rocket

November background a vessel parachute
Charlie Black ball flare
and Square
Orange Wave Arms EPIRB Dye

smoke Marker
• Specific duties and responsibilities

allocated to crew members
• Division of crew in various squads

and teams
• Muster station
• Emergency headquarters, etc.

• Raise the alarm
• Inform the bridge
• Attempt to control the emergency by whatever means

are available until relieved by an emergency team.
Attire yourself
adequately and
properly
Go to the muster station
Find out nature of the emergency
Take action as per muster list or duty list

• Regulatory or legislative needs (SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW, ISM)
• Operational need (to ensure correct and effective action, can

only be achieved by regular and realistic drills)
• State of mind (dip in performance can only be compensated

for by regular and realistic drills)
• Proceed quickly and quietly to assembly point and perform

emergency duty
• Wear a lifejacket, except where this would interfere with your

duty
• Clothing should be sufficient to cover your body, arms and legs

included, with sensible shoes
Exit routes must be located as far away as practical from

each other in case one is blocked by fire or smoke.
Alternative escape routes e.g. engine room, accommodations,

cargo holds, etc.
• Telephone
• Emergency powered or sound-operated phone
• Public address systems
• VHF radio
• Walk-talkies/hand held radios
• Emergency alarms, etc.
Ship General Alarm
Fire Alarm
Ship’s Whistle
Safety Tips
• Read the station bill
 know the various escape routes
 know your muster station
 know your lifeboat assignment
 know your emergency duties
• Participate in the Emergency Drills

• Shipping is most efficient, safe and

environmentally-friendly method of
transporting goods.
• Shipping operation, however,

continue to be a potential threat to
the marine environment
• Ballast water discharges by

ships can have negative
impact on the marine
environment.
• Exhaust emissions from

ships are considered to be
a significant source of air
pollution
• Sound pollution caused by

shipping is a potential threat
to marine life.
• Ship impact has become a

threat of extinction on marine
mammals.
• Oil spills are most commonly

associated with ship pollution.
• Sewage discharged from ships

can cause bacterial and viral
contamination, producing risks to
public health
• Solid waste generated on ships can

be a threat to marine organisms,
humans, coastal communities and
industries that utilize marine waters.
• Bilge water from ships can harm fish

and marine wildlife and pose threats
to human health if ingested
• The presence in or introduction into the environment of a

substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects.
• Operational discharges from

tankers during tank cleaning
• Bilge discharges from all vessels
• Spills due to marine accidents, i.e. collision, grounding explosion and

others
• Deliberate discharge of refuse, sewage, garbage hold sweeping, etc.

• Strandings and collisions

• Lightening operations
• Unchecked garbage and sewage disposal
• Tank cleaning, washing and line flushing
• Unchecked chemical disposal in bulk or packaged form
• Deballasting
Effects of operational or accidental pollution

Ecosystem
Habitat
Wildlife (flora and fauna)
Symbiotic relationship of marine life
change physical, biological, and chemical properties:
• chemical
• Sewage
• garbage
• human beings
 Food source
 Livelihood
 Amenities
• animals
Infamous Oil Pollution Incident
In 1967, the tanker Torrey Canyon ran aground while entering the
English Channel and spilled her entire cargo of 120,000 tons of crude
oil into the sea.
This resulted in the biggest

oil pollution incident ever
recorded up to that time.
It was essentially this incident that set in motion the chain of

events that eventually led to the adoption of MARPOL.
The American owned supertanker, Amoco Cadiz, crashed off of the

coast of Brittany, France on March 16, 1978.
• Men onboard during the day of the spill said they were up against
tremendous seas, rain and hail. The rudder was reported to have
stopped responding to the helm. Attempts to regain control with
backup steering failed as heavy links began "snapping like cotton."
• Oil poured onto beaches and fishing grounds, creating what was
predicted to turn into the worst tanker spill ever recorded.
In March 1989, the Exxon Valdez, loaded with 1,264,155 barrels of

crude oil, ran aground in the NE portion of Prince William Sound,
spilling about one-fifth of its cargo.
• The United States introduced its Oil Pollution Act of 1990

(OPA 90), making it mandatory for all tankers calling at U.S.
ports to have double hulls.
• The United States also came to IMO, calling for double hulls
this time to be made a mandatory requirement of MARPOL.
Contents:
• Rules and Regulations
 Construction and design
 Equipment requirement
 Operational procedures
 Survey and certificates
 Records
• Technical Annexes
• Protocols and Articles
• Ballast tanks that are permanently allocated to the carriage of

ballast water and are completely separated from cargo oil and
fuel oil systems.
• The entire SET system (tanks, piping, pumps, etc.) must be

independent of the cargo oil and fuel oil system.
a ship hull design and construction

method where the bottom and sides of
the ship have two complete layers of
watertight hull surface: one outer layer
forming the normal hull of the ship, and a
second inner hull which is somewhat
further into the ship, perhaps a few feet,
which forms a redundant barrier to
seawater in case the outer hull is
damaged and leaks.
Are facilities for the reception of oil residues and oily mixtures as
remain from oil tankers and other ships adequate.
provides written procedures for collecting, storing,

processing and disposing of garbage, including the use of
the equipment on board.
Designates the person in charge of carrying out the plan.
Written in the working language of the crew.

A record that is to be kept

of each discharge
operation or completed
incineration.
This includes discharges at

sea, to reception facilities,
or to other ships.
Every oil tanker of 150 tons gross tonnage and above

and every ship other than an oil tanker of 400 tons
gross tonnage and above shall carry on board a
shipboard oil pollution emergency plan (SOPEP)
approved by the Administration.
• The bodies of salt water and any

plants, animals and other objects
that exist therein.
• Composed of oceans, seas, bays,

estuaries, and other major water
bodies, including their interface and
interaction with the atmosphere and
land seaward of the mean high
water mark.
• An environment where
complex and diverse marine
species and communities of
organism live and support
each other.
• Covers approximately 71% of

the Earth's surface and contain
approximately 97% of the
planet's water.
All living organisms

therein subsist in a food
chain, wherein each feeds
on the one below, and
interlocks in a linear
sequence to a food web
within the ecological
community.
Algae form the basis (primary production)

Marine food chains
The 10 percent rule
Bacteria make food chains circular
The role of viruses in marine food chains
Food chains connected in food web
IMO Model Course 1.38 Marine Environmental Awareness

• Competition - contact between corals

and seaweeds cause bleaching and
death of coral tissues.
• Predation - overfishing unbalance the

coral ecosystems, encouraging the
growth of coral predators, such as, the
large crown-of-thorns starfish that eats
living corals.
Fishing practices - intense harvesting and destructive fishing

practices, such as cyanide and blast fishing, damage the reefs.
Muroami and the use of bottom dragging gear such as beach
seines and trawling damage the corals by abrasion and fracturing.
• Excess nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus upset the

balance of the reef enhancing algal growth and crowding
out corals.
Climate change – rising sea levels

requires coral to grow close to the
surface to continue photosynthesis.
Water temperature changes can also
induce coral bleaching.
Ocean acidification – results from increases in atmospheric carbon

dioxide. Oceans absorb around one–third of the increase. The
dissolved gas reacts with the water to form carbonic acid, and thus
acidifies the ocean.
• Coral mining – small scale harvesting and industrial scale

mining of corals are serious environmental threats.
 Marine debris – any object

that enters coastal and ocean
waters coming from a ship or
washed out to sea via rivers,
streams, and storm drains.
Marine pollution – occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful

effects enter into the ocean, like chemicals, particles, industrial,
agricultural and residential waste.
Safety awareness by all hands is the

biggest single factor in reducing
accident
Safety onboard covers:

• safety to personnel
• safety to environment
• safety to properties
slips, trips and falls due to slippery surfaces

(oil, grease, garbage, water, ice, etc.) or
obstructions (pipelines, welding cables,
lashing eyes, wires, ropes, etc.)
Slip, trip and falls account for the highest

rate of accidents onboard ship
head injuries due to

• low doorway entrances,
• overhead loads,
• falling equipment or
material, etc.
falls through open manholes, unfenced ‘tween-decks,

loose or missing gratings, etc.
• clothing, fingers, etc. getting

caught in moving machinery
such as grinding wheels, winch
drums, gears, flywheels, etc.
• burns from steam pipes, hot

machinery, welding sparks, etc.
• eye injuries through

chipping, welding,
chemicals, etc.
• injuries and sliding/fall of

unsecured equipment due
to ship movements in
rough weather
• hazards of extreme weather

• lack of oxygen in confined spaces
• presence of hydrocarbon gas and toxic gases
• hazards of chemicals used on board
• fire
• collision/grounding/flooding/sinking
• pirates and stowaways
• PPE
• Life-saving Appliances
• Fire-fighting appliances
• Medical equipment
• Oil spill equipment
• helmet
• goggles
• gloves
• safety shoes
• dust masks &
respirators
• protective clothing
• self-contained breathing
apparatus
• ear protection
• life-lines
• harnesses
• fall arrestor
• PPE
• Life-saving Appliances
• Fire-fighting appliances
• Medical equipment
• Oil spill equipment
• lifejackets
• lifebuoys
• liferafts
• lifeboats
• line-throwing apparatus
• EPIRBs and SARTs
• TPAs and immersion suits
• fire hoses, nozzles, hydrants and fire main

• portable fire extinguishers
• fire axe
• fire-detecting system
• fixed extinguishing system
• resuscitator
• stretcher
• medicines
• medical equipment
• Absorbent pads
• absorbent rolls
• chemical dispersant
• sawdust, brooms,
dust pans, shovels
and barrels
spaces where the ventilation is not kept running on

a round-the-clock basis.
• Fore peak tank

• Chain lockers
• Cofferdams
• Topside tanks
• Ballast tanks
• Cargo tanks
• Duct keel
• After peak tank
• Bunker tanks
Careless entry into such spaces has resulted in

accidents, sometimes, fatal, if the person is
overcome by a lack of breathable atmosphere
or is injured and not rescued in time.
Enclosed Spaces
• Atmospheric hazards
• Physical hazards
Presence of hydrocarbon gas

Presence of toxic gas
Deficiency in oxygen
Petroleum leakage
Retention in tank structure
Retention in pipeline
Disturbance of sludge/scale
• Harmful or poisonous to the body
• These gases evolve from cargo, ship’s stores or

ship operations
1. NO – (nitrogen oxide)
Any of several oxides of nitrogen formed by the action
of nitric acid on oxidizable material; presents in car
exhausts pollutant waste matter that contaminates the
water or air or soil oxide any compound of oxygen
with another element or a radical
2. NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide)

a reddish brown, highly poisonous gas, NO2, used
as an intermediate in the manufacture of nitric and
sulfuric acids, and as a nitrating and oxidizing
agent; a major air pollutant from the exhaust of
internal combustion engines that are not fitted with
pollution control devices.
SO2 – (Sulfur Dioxide)

a heavy, colorless, suffocating gas, SO, easily liquefied and used as
a bleach, disinfectant, preservative, etc.
CO (Carbon monoxide)
poisoning occurs when carbon monoxide builds up in your
bloodstream. When too much carbon monoxide is in the air, your
body replaces the oxygen in your red blood cells with carbon
monoxide. This can lead to serious tissue damage, or even death.
Benzene
• a natural constituent of crude oil, and is one of the most
elementary petrochemicals.
• Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a
sweet smell.
• It has a high octane number, it is an important
component of gasoline, comprising a few percent of its
mass.
H2S (Hydrogen sulfide)

It is a colorless gas with the characteristic foul odor of
rotten eggs; it is heavier than air, very poisonous,
corrosive, flammable, and explosive.
the concentration of substance in air, in PPM or mg/cm3,

which must not be exceeded if a daily 8-hour exposure
over a long period of time shall be harmless.
• Burning
• Flooding with CO2
• Welding and gas cutting without proper ventilation
• Running an internal combustion engine in a confined space
• Decay of organic matter, e.g. vegetables, grain, fruits, etc.
Ingress of inert gas

Rusting
Paint drying
Hydrogen
Electrical cleaning fluids
Solvents/emulsifiers
Refrigerants
Anoxia
• Giddiness
• Breathlessness
• Unconsciousness
• Progress into brain damage causing
- memory loss
- mental instability
- paralysis
- coma
- death
Physical injury
Fatal injury
Darkness
Unsecured ladders
Slippery surfaces
Obstructions
Unguarded openings
Unsecured objects left from previous visit
Flooding
Getting trapped in accidentally
Precautions prior entry into enclosed

Spaces:
• An enclosed space entry permit

system must be strictly followed
• The space is to be thoroughly

ventilated and confirmed by testing of
the atmosphere
Precautions prior entry into enclosed Spaces:
• There must be :
 sufficient oxygen to support life –
21%
 insufficient flammable gas for the
purpose and
 toxic gas must be less than the TLV
• Proper use of PPE must be used.

• Be alert and vigilant
• Monitor the atmosphere and observe all precautions

while the job is under way
• Be cautioned. Don’t be overconfident or negligent.
• Clean protective clothing and workplace after the job

is done.
• Accidents are in many cases caused by:

- lack of knowledge or inadequate
training,
- incomplete understanding of ships
and ship operations,
- non-adherence to procedures,
- lack of foresight and the taking of
unnecessary risks, often in quite
simple operations
The ILO recognizes the special needs of

seafarers whose working life is at sea and has
sought to ensure safe and healthy working
conditions in the maritime industry.
• The maritime working environment

comprises the physical, ergonomic,
chemical, biological, psychological and
social elements which could lead to
occupational accidents, injuries and
diseases.
• The MLC, 2006, reflects the ILO’s long-
standing commitment to the right of all
workers, including seafarers, to decent, safe
and healthy working and living conditions.
• Act promptly on orders given
• Communicate clearly and effectively with shipmates and

those in authority
• Explain the importance of repeating the orders given

• the transmission of information and understanding

through the use of common symbols
• the process by which people attempt to share meaning

via the transmission of symbolic message
Essential element of safety and pollution prevention onboard
Achieved cooperation
Basic element of human survival

Language is a means of transmitting

ideas, views, instructions, etc.
Sender
Receiver
Modes of transmission
Methods of transmission
Barriers to Communication
Feedback
Feedback is essential to
ship’s communication
reading, speaking, writing and any

Verbal
communications using words
Non-verbal body language, sounds, gestures
signs, figures, diagrams, pictures and

Iconic
photographs
• These 3 methods need to

be effectively used on
board for proper
understanding.
• Body language and pictorial symbols

are more powerful means of
communication than verbal means
alone.
• Transmitter’s conceptualization stage
• Transmitter’s capability
• Mode of transmission
• Media of transmission
• Receiver’s capability
• Receiver’s understanding of the concept
• Feedback stage
• Receipt of feedback by transmitter
• Accuracy
• Clarity
• Listening skills
• Feedback
• Standard phraseology
and procedures
• Effectiveness of communication lies primarily with the sender.

• Sender should define the purpose of the particular communication.
• Time, place and person addressed are important context of
initiating the communication.
• Language and vocabulary, e.g. Maritime English.
• Understanding the different kinds of communication barriers helps
in better transmission
• Sender must be capable of effectively speaking, writing, acting,

drawing and using available sound signaling apparatus
• Skills to the trainer
• Effectiveness of transmission can be checked by the feedback from

the receiver
• This responsibility lies with the sender

Listening is the
responsibility of the
receiver
• Hearing
sense that allows you to perceive
sound; physical act- only requires
reception of sound waves.
• Listening
mental process that requires
concentrating on sound, deriving
meaning from it, and reacting to it.
• Understanding the various barriers of listening will

improve listening capabilities
• Barriers keep you from understanding the

speaker’s message
• They create interference
There are external distractions -

outside of yourself (sirens, spider on
wall, loud truck, construction, etc.)
There are internal distractions-

inside your mind (thinking about
other things, planning your
weekend, daydreaming, etc.)
Human being are capable of
• speaking at a rate of 150 words per minute
• Listening at a rate of about 1000 words per minute
• Idle time of 850 words per minute, thus should be

used for paraphrasing the body language and
other signals from the speaker.
• Can affect safety of life, property and the environment.
• Causes human problems and problems in relationships

on board.
• Causes stress, loss of time, loss of resources, and ship’s

profitability
Communication process involves:
• create a climate of trust and confidence

• express ideas clearly and concisely
Sender • be explicit about expectations
• strive for a balance between too much/too little information
• be aware of the non-verbal elements of your message -
remember that people tend to believe what they see more than
they hear
• give the receiver time to process your message
• pay attention to what is being communicated
Receiver • clarify anything you are unsure about
• confirm your understanding of the message
• be aware of your non-verbal behaviours - remember that people
tend to believe what they see more than they hear
A very successful set of listening skills

and techniques which enable the
listener to accurately construe what the
speaker is intending to say.
sit SQUARELY to the other person
maintain an OPEN posture at all times
LEAN slightly in towards the other person
maintain EYE CONTACT
RELAX
Effective questions provide a pathway to

understanding situations, problems or issues.
Some strategies that promote effective questioning include the

following:
• Choosing the type of questions
• Active listening
• Wait time
• Handling responses
• Effective communication creates the atmosphere conducive to

safe working, happy living and sociable relationship among
fellow shipmates.
• Habits, values, and attitudes can

also be modified by effective
communication and knowing the
basics of interpersonal
relationships, learning skills and
team skills.
SENDER initiates
the message
RECEIVER
acknowledges
the message
• Paraphrase and
perception check
SENDER verifies
the message
• SENDER
 Initiates clear brief, timely and complete message
• RECEIVER
 Attentively accepts message
 Paraphrases
 Perception checks
 Ask clarifying questions
• SENDER
 Listens, confirms, simplifies or clarifies message from the
Receiver
• Shipping company comprises a number of small

mobile industrial units (the ship) which may at any
particular moment be distributed over large distances
throughout the world.
• When making a voyage, the ship can undergo

considerable climatic changes, which may adversely
affect the personnel.
• Ships are operational for 24 hours a day, and the crew

must be organized in regulated shift system, such that
people on board are well rested and fit for duty at all
times.
• The personnel on the ship must be organized to operate

the ship safely and effectively with numerous operations
being performed simultaneously:
• watchkeeping at sea and in port (navigation and

machinery operation)
• cargo operations
• maintenance of hull, machinery and equipment
• safety checks and drills, emergency actions
• repair / dry-docking
• stocking provisions, cooking food, housekeeping
• communication ship – shore – ship
• the crew must be able to operate with a high

degree of responsibility and flexibility
two or more people who interact with and

influences each other toward a common purpose.
ensures that each team member shares his/her

knowledge or experience on a given task to other
team members; thus creating a practical approach
towards finishing a group task.
With Goals
• Relaxed
• Right every time
• Highly Cooperative
• Highly trusting
• High morale
• Adjusted to the system
• Happy with management
Team Members
are dependent on Emotional
the leader for Resistance to
directions. the task
conflict with
They need to leader
be told what
to do.
Solutions to
problems Co-operation
emerge develops
task will be team starts to
carried out
become
interpersonal
cohesive
conflicts are resolve
MATURITY
1. Communicate
2. Listen actively
3. Supporting and building on ideas
among members of the team.
4. Involving the entire team.
5. Commitment to excellence
• is
conceptualized as the methods and
processes involved in facilitating the
peaceful ending of conflict.
• requires specific leadership skills,

problem solving abilities and
decision making skills.
• As defined, planning and implementing organizational systems

and practices to manage people so that the potential
advantages of diversity are maximized while its potential
disadvantages are minimized.
• Enhance conflict resolution.

• Clear and open communication is the cornerstone of

successful conflict resolution.
• A transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create

shared understanding between a sender and a receiver.
• When conflicts arise, you'll need your communication skills

to resolve the issues without creating more.
• When you meet with someone who is angry, you can use the tools of
effective listening to help defuse this anger.
• To effectively defuse anger, keep in mind the needs of the angry person:
 to vent
 to get the listener's attention
 to be heard
 to be understood
• When anger is directed at you, it is much more difficult to respond

definitively, because your own emotions are usually involved.
• When you're listening to an angry person:

 Be attentive and patient
 Be sincere
 Be calm
By resolving conflicts skillfully, you can:

• Gain cooperation from team members
• Improve performance and productivity
• Reduce stress and preserve integrity
• Solve problems as quickly as possible
• Improve relationships and teamwork
• Enhance creativity
• Increase staff morale
To manage conflict effectively you must be a skilled

communicator. That includes:
• creating an open communication environment
• listening to people concerns
• understand what people are saying
Every crew, before signing on a ship, must understand:
• His employment contract (individual or union’s collective

agreement)
• His rights
• National and international requirements

Each crew member has a social responsibility to:
• His ship
• Himself
• His colleagues
• His company and
• The marine environment
You, as a crew member, has right to:

• your conviction
• express this conviction
• make a request as long as he can and appreciate the

other has a right to say no
• clarify communications and enhance interpersonal

relationships
A crew, upon signing an agreement to sail onboard a company’s vessel
• is obligated to the company in a number of ways
• A shipping company is a commercial organisation and profit

generation is part of its operations
Obligations of the crew

• He/she must discharge his duties sincerely to the best of his
capabilities
• Be obedient, respect and disciplined
• Follow the orders of his superiors
• Abide company policies as laid down in:
 Safety manuals
 Rules and Regulations
 Protect the marine environment
Responsible towards the three elements of the shipping operation, the:

• company,
• government and
• individual
There is dignity in labor
Responsibilities towards:
• obedience, respect, discipline and following orders of his
superiors
• abiding by company’s policies as laid down in the safety

manuals and rules and regulations governing flag State
requirements and other mandatory legislation
Responsibilities towards:
• adhering to the safety and environment protection policy at all
times and to assist fellow seamen in distress, search and rescue
operations and oil pollution mitigation operations
There are international and national regulations against:
• Use, carrying and distributing of drugs and alcohol
• Punishment for the above is often very severe,

resulting in death if convicted
Social Problems
Physical Injuries
Mental Injuries
Death
Drugs and alcohol affect a human body – Drinking alcohol in cold

climates
• This increases blood flow providing a feeling of warmth.
• Results to temporary warming and can speed up the loss of heat

from the vital internal organs ---- resulting in more rapid death
from
• Drug trafficking is the term used to describe the

production, distribution and sale of illegal drugs.
• Not only is there physical danger inherent in the use of

illegal drugs, but drug smuggling is also frequently
accompanied by other crimes such as murder,
kidnapping, prostitution and assault.
• A limit of not greater than 0.05% Blood Alcohol Level (BAC)

or 0.25 mg/l alcohol *
• No alcohol intake 4 hours before watch
*STCW Code – Section A-VIII/1 paragraph 10
• Testing of drug abuse prior to joining
• Random unannounced testing while onboard, at

company option
• Disciplinary action and termination of employment.

• Protects the national inspection of a foreign flag vessel in a

national port.
• by means of:
 Urine
 Breath analyzer
The 2010 STCW Convention has adopted the 2006 Maritime Labor
Convention (MLC) work and rest hour requirements for seafarers.
• Person assigned duty on watch shall be provided rest period of not less than:
 A minimum of 10 hours of rest in any 24-hour period; and
 77 hours in any 7-day period
*STCW Code – Section A-VIII/1 paragraph 2

• Prevents commission of unsafe acts that may lead to

human error, hence, accidents
• Preserves one’s fitness and healthy condition
• Enhances one’s mental alertness and physical agility
• Provides time to recover from strenuous work
• Gives someone a break from routine and monotonous

activity
• Heals the trauma on the body’s muscle fibers caused

by over physical exertion
• Replenishes the energy that the body has lost
• Helps improve one’s performance and quality of work
• Regains one’s physical strength and stamina

A reduction in physical and/or

mental capability as the result of
physical, mental or emotional
exertion which may impair nearly
all physical abilities including:
strength; speed; reaction time;
coordination; decision making;
or balance.
Extracted from IMO MSC/Circ. 1014 Guidance on Fatigue Mitigation and Management
• More risks to human lives, property

damage and environmental disasters
• Economic losses due to fines for

accidents and/or increased
insurance premiums
• Serious health implications to

seafarers
• Affect ability to perceive, interpret or understand stimuli, and can

take longer reaction time.
• Affects problem-solving skill especially in handling new tasks.
• Affect performance and reduce crew effectiveness and efficiency;

decrease productivity; lower standards of work, which may all
lead to errors.
Sleep
need of human body to have
an average of 7-8 hours of
continuous, good quality
sleep per 24-hour day.
Duration Continuity
• 7 to 8 hours per day • Uninterrupted
• avoid insufficient • Six (6) hours

sleep over several
consecutive days
Quality
• deep sleep
• in synch with the

biological clock
Circadian
biological clock
pattern of
daytime
wakefulness and
night-time sleep.
• Unable to lift a heavy box or walk as far as

you could
• Experience decline in performance or impair
the ability to perform
• Fall asleep, react very slowly or be inattentive
• Affect one’s judgment, productivity, work
efficiency and quality
• Increase risks to the individual, the crew, the
ship and its cargo
• Incur safety problems that can lead to serious
occupational accidents
• Difficulty in falling asleep or sleep soundly and

eventually suffer sleep deprivation
• Build up a stressful condition
• Addiction to alcohol and drugs
• Disruptive thinking and behavior
• Exertion of extra effort or difficulty in
maintaining balance
• Medical and mental health problems
• Anxiety and depression
• Can lead to accidents
• Long hours of work may lead to

insufficient recuperative rest
• The likelihood of reporting

impaired health due to fatigue
increases in relation to exposure
to them
• Fatigue reduces the individual well-being and increases

the risk of acute illnesses and life-threatening chronic
diseases.
• Fatigue and reduced performance may lead to ill-health

and reduce life-span among seafarers
• An individual must begin sleep in synch with the

biological clock to ensure quality sleep
• The biological clock is perfectly synchronized to the

traditional pattern of daytime wakefulness and night-time
sleep.
02 – 206 Basic Training: PERSONAL SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES Page No. 1

Mae T. Bereña
Head of Operations
STCW
• International Convention on the
Standard of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers.
• Came into force in 1978 as
Governments agreed to standardize
training for seafarers who are
working onboard commercial ships.
• STCW Regulation –sets the mandatory minimum requirements
• The STCW Code

Part A of the Code is mandatory. The minimum standards of
competence required for seagoing personnel are given in
detail in a series of tables.
Part B of the Code contains recommended guidance which is
intended to help Parties implement the Convention.
Mandatory minimum requirements for safety familiarization, basic training

and instruction for all seafarers

1. Seafarers shall receive safety familiarization and basic training or
shall meet the appropriate standard of competence specified
therein.
2. Where basic training is not included in the qualification for
certificate to be issued, a certificate of proficiency shall be issued,
indicating that the holder has attended the course in basic training
Basic Training
Seafarers employed or engaged in any capacity on board ship on the
business of that ship as part of the ship’s complement with designated
safety or pollution-prevention duties in the operation of the ship shall
before being assigned to any shipboard duties:
Shall receive appropriate approved basic training or instruction in
-Personal Survival Techniques
-Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting
-Elementary First Aid
-Personal Safety and Social Responsibilities
Competence : Survive at sea in the event of ship abandonment
• Types of emergency situations which may occur, such as collision, fire,

foundering
• Types of life-saving appliances normally carried on ships
• Equipment in survival craft
• Location of personal life-saving appliances
Principles concerning survival, including:

.1 value of training and drills
.2 personal protective clothing and equipment
.3 need to be ready for any emergency
.4 actions to be taken when called to survival craft stations
.5 actions to be taken when required to abandon ship
.6 actions to be taken when in the water
.7 actions to be taken when aboard a survival craft
.8 main dangers to survivors
• Identify the types of emergency situations that may occur

onboard ship
• Explain the common causes of each type of emergency

situation
• Explain the contents of the muster list
What is an emergency?
An emergency is an unfortunate event or situation that poses
an immediate risk to life, property, or environment.
Seafarer must be aware of the different types of emergency
situations that can arise on board ship. This would help in
understanding the real scenario in a better way, and would
also lead to taking correct actions to save life, property, and
environment.
Flooding/
foundering
Causes of fire onboard

• Most fires onboard are located in
engine room and they are caused by
oil leakages, boiler incidents,
electrical failures or accidents during
hot work operations due to lack of
proper maintenance and poor
watchkeeping. Cargo spaces and
accommodation are also locations
where a fire may start.
Ship flooding can be caused of:

• Damage in vessel's hull due to
collision with other vessel,
contact or grounding.
• Heavy weather such as
typhoons and hurricanes.
• Leakages at the ballast tanks.
Ship Collision Allision

Human error is the most

common cause of
maritime collisions/allision.
Weather: Next to human error, weather
conditions have the biggest impact on
maritime accidents. Fog obstructing
vision, high winds exerting force
on vessels, ice
flows colliding with vessels all fall
under this category.
The main reasons for piracy are not exclusive to crimes

against ships. Social acceptance, lack of legal consequence,
chronic unemployment, and opportunity all play a role in
supporting a criminal enterprise.
• Damage caused to a ship as a result of sailing in heavy

weather. Typically is bending and buckling of forepeak, side
shell and bottom structure.
Oil Spill
• Oil spills into rivers, bays, and the

ocean most often are caused by
accidents involving tankers, barges,
pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs,
and storage facilities. Spills can
be caused by: people making
mistakes or being careless.
equipment breaking down.
Grounding/stranding
• Ship grounding accidents are

mostly caused by human errors,
sometimes by inadequate
information related to the port or
because of unknown coral reefs
and rocks. While, faulty navigation
instruments, bad weather
conditions or an engine
breakdown, can also lead to
unintentional groundings or
stranding.
Listing is caused by the off-

centerline distribution of weight
aboard due to uneven loading or
to flooding. By contrast, roll is the
dynamic movement from side to
side caused by waves. If a listing
ship goes beyond the point where
a righting moment will keep it
afloat, it will capsize and
potentially sink.
Man overboard
A person may fall overboard for
any number of reasons: they might
have been struck by one of
the ship's booms, they may have
lost their footing on a slippery deck
or while climbing the ship's ratlines,
they may have deliberately
jumped overboard in a suicide
attempt, or any number of
other reasons.
Abandonship
The abandonment of a vessel follows after the crew have done everything they could to
prevent the danger and ensure the safety of everyone onboard.
The Master is the one to give the order to abandon the vessel, after all safety attempts
have been attempted.
Conditions that lead to abandoning a vessel

• In case of a fire: When increasing and there is no possible way to put the fire
out. Fires is a major risk for a vessel, particularly on a passenger ship as great
number of people will have to be evacuated;
• In case of sinking: A sinking vessel leaves no other choice than abandonment, as
the situation cannot be amended;
• In case of capsizing;
• In case of vessels’ collision.
Lists the special

duties and duty
station of each
member of the crew
during emergencies,
and the signals for
these emergencies
A signal to summon all persons

onboard to proceed to the Muster
Station plus the Public Address.
• Seven (7) short blasts;

• One (1) long blast of the ship’s
horn/whistle;
• the Public Address of the
Master / Captain.
The following are special considerations a seafarer should take note

when seeing a muster list:
• What is my task?
• Do I understand what to do?
• What and where is the equipment to be used?
• Who gives the order?
• To whom and where should I report?
• What are the alarm signals?
Video Showing
Personal Survival at Sea: Muster List, Drills and Helicopter
Operation
• Identify the types of life-saving appliances normally carried

on ships
• Explain SOLAS requirements on each type of life-saving

appliance
Ships must carry

appropriate life-saving
appliances such as survival
crafts, personal life saving
appliances and many others
to be used by passengers and
crew in case of emergency to
protect their lives at sea.
• The carriage of life-saving appliances are made mandatory as per

the SOLAS Convention. The International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA)
Code provides more specific technical requirements for the
manufacturing, testing, maintenance and record keeping of life-saving
appliances.
• The number, capacity and type of life-saving appliances differ from

ship to ship depending on its size, shipping activity and voyage, and
the LSA Code stipulates minimum requirements o comply in order to
make a ship safe for its passengers and crew.
Craft capable of sustaining the lives of persons in distress from the

time of abandoning ship.
Lifeboat Liferaft
Made of rigid material such as GRP (glass reinforced plastic)

or most commonly known as fiber glass
CAPACITY
can accommodate not more than 150 person
Launching by falls -equal or lesser of:

• Passenger Ship – number of person having an average
mass of 75 Kg
• Cargo Ship – number of person having an average
mass of 82.5 Kg
• All life boats shall have inherent buoyancy

• Can launch with the ship’s speed of 5 knots
• Shall be fitted with release mechanism
• Can drop with a height of at least 3 meters
• Can run with the speed of 6 knots with full complement
• The fuel supply can last within 24 hours with the speed of 6 knots
• Self righting when capsized, if not, must be fitted with handholds on
the underside of the hull
Gravity Davit Free fall

(side launching) (enclosed type only)
transferring a
survival craft or
rescue boat
from its stowed
position safely
to the water
Launching a rigid enclosed lifeboat from a ramp and

plunges nose-first into the sea.
• Regulation 1 new paragraph 5
• For all ships not later than the first scheduled dry-docking of after
1 July 2014, but not later than 1 July 2019, lifeboat on-load
release mechanisms not complying with new LSA Code shall be
replaced.
• new, stricter, safety standards for lifeboat release and retrieval

systems, aimed at preventing accidents during lifeboat launching.
IMO Resolution MSC.317(89)
A system which prevents the

unintentional release of a lifeboat
(or rescue boat) due to failure or
misuse of its main method of
connection to the fall wire(s).
IMO MSC.1 /Circ.1392
IMO MSC.1 /Circ.1392

Inflatable Liferaft Rigid Liferaft
• Valise (in bag)

• Canister (container)
• Marine Evacuation System (M.E.S.)
• inflated by non-toxic gas

normally CO2 with Nitrogen
• Withstanding exposure 30 days afloat in all sea

condition
• Dropping height limit of 18 meters
• Safe height to jump to its floor at least 4. 5 meters
• It can be towed with the speed of 3 knots
• It is provided with collecting rain water
• Can accommodate person having the mass of 75 Kg
• Parts of Inflatable Liferaft

• Davit launched
• Throw overboard
• Float free with Hydrostatic

release unit (HRU)
1. Davit Launching
Preparing a Liferaft -Davit

• Open gate or remove hand rail and
deploy Embarkation Ladder;
• Remove securing lashing and move
container to launch position, make sure
INBOARD side is correctly positioned;
• Pull out the shackle and attach the
hook. Ensure the hook jaws are closed
and the hook locks.

• Secure the container line (blue)
outboard, out of the liferaft’s way.
• Secure both bowsing lines (yellow and
green)
• Attach hook to raft shackle
• Pull the painter line out till end (not
too sharp /approximately 3 meters)

• Place the brake release remote
cable and hook release lanyards
inboard
• Attach the painter line to strong
point on the vessel
• Pull out painter line all the way
then give a sharp tug to inflate
liferaft
Boarding and Launching Procedure-Davit

• Tighten the bowsing line to bring liferaft at the
side of the ship and secure aft
• Liferaft crew enters first to check inside with
EPIRB and SART
• Start embarkation of crew with lifejackets,
ensure boarding evenly distributed, ensure no
sharp objects
• Place hook and brake release lanyards near
the entrance
• Deploy painter overboard then swing the L/raft
crane moving liferaft from the side of the ship
Boarding and Launching Procedure-

Davit
• Make sure the hoist crank handle is
removed from the davit
• Easily release the bowsing lines and
pass it inside the raft
• Check the water is clear
• Lower the raft using the brake
release remote line

Davit
• Control the descent when lowering
• Operate the hook release 1 meter
above the water
• Allow the raft to touch the water
firmly and let the hook disengage
automatically
• Cut the painter line and clear vessel
immediately
2. Throw overboard
2
Procedures in launching:
Float free with Hydrostatic release unit board
Weak link
A life saving device found on passenger

ship consisting of inflatable slide or
escape chute where passenger can
evacuate straight into waiting life rafts
When order is given, launch the

chute and platform by pulling the
controls at the side
• It may be rigid or inflated
• Can carry at least 5 person having a mass of 82.5 Kg
• Shall have sufficient mobility & maneuverability
• Fitted with engine (outboard or inboard)
Additional for Fast Rescue Boat

• Sufficient fuel at a speed of 20 knots for 4 hours with
3 crew & 8 knots for full complement
• It shall be self righting
• Engine shall stop automatically when capsize &

restarted when righted
Number of Rescue boat on board Passenger Ship

• Gross tonnage of 500 & above – at least 1 rescue boat on each side
• Gross tonnage of less than 500 – at least 1 rescue boat
Number of Rescue boat on board Cargo Ship

• At least 1 rescue boat
Lifeboat maybe accepted as long as it is complying

with rescue boat requirements
• Identify the various equipment in survival craft
• Explain the use of each equipment in a survival craft
Lifeboat Equipment
All items of lifeboat equipment, shall be secured within the lifeboat by lashings, storage
in lockers or compartments, storage in brackets or similar mounting arrangements or
other suitable means.
In the case of a lifeboat to be launched by falls, the boat-hooks shall be kept free for
fending-off purposes.
The equipment shall be secured as not to interfere with any abandonment procedures.
All items of lifeboat equipment shall be as small and of as little mass as possible and
shall be packed in a suitable and compact form.
• except for free-fall lifeboats, sufficient buoyant oars to make

headway in calm seas. T-hole pins, crutches or equivalent
arrangements shall be provided for each oar provided. T-hole pins
or crutches shall be attached to the boat by lanyards or chains;
Lifeboat equipment
• two boat-hooks;
• a buoyant bailer and two buckets;
• a survival manual;*
Lifeboat equipment
• an operational compass which is
luminous or provided with
suitable means of illumination
• a sea-anchor of adequate size
fitted with a shock-resistant
hawser which provides a firm
hand grip when wet.
• two efficient painters of a length equal to

not less than twice the distance from the
stowage position of the lifeboat to the
waterline in the lightest seagoing
condition or 15 m, whichever is the
greater.
• two hatchets, one at each end of the
lifeboat;
• watertight receptacles containing a

total of 3 L of fresh water for each
person
• a rustproof dipper with lanyard
• a rustproof graduated drinking
vessel;
• a food ration totaling not less than

10,000 kj for each person
• four rocket parachute flares
• six hand flares
• two buoyant smoke signals
• one waterproof electric torch

suitable for Morse signaling
together with one spare set of
batteries and one spare bulb in a
waterproof container;
• one daylight signaling mirror
• one copy of the life-saving signals
• one whistle or equivalent sound
signal
• a first-aid outfit in a waterproof case

capable of being closed tightly after
use
• anti-seasickness medicine
• a jack-knife
• three tin-openers
• two buoyant rescue quoits
• if the lifeboat is not automatically self-

bailing, a manual pump suitable for
effective bailing;
• one set of fishing tackle
• sufficient tools for minor adjustments to
the engine
• portable fire-extinguishing equipment
• a searchlight with a horizontal and

vertical sector of at least 6° and a
measured luminous intensity of 2,500
cd which can work continuously for
not less than 3 h
• an efficient radar reflector
• thermal protective aids sufficient for
10% of the number of persons
• Explain the various personal life saving appliances and

it’s uses
• Identify the location of each personal life saving

appliance
Lifebuoy with line Lifebuoy with

Lifebuoy with light smoke signal and light
A floatation equipment which is readily available on all open decks in the event
of a man overboard .
SPECIFICATION:
• Outer diameter 800mm, inner diameter 400mm
• Can support 14.5 KG within 24 hours immersion
• Shall not sustain burning after being totally enveloped by fire for 2 seconds
• Dropping height limit of 30m
• Fitted with grab line not less than 9.5 mm
Length of Ship Min. no. of Lifebuoys
under 60 meters - - - - - - - - - - - 8
60 m under 120m - - - - - - - - - 12
120 under 180m - - - - - - - - - 18
180 under 240 - - - - - - - - - - 24
240 and over - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
Reg. 22 ( 7.1 sec 2.1 of the Code )
Length of Ship Min. no. of Lifebuoys
Under 100 meters - - - - - - - - - 8

100 m under 150m - - - - - - - - 10
150 m under 200m - - - -- - - - 12
200 m and over - - - - - - - - - - - 14
Reg. 32 ( 7.1 sec 2.1 of the Code )

SOLAS requirements for lifebuoys

• Each lifebuoy shall be marked in block capitals of the Roman
alphabet with the name and port of registry of the ship on which it is
carried.
Inherent Inflatable
• A personal floatation device used during abandon ship & can be found in
each cabin.
ACCESSORIES AND MARKING

• Retro reflective tape
• Whistle
• Lights (manual or automatic)
• Name of Ship
• Port of Registry
• 75% of unfamiliar person can don it within 1 minute without assistance

• Safe jumping height of at least 4.5 meters
• Self righting to clear the mouth of the wearer especially in the case of
unconscious person
• Lights must have a source of energy capable of providing a luminous
intensity of 0.75 cd for a period of at least 8 hours
• Its buoyancy must not reduced by more than 5% after 24 hours submersion
in fresh water
Life jacket sizing criteria
User’s Size Infant Child Adult

Weight (KG) less than 15 15 to 43 43 above
Height (CM) less than 100 100 to 155 155 above
• If an adult lifejacket is not designed to fit persons weighing up to

140KG and with a chest girth of up to 1,750 mm, suitable
accessories shall be available to allow it to be secured to such
person
Number of Lifejacket the ship can carry:

All ships:
• Suitable for children equal to at least 10% of the number of passengers on
board
• Sufficient number for persons in watch and survival craft stations
Passenger Ship:
• Every passenger ship shall carry life jackets for not less than 5% of the total
number of persons on board
• Additional life jackets shall be stowed in the public spaces or muster stations
A protective suit that reduces the body

heat loss of a person while in cold water.
SOLAS Chapter III Regulation 32

All crew on board cargo ship must be provided with immersion suit .
The carriage requirement for cargo ships took effect from 1 July 2006
as follows:
(a) cargo ships are required to carry immersion suits for every person
on board;
(b) additional immersion suits are required to be carried for the
number of persons normally on watch or working in work stations
which are located remotely from the place or places where immersion
suits are normally stowed;
SOLAS Chapter III Regulation 32
(c) exemption from the carriage of immersion suits may be

granted only to cargo ships constantly engaged on voyages in
warm climates. Notwithstanding that, bulk carriers cannot be
exempted. The term "voyages in warm climates" means voyages
within the latitudes of 30N and 30S.
(d) thermal protective aids are no longer required to be carried
except that these are required to be carried in lifeboats and
liferafts as part of their equipment.
Insulated
in sea water temperature of 0° to
2°C, after immersion of 6 hours,
the body temperature will not fall
more than 2°C.
Non-Insulated
in sea water temperature of 5°C,
after immersion of 1 hour, the
body temperature will not fall
more than 2°C.
• It can be don within 2 minutes without assistance

• Safe jumping height of at least 4.5 meters
• Can turn from face down to face up not more than 5 seconds
• Can lift the mouth of unconscious person clear of the water by not less
than 120 mm
• Its buoyancy must not reduced by more than 5% after 24 hours submersion
in fresh water
• Can climb up and down in a vertical ladder for at least 5 meters
Constructed with waterproof materials such that it:

• made of material which reduces the risk of heat stress during rescue and
evacuation operations;
• provides inherent buoyancy of at least 70 N
• covers the whole body except, where the Administration so permits, the
feet; covering for the hands and head may be provided by separate
gloves and a hood, both of which shall be permanently attached to the
suit;
• can be unpacked and donned without

assistance within 2 min;
• does not sustain burning or continue melting
after being totally enveloped in a fire for a
period of 2 s;
• is equipped with a pocket for a portable VHF
telephone; and
• has a lateral field of vision of at least 120°.
A TPA is a bag or suit made of waterproof

material with low thermal. Every survival craft
should have 2 thermal protective aid suits or
10% of its total carrying capacity whichever is
greater.
The material used to make TPA is usually
aluminized polyethylene suit with sealing to
reduce both convective and evaporative heat
loss from wearer’s
• Suit made of waterproof material with low

thermal conductivity
• Functional Temperature range of – 30° to 20°
C
• Can be removed within 2 minutes while in the
water.
• Value of training and drills

• Personal protective clothing and equipment
• Preparedness to any emergency
• Actions to be taken when called to survival craft stations
• Actions to be taken when required to abandon ship
• Actions to be taken when in water
• Actions to be taken when aboard a survival craft
• Main dangers to survivors
Means, methods and systems used or employed to

establish directions for taking appropriate survival
actions, depending on the equipment and rations
available, the use of them, and the preparation,
knowledge, skills and ingenuity of the person.
Is an action, ability and effort exerted by a

person or group of persons in order to
continue to live in the midst of a
disastrous situation or condition.
• What is around me that can increase my chances of

survival?
• Am I injured?
• What emergency first aid measures must I take?
• Are there other survivors?
• What is the injury status of others in my group?
• What are the immediate dangers?
• Do not scurry about without purpose or direction.

• Under survival conditions, energy is precious and time
(except for medical emergencies) is of less importance.
• Do not engage in any physical activity until you have a plan
and specific tasks to perform.
• Wasted activity can foster a sense of helplessness that
ultimately lead to panic.
• It is important that you have to note your surroundings and

make a mental picture of them so you do not “lose” your
focal point.
• Your reference to your location increases your chance of

being rescued.
• Remind oneself consciously of the debilitating force of fear

and panic can diminish their life.
• Take an “attitude check” and objectively analyze the results.

• There will be several things within your immediate location

that could aid in your survival.
• The more inventive and creative you are, the greater the
chances of your survival.
• While the urge to survive is basic in man and animal,

extreme conditions could severely test one’s will to survive.
• Once you lose your will, all knowledge and preparation for
survival techniques is rendered useless.
• You are the key to your survival and foolish gambles and
unnecessarily taking risks could limit your effectiveness
and a chance to be rescued.
• This is the main purpose of the STCW Courses. By attending

religiously the theoretical instructions and participating
actively in practical training and drills on board, you become
equipped for survival.
• The regular training will develop crew expertise, coordination

and communication
Value of training and drills
Learning Objective
• Explain the value of training and drills
• Explain the requirements for conducting drills onboard ships
Value of training and drills

• Carrying out any kind of drill on the ships makes the crewmembers
acquainted with various procedures to be followed during
emergency situations. It is a way to make the ship personnel
acquainted with the equipment and methods that are to be used
during a crises situation.
• According to the merchant shipping act, muster and drills must be in
accordance at a regular intervals of time as stated by the company
SMS and SOLAS Convention (Chapter III Regulation 19).
Drill
• A fire drill must be conducted within 24 hours of leaving the
port if more than 25% of the crew members have not taken part
in the drill in the previous month.
• Every crew member shall participate in at least one abandon
ship drill and one fire drill every month.
• When a ship enters service for the first time, after modification
of a major character or when a new crew is engaged, these
drills shall be held before sailing.
Drills shall, as far as practicable, must be

conducted as if there were an actual
emergency.
On-board training and instructions

• On-board training must be given on the use of the ship’s life-
saving appliances, including survival craft equipment, and in the
use of the ship’s fire extinguishing appliances shall be given as
soon as possible but not later than two weeks after a crew
member joins the ship.
• Every crew member shall be given instructions which shall include
but not necessarily be limited to:
1. operation and use of the ship’s inflatable liferafts;
2. problems of hypothermia, first-aid treatment for hypothermia

and other appropriate first-aid procedures;
3. special instructions necessary for use of the ship’s life-saving
appliances in severe weather and severe sea conditions; and
4. operation and use of fire-extinguishing appliances.
On-board training in the use of davit-launched liferafts shall take

place at intervals of not more than four months on every ship
fitted with such appliances.
Whenever practicable this shall include the inflation and lowering
of a liferaft. This liferaft may be a special liferaft intended for
training purposes only, which is not part of the ship’s life-saving
equipment; such a special liferaft shall be conspicuously marked.
• On passenger ships, a Passenger

Muster Drill is being done before the
ship sails to familiarize the passengers
about their Muster Station, the routes
to take from their location and what to
bring.
• Passenger Muster Drill also provides
passengers familiarization on how to
don their lifejacket and procedures of
proceeding to their assigned Lifeboat
Station
Personal protective clothing and equipment
Donning a lifejacket –Learning Objectives
• Explain the procedures in donning a lifejacket
• Don a lifejacket within one (1) minute without assistance
Personal protective clothing and equipment

• Lifejacket is designed for conscious and unconscious
person.
• Lifejacket must be able to be donned by an unfamiliar person
within 60 seconds.
• Proper procedure on donning of lifejacket must always be
posted around the ship, and the crew must trained.
Lifejacket Donning Instruction


Keep lifejacket on, tightly secured, and hold it down by crossing arms
over chest
without Lifejacket with Lifejacket

Donning and using an immersion suit

Learning Objectives
• Explain the procedures in donning and using an immersion suit
• Don and use an immersion suit
• From unpacking, immersion suit can be donned within 2

minutes
• The wearer of the suit, with or without the lifejacket shall be
able to turn from a face down position to a face-up position in
not more than 5 seconds.
• If a lifejacket is required along with the immersion suit, then
it should be worn over the immersion suit and without
assistance.
Donning Immersion Suit

• Do not fully don your immersion in a vessel cabin as the

buoyancy of the suit will make it difficult to get out of that
enclosed space.
• Fully don the immersion suit in the weather deck.
Preparedness to any emergency –Learning Objective
• Explain the importance of being prepared to any emergency

situation
• The primary objective of preparedness in an emergency

onboard ship is to develop and implement an efficient and
effective system to minimize and control the risk to life, property
and environment.
There are three main elements in an Emergency Response

Preparedness.
Planning -is crucial to successful response to any
emergencies. Planning should address the following factors:
• Description of ship areas and associated environments
• Personnel safety and environmental protection
• Scope of authority of responders
• Preferred locations for operations

• Major hazards to the port and its inhabitants
• On-board hazards
• Description of the ship’s systems and facilities
• Site-specific strategies and tactics
• Training –
• is crucial to ensure that all crewmember understand what to do
and when to act to avoid further escalation of an emergency
onboard ship.
• Without training crew may become panicked;
• all crew onboard will receive emergency preparedness training
Benefits of Emergency Response Training

Training helps crew responders to follow set of emergency protocol
• To prepare responders to follow the set emergency plan protocol.
• The plans or protocol are designed to reduce physical injuries of
passengers or cargoes and the ship, as well as potential fatalities of
crew.
• The plans can provide responders with suitable guidance during
emergency situations, and by training the responder will learn how to
follow the protocol handling any unexpected situations effectively.
Training can improve responder confidence

• Training offer the responder a greater level of confidence to meet
the dangerous situation.
• Crewmembers feel more assured of their capabilities and this
sense of assuredness can promote feelings of confidence in their
skills.
• The individual is more able to respond to emergencies competently
and help any individuals who may be in danger.
Training can empower responders to utilize safety resources

• Without the correct type of emergency response training,
crewmembers would not be able to utilize the safety equipment
provided in a correct manner.
Training Is A Long-Term Investment For Staff Members

• Providing the ship’s crew with emergency response training has
been considered as a long-term investment regarding crew
retention.
• A means of developing loyalty in the workforce, which will trigger
higher productivity and better turnover in the future.
Preparedness –
there should be an ongoing individual and team emergency
preparedness training in the operational and emergency procedures
specified in the emergency plan .
It shall establish, maintain and verify the competence and capacity of
the crew to respond rapidly and effectively to an emergency situation
and to follow the requirements of the emergency plan.
Tailored to the duties of each member of the crew to ensure they are
able to fulfill the roles required of them in the emergency plan.
The frequency of emergency preparedness training shall be sufficient to maintain crew

competence at a level needed to ensure the crew’s rapid and effective response to
emergencies at all times.
The frequency of training shall take into account–
• the likelihood that crew performance will deteriorate over time without periodic
practicing because of loss of familiarity with procedures and the location and use of
equipment; and
• that new crew members may join the vessel who will need the opportunity to practice
with and learn from other members of the crew.
• For optimum training value, the period for repetition of emergency preparedness
training should not exceed 1 month.
• Some training, may be conducted as a simulation on board combined with hands-
on practical training conducted off the vessel (e.g. practical fire fighting).
• Other training may be a discussion or review of actions relevant to an emergency
situation.
• For optimum training value, the period for repetition of emergency preparedness
training should not exceed 1 month.
• Some training, may be conducted as a simulation on board combined with

hands-on practical training conducted off the vessel (e.g. practical fire fighting).
• Other training may be a discussion or review of actions relevant to an

emergency situation.
• The value of training is enhanced when conducted at different levels
• Training may involve combining several scenarios in one training

session in order to relieve the drill load;
e.g. explosion followed by a fire followed by abandon ship, or
collision involving an injury and subsequent oil pollution.
• The shore communications and coordination arrangements between

the vessel and the shore owner/office that would be required to
cope with a serious emergency to the vessel need to be tested on an
annual basis.
Actions to be taken when called to survival craft stations

Learning Objectives
• Explain the actions to be taken when called to survival craft stations
• Carry out the appropriate actions to be taken when called to
survival craft stations based on SMS Manual
• actions to be taken when called to survival craft stations,

including:
• (i) putting on suitable clothing,
The proper choice of clothing depends on the location, the
present weather condition and weather forecast but also the
nature of the emergency above all the urgency.
Passenger ships operating in locations with a cool climate may
take special precautions, in particular for Arctic and Antarctic
operations.
• (ii) donning a lifejacket, immersion suit, TPA,

Crew must ensure that they are wearing lifejacket
Make sure that passengers have donned their lifejackets properly
• (iii) collecting additional protection such as blankets, time

permitting; also additional water can be of help
• One may consider blankets etc. at the embarkation stations or
in lifeboats
Upon arrival to survival craft station crew

must:
• Ensure the crew / passengers are
complete using the crew checklist /
passenger list provided per station.
• Ensure proper reporting is done to the
bridge.
• Wait for any announcement or
instructions.
• The need to abandon vessel is established according to Safety

Management System (SMS)
• Survival craft is launched

according to instructions
• The safety management system (SMS) therefore ensures that

each and every ship comply with the mandatory safety rules
and regulations, and follow the codes, guidelines, and
standards recommended by the IMO, classification societies,
and concerned maritime organizations.
• As part of the Safety Management System, the Ship’s SOLAS
Training Manual gives guidelines and instructions on the
procedures and instructions on the actions that crew must take
when called for in the survival station.
Actions to be taken when required to abandon ship

Jumping safely from a height into the water –Learning Objectives
• Explain the precautions to be observed in jumping from the a

height into the water
• Jump safely from a height into the water
If you wear a life jacket when

you jump, it's possible for
the life jacket to injure you. Your
body is denser than the life
jacket, so there will be a
difference in acceleration
between your body and the life
jacket when you hit the water.
1. Check for the lowest part of 2. Check below if the water is

the ship that you can jump clear from obstructions
on
3. Keep lifejacket on, tightly 4. Hold the lifejacket down by

secured crossing arms over chest. Inner
hand pinching your nose and
block off mouth.
5. Jump with feet together

looking straight in the horizon
Actions to be taken when in water

Keeping afloat without lifejacket –Learning Objectives
• Explain the proper way of keeping afloat without a lifejacket
• Keep afloat without a lifejacket

Staying afloat without a

Lifejacket
• Must breathe to prevent
drowning
• Must control panic to
breathe
• Panic decreases ability to
float
Staying afloat without a Lifejacket

• Flotation is possible even with
heavy clothes
• Trapped air in clothing assists
flotation
• Hold onto floating debris
Swimming while wearing a lifejacket –Learning Objectives
• Explain the proper technique in swimming while wearing a

lifejacket
• Swim a short distance while wearing the lifejacket
Elementary Back Stroke

Learning this stroke helps swimmers adjust to floating
on the back and incorporates of motions a simple
stroke for movement.
Whether a swimmer is trying to swim to safety or is

rescuing another swimmer, the elementary backstroke
allows the person to move through the water without
expending large amounts of energy.
This slow, measured stroke allows swimmers to rest

when needed or increase the force of arm and leg
movements to cover distance in the water.
H.E.L.P. Position
(Heat – Escape – Lessening – Posture)
HUDDLE Position
(Group Hug)
Righting an inverted life raft while wearing a lifejacket –Learning

Objectives
• Explain the procedures in righting an inverted life raft while

wearing a lifejacket
• Right an inverted life raft while wearing a lifejacket
• There may be occasions when the life raft inflates upside down. This
can happen in bad weather or strong winds.
• If this happens, wearing a lifejacket go into the water to turn the life
raft upright.
• Do this right away, because it may become difficult if the water fills
in the canopy of the life raft, making it heavier.
• Life rafts have the righting position marked clearly on the main
buoyancy tubes.
To right the life raft:

• Turn the life raft until the gas bottles are downwind
• Get onto the inverted floor of the life raft, at the gas bottles
• Standing on top of the gas bottles, heave the raft over by pulling the righting strap
• Hold your arms folded above your head as the raft comes over, to form a pocket
of air. Recover your breath before swimming out from under the raft
• When righting the life raft, make use of the direction of the wind
Initial actions on boarding survival craft to enhance chance of

survival –Learning Objective
• Explain actions on boarding survival craft to enhance chance of

survival based on SMS Manual
• Immediately clear away from ship
• Prepare protective measures

against heat stroke, sun stroke,
exposure and hypothermia
• Mind the effects of seasickness, and know how to combat

them
• Plan and observe prudent use of fresh water and food and
the need to avoid dehydration
• Know the measures for survival in case of fire or oil on the
water
• Prepare for survival in shark-infested waters
 Keeping afloat
 Keeping warm
 Water and food
 Communication
Immediate Action
• Take anti-seasickness pills without exception
• Do not drink fresh water within 24 hours except for injured
crew
• correct use of a drogue or sea anchor to reduce drift

• duties of a lookout
• facilitating detection by others
• maintaining morale
• use and working of shark repellants
• survival if in water and not in lifeboat or life raft
Boarding a survival craft from the ship and water while wearing a
lifejacket –Learning Objective
• Board a survival craft from the ship and water while wearing a
lifejacket based on SMS Manual
Boarding and Launching Procedure -

Lifeboat
1. Release the Tricing-in Pendants, there
should be as few as possible.
2. Start embarkation,
• For passenger ships, women and
children first, in the lower section of
the boat, from the forward and aft
ends of the lifeboat.
3. Sit down and keep all hands inside the
boat.
Boarding and Launching Procedure -

Lifeboat
4.Slack and let go the Bowsing Tackle
and start the engine
5.Raise the winch brake handle and
lower the lifeboat to the water
02 – 206 Basic Training: PERSONAL SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES Page No.
100

Lifeboat
6. Once in the water, release the
falls. Always release the aft falls
first, as the boat will ride better in
the water if the forward fall is still
connected
7. Release the painter lines and
clear the side of the ship by
pushing with the boat hooks
Boarding and Launching Procedure-Davit

• Tighten the bowsing line to bring liferaft at the
side of the ship and secure aft
• Liferaft crew enters first to check inside with
EPIRB and SART
• Start embarkation of crew with lifejackets, ensure
boarding evenly distributed, ensure no sharp
objects
• Place hook and brake release lanyards near the
entrance
• Deploy painter overboard then swing the L/raft
crane moving liferaft from the side of the ship
101

Davit
• Make sure the hoist crank handle is
removed from the davit
• Easily release the bowsing lines and
pass it inside the raft
• Check the water is clear
• Lower the raft using the brake release
remote line
Boarding and Launching Procedure

Davit
• Control the descent when lowering
• Operate the hook release 1 meter
above the water
• Allow the raft to touch the water
firmly and let the hook disengage
automatically
• Cut the painter line and clear vessel
immediately
102
Boarding a Liferaft
Jumping into liferaft Boarding on the side of ship
Boarding a Liferaft -Boarding from water

103
Streaming a drogue or sea-anchor –Learning Objectives

• Explain the proper way of streaming a drogue or sea- anchor
• Stream a drogue or sea-anchor
• A sea anchor is deployed off the

bow and is used to keep a
drifting boat’s head to the wind
and waves so that it may ride
rough seas more comfortably.
• A drogue is deployed off the

stern and is used to keep the
boat straight while motoring
down-sea.
104
A trip line can make the retrieval

process easier.
The next choice is whether to use a

full or partial trip line.
• Full trip lines extend from the
apex of the chute all the way
back to the boat;
• Partial trip lines run to retrieval
floats.
105
Operating survival craft equipment –Learning Objectives

• Explain the procedures in operating survival craft equipment
based on SMS manual
• Operate survival craft equipment
• Suit made of waterproof

material with low
. thermal
conductivity
• Functional Temperature range
of – 30° to 20° C
• Can be removed within 2
minutes while in the water.
• Sufficient for 10% of the total
capacity of lifeboat or life raft
106
Buoyant Orange
Smoke signal
• use during daytime only
• gives off smoke for 3 minutes

• Submerge in water (100mm)
should emit smoke cont. for 10
seconds.
• 2 pcs in the lifeboat or life raft
Rocket parachute flare

• single red
• Star reaches a height of

300 meters
• burns for 40s
• 4 pcs in the lifeboat or
liferaft
107
Handflare
• red flame
• limited surface visibility
• burns for 60s

• 6 pcs in the lifeboat or
liferaft
108
• It can be used for rescue purposes
• Capable of throwing a line with accuracy
• With 4 projectiles and a line of at least 230 meters
• a device for signaling by

means of a movable
mirror that reflects beams
of light, especially
sunlight
• Effective range of at least

5 nm
109
Operating location devices, including radio equipment –

Learning Objectives
• Explain the procedures in operating location devices, including

radio equipment
• Operate location devices, including radio equipment
• most commonly known as

WALKIE-TALKIE . A radio
communication equipment of
combined transmitter and
receiver. Waterproof and very
handy to use.
• at least 3 on board with spare

battery
110
• Fitted with HRU

• Battery operated
(at least 48H operation )
• Manually & automatically
operated
• Frequency 406MHz
Antenna
406Mhz
EPIRB
111
Search and Rescue Transponder (SART)

• Manually & battery operated 9 GHZ
• Battery works for at least 8 hours
• 3 CM RADAR X-BAND
• At least 2 units on board

112
Main dangers to survivors –Learning Objectives
• Identify main dangers that survivors may experience
• Explain the measures to be taken to prevent exposure to danger
• Immersion foot
• Immersion foot, also called Trench Foot, a

painful disorder of the foot involving damage to
the skin, nerves, and muscle that is caused by
prolonged exposure to cold dampness or by
prolonged immersion in cold water.
113
• Salt water burns/boils

• Seasickness
• Sore eyes
• Constipation
• Heat stroke
• Difficulty of
urinating/dark urine
• Hypothermia
• Chills
114
• Frost bite
• Shark
Swimming through oil fire Impossible to swim over oil fire

115
Basic Training: ELEMENTARY FIRST AID Page No. 1
Revision No.: 06

Mae T. Bereña
Head of Operations
Revision No.: 06
Mandatory minimum requirements for safety familiarization, basic training and

instruction for all seafarers

1 Seafarers shall receive safety familiarization and basic training or
shall meet the appropriate standard of competence specified therein.
• STCW Code Section A-VI/1

Basic Training
2.1.1.3 Elementary First Aid as set out in table A-VI/1-3
Competence : Take immediate action upon encountering an accident or other medical

emergency
• Assessment of needs of casualties and threats to own safety
• Appreciation of body structure and functions
• Understanding of immediate measures to be taken in cases of emergency, including
the ability to:
• .1 position casualty
• .2 apply resuscitation techniques
• .3 control bleeding
• .4 apply appropriate measures of basic shock management
• .5 apply appropriate measures in event of burns and scalds, including
accidents caused by electric current
• .6 rescue and transport a casualty
• .7 improvise bandages and use materials in the emergency kit
Revision No.: 06
Revision No.: 06
An immediate care given to a person who has been

injured or suddenly taken ill before medical or surgical
assistance can be obtained.
• Assessment of the accident

• Assessment of own hazards
• Unconsciousness
• Respiratory arrest
• Cardiac arrest
• Severe bleeding
• Rescue of casualty
• Notification of emergency
Revision No.: 06
• To alleviate sufferings
• To prevent added / further injury
• To prolong life or limb
• It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and
the physician.
• It is not intended to compete with or take the

place/services of the physician.
• It ends when the services of the physician begins.

Revision No.: 06
• Gentle - should not cause pain

• Resourceful - should make the best use of things at hand
• Observant - should notice all signs
• Tactful - should not alarm victim
• Empathetic - should comforting

• Respectable - should maintain a professional and caring attitude
Revision No.: 06
HIV / Aids
• Personal Hygiene
• Wearing of PPEs (Personal Protective Equipment)
• Equipment Cleaning and Disinfecting
Revision No.: 06
Revision No.: 06
 Describe the different body structure of a human being.
 State the functions of the parts forming the body structure.
Skeletal
 Framework of the body
 Give support to the body
 Protects vital organs
Muscular
 Gives shape and form to the body
Musculoskeletal
 Allows body movement
Revision No.: 06
Delivers oxygen
and nutrients
The heart
Revision No.: 06
Provides the body with oxygen

and eliminates carbon dioxide
Receive, transmit and

process information
Revision No.: 06
Position Casualty
Revision No.: 06
• Describe appropriate procedures for positioning a casualty

in an emergency.
• Demonstrate the correct procedure for positioning casualties.

Revision No.: 06
Body Positioning
• Anatomical position
• Supine position
• Prone position
• Lateral Recumbent
Position
Supine
Prone
Revision No.: 06
Lateral Recumbent Position

Revision No.: 06
 Survey the scene

 Activate Medical Assistance / Radio Medical Assistance
 Do a primary survey of the victim.
 Do a secondary survey of the victim.
 Is the scene safe?
 What happened?
 How many people are injured?
 Are there bystanders who can help?
 Are you a trained first aid provider?

Revision No.: 06
Somebody should make a

telephone call for help
 What happened?
 Location?
 Number of persons injured?
 Extent of injury and first aid given?
 The telephone number from where you are calling?
 Person who activated medical assistance must identify
him/herself and drop the phone last.
Revision No.: 06
consciousness
airway
breathing
circulation
1. Interview the victim
2. Check vital signs
3. Perform Head-to-Toe examination

Revision No.: 06
 Ask the victim’s name
 Ask what happened
 Assess the history
signs & symptoms

allergy
medication
past illnesses
last meal
event prior to accident
Revision No.: 06
Radial pulse
Carotid pulse
Respiration Rate
Revision No.: 06
Systolic Pressure is the increased

pressure that is caused along the artery
with each contractions (systole) of the
ventricles and the pulse wave that it
produces.
Diastolic Pressure the residual pressure

that remains in the arteries during the
relaxing phase of the hearth’s cycle
(diastole), when the left ventricles at rest.
 Deformity  Burn
 Contusion  Tenderness
 Abrasion  Laceration
 Puncture  Swelling
Revision No.: 06
Resuscitation techniques
Revision No.: 06
• Recognize the necessity of immediate resuscitation in

appropriate emergency situations.
• State the methods and limiting factors of cardiac

massage and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• Apply resuscitation procedure
Artificial respiration and heart compression
An emergency life-saving procedure that consists of

recognizing and correcting failure of the respiratory or
cardiovascular systems.
Revision No.: 06
Obstruction
Occasionally upper airway obstruction

causes unconsciousness and results in a
cardiopulmonary arrest.
Anatomical Obstruction
When tongue drops back and obstructs the throat.

Other causes are acute asthma, croup, diphtheria, swelling,
and cough (whooping).
Revision No.: 06
Mechanical Obstruction
When foreign objects lodged in the pharynx or

airways; fluids accumulate in the back of the throat.
Mild
Partial obstruction and that the victim can still cough

and answer the question
“Are you choking?”
Revision No.: 06
Severe
Poor air exchange and increased breathing difficulty,

a silent cough, cyanosis, or inability to speak or
breathe and if patient becomes unconscious due to
an obstruction.
• Back Blows
• Chest Thrust
• Abdominal Thrust
Revision No.: 06
A condition wherein the breathing has stopped
• An emergency lifesaving procedure carried out when normal respiration

has ceased in order to ventilate the lungs artificially.
• Given to a person who is suffering respiratory arrest
• Cycle 24 / 2 minutes
Revision No.: 06
 Maintain open airway
 Pinch nose
 Seal mouth
• It is when breathing and circulation stops.
• C.A. = -B - P
Revision No.: 06
• Consists of external heart compression and artificial ventilation

• Given to a person who is suffering cardiac arrest.
• Ratio – 15:2
• Cycle – 4
• Time - 1 minute
• Depth – 1 1/2 “ – 2” (Adult)
• Consists of external heart compression and artificial ventilation

• Given to a person who is suffering cardiac arrest.
• Ratio – 30:2
• Cycle – 5
• Time - 2 minutes
• Depth – 1 1/2 “ – 2” (Adult)
Revision No.: 06
Control of bleeding
Objectives:
• Recognize the hazards of bleeding.
• Apply appropriate basic measures to limit bleeding.

Revision No.: 06
Break in the continuity of a tissue, either internal or external
• Bleeding is not visible on the patient
• The person is pale, moist, has clammy skin, rapid, weak

pulse, nausea, shortness of breath, dilated pupils
Revision No.: 06
• Average of 4.5 - 5 liters • Adult-rapid loss of 1 liter

can be serious
• Average adult male
- 7% total body weight • Child 500 cc
• Average adult female • Infant 150 cc

- 6.5% total body weight
rest (immobilize)
ice application
compression
elevation
seek medical assistance
Revision No.: 06
Hemorrhage
Infection
Shock
• Arterial
• Venuous
• Capillary
Revision No.: 06
P uncture
A brasion
L aceration
A vulsion
I ncision
1. Wash wound with soap and water.
2. Apply mild antiseptic.
3. Cover the wound with dressing and

bandage.
Revision No.: 06
1. Control bleeding
• Direct pressure
• Elevate
• Pressure point
2. Cover the wound with dressing and bandage

• Dressing
• Bandage
Revision No.: 06
Padding
roll gauze
Eye pad
Gauze pads
Sanitary napkin Non-adherent pad
Trauma
dressing
Revision No.: 06
A material pad or strip wrapped around a part of the body

to hold a dressing in place, immobilize a limb or maintain
pressure on a compress.
Fingertip bandage
Knuckle Plastic
bandage bandage strip
Butterfly
bandage
Large plastic
bandage
Revision No.: 06
3. Care for shock
4. Refer to Physician
Shock management
Revision No.: 06
• State the main factors causing shock.
• Recognize the signs of shock.
• State the essential measures of basic shock management.
• Apply the appropriate measures of basic shock management.
A failure of the cardiopulmonary system to provide sufficient

blood circulation to every part of the body.
Revision No.: 06
Heart (Pump Function)

Damage to the heart by disease or injury.
It cannot move blood adequately to support perfusion.
Blood Vessels (Container Function)

If all the vessels dilate at once, the normal
amount of blood volume is not enough to fill the
system and provide adequate perfusion to the
body.
Blood (Content Function)

If blood or plasma is lost, the volume in the container is not enough to
support the perfusion needs of the body.
• Face - pale or cyanotic in color

• Skin - cold and clammy
• Breathing - irregular
• Pulse - rapid and weak
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weakness
• Thirsty
Revision No.: 06
• Apathetic or relatively
• Unresponsive
• Sunken eyes with vacant expression.
• Dilated pupils.
• Congested blood vessels (mottled appearances)
• Low level Blood pressure.
• Body temperature falls.
• Unconsciousness may occur
• Make certain patient

has open airway
• Keep patient supine
• Control external
bleeding
Revision No.: 06
• Splint any broken bones

or joint injuries.
• Place blankets under

and over patient.
• If there are no broken

bones, elevate the legs
8" to 12".
• Do not give the patient

anything by mouth.
Revision No.: 06
Rescue and Transport of Casualty

Revision No.: 06
Apply appropriate transportation alone and with the

assistance of a further person, taking into account the
confined spaces and varying heights onboard ship.
Identify and use:

• temporary and ad hoc aids for transport
• stretcher transport
• transport on a chair
• transport with a triangular cloth
• transport as illustrated in IMGS
Revision No.: 06
Recognize the hazards of transporting a

patient with injury of pelvis and/or spine
and demonstrate the correct procedures for
the transport of such casualties.
Is the procedure of moving a victim from unsafe

place to a place of safety.
Revision No.: 06
Is the procedure of moving a person from safe

place to much safer place after giving first aid.
1. Man Carry
Piggyback carry
Revision No.: 06
Man Carry
Hand as a litter
Man Carry
Four Hand Seat

Revision No.: 06
Man Carry
Carry by extremities
Man Carry
Bearer’s along side

Revision No.: 06
Man Carry
Hammock carry
Man Carry
More than 3 Man carry

Revision No.: 06
Revision No.: 06
Burns and Scalds, Accidents caused by Electric Current

Revision No.: 06
• Recognize the signs of burns and scalds and of accidents caused by

electric current.
• Apply appropriate measures for
• burns and scalds
• chemical burns
• chemical burns of eyes
• accidents caused by electric current.
Burn
an injury involving the skin, including muscles,
bones, nerves and blood vessels.
Revision No.: 06
• involves the top layer of the skin
• skin is red & dry, burn through
• burn site is painful & may swell
• generally heal in 5 - 6 days without

permanent scarring.
• involves both the epidermis & dermis
• skin is red & with blisters
• skin is moist, mottled & white to red
• burned skin may look blotched
• usually painful & the area often swells

Revision No.: 06
• destroys both layers of the skin & all the

under lying structures fat, muscles, bones,
& nerves.
• burns may look brown or charred (black)

w/ the tissues underneath sometimes
appearing white.
• extremely painful or painless due to destroyed

nerve endings in the skin, can be life
threatening
• burns are open, loses fluid & shock is likely to

occur, highly prone to infection, scarring
severe.
Revision No.: 06
• Remove the chemical from the patient.

• If it is a powder chemical, brush off first.
• Remove all contaminated clothing.
• Flush burned area with large amounts of water
for about 15 to 20 minutes.
• Transport quickly.
• Hold open eyelid while flooding eye

with a gentle stream of water.
• Continue flushing en route to

hospital.
Revision No.: 06
While helping someone with an electrical burn

and waiting for medical help, follow these steps:
• Look first. Don't touch.

• Turn off the source of electricity if
possible. Check for signs of
circulation (breathing, coughing or
movement).
• Prevent shock.
• Cover the affected areas.
Bandages and other materials in the emergency kit

Revision No.: 06
• Improvise bandages by means available.
• Demonstrate the correct use of bandages.
• Uses bandaging materials in the emergency kit.

Revision No.: 06
Revision No.: 06
Revision No.: 06
Revision No.: 06
 Rubbing Alcohol  Band aid

 Povidone Iodine  Plaster
 Cotton (Rolls & Balls)  Gloves
 Dressing  Scissors
(Gauge pad, non-adhesive sterile dressing)
 Forceps
 Tongue depressor
 Bandage (Triangular, elastic, roller)
 Penlight
 Safety pin
Revision No.: 06

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BASIC TRAINING

STCW Code Table A-VI/1-2

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

This training material is specifically design to

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

• STCW Regulation –sets the mandatory minimum requirements

• The STCW Code

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

Regulation VI/1 -Mandatory minimum requirements for safety

• STCW Convention Regulation VI/1

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

STCW Code Section A-VI/1

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

Competence : Minimize the risk of fire and maintain a state of readiness

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

Competence : Fight and extinguish fires

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

• To meet the minimum standard of competence as required in Section

At the end of this course, trainee will enable to:

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

• Lists the special duties

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

A signal to summon all persons

• Seven (7) short blasts;

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

• A fire alarm is sounded as

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

The Emergency Response Teams dealing with emergencies shall

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

Command Center –to tackle an

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

• Engine Control Team –being

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

• Fire Teams #1 and #2 (Primary

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

Support Team –gives assistance to the primary party. They work as a

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

• When the vessel is at Port, a special guideline or procedure

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

In an emergency, the best course

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

The variety of plans to be incorporated in the system should be

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

If the vessel encounters a dangerous situation that may

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

The crew must be drilled to take certain actions more or less

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

FIRE CONTROL PLAN

The fire control plan provides us information about

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

FIRE CONTROL PLAN

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

FIRE CONTROL PLAN

BASIC TRAINING FIRE PREVENTION AND FIREFIGHTING

FIRE CONTROL PLAN