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BIO106P SYNC SESSION

CHECKLIST - CHECK THE FOLLOWING:

Performance Task Topic

Cengage Access

Deadline: February 7, 2022

 GENETIC ENGINEERING BIO106P - Module 2

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering
2. Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA
Image Source: IRRI
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM
The process by which pieces of DNA or
RNA are transferred from one organism
to another through artificial
manipulation or alteration of genes.
Image Source: https://gmoanswers.com/gmo-basics
 THE PROBLEM
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among Filipinos which leads to night blindness and
weakened immunity; worldwide issue

THE PROPOSED SOLUTION: GOLDEN RICE, A GMO

Developed by Philippines Department of Agriculture-Philippine Rice
Research Institute (DA-PhilRice) and International Rice Research
Institute (IRRI) and have been in development for 20 years

IRRI: a single cup of golden rice can deliver about half of the
estimated average requirement (EAR) of Vitamin A

July 2021 - The PH government issued a biosafety permit, officially

declaring golden rice as safe as ordinary rice.
Reviewed for use: US, Canada, Australia, Bangladesh, New Zealand
Source:Philippines Golden Rice can usher in New Age of GMO Food in Asia, says GlobalData. GlobalData. (2021, September 21). Retrieved January 25, 2022, from https://www.globaldata.com/philippines-golden-rice-can-usher-
new-age-gmo-food-asia-says-globaldata/#:~:text=Though%20the%20GMO%20golden%20rice,as%20safe%20as%20ordinary%20rice.
 GOLDEN RICE IS A TRANSGENIC ORGANISM
A transgenic organism is a type of genetically altered organism that has a gene in its
genome—a transgene—from another organism.
The transgene is introduced into the organism, either naturally or by genetic
engineering, and is responsible for an altered genotype (genetic) and phenotype
(physical).
The protein product of a transgene is a recombinant protein.

The transgenes of Golden Rice are from:

ZmPSY1 from maize (Zea mays), expression of beta carotene
CRTI from the Pantoea ananatis bacterium, accelerates the creation
of the precursor to beta carotene
PMI from the Escherichia coli bacterium, ensures that the synthesized
growth medium is broken down by the organism
IRRI. (2021, March 11). Golden Rice Faqs. International Rice Research Institute. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from https://www.irri.org/golden-rice-faqs
Russel et al. (2021) Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th Edition. Cengage
KEY TERMINOLOGIES

DNA TECHNOLOGY
is the laboratory techniques for isolating purifying, sequencing,
analyzing, and manipulating DNA sequences

GENETIC ENGINEERING
is the use of DNA technology to modify the genome (all genetic
information) of a cell or organism in a targeted way to alter its
phenotype (physical characteristics)

BIOTECHNOLOGY
use of biological systems or living organisms to make or modify
products or processes for a specific purpose
 RESTRICTION ENZYMES POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Restriction Enzymes or (restriction Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
endonucleases) are a type of protein is essentially artificial DNA
that can cut DNA at specific locations, replication. Through this technique, a
called restriction sites.
large number of copies of a specific
RE is naturally occurring in
DNA sequence (like a gene) is
bacteria to defend against
produced.
infecting viruses by cutting the
DNA. This creates DNA fragments. PCR is used for DNA
Different types of REs are used to amplification (creating copies of a
cut the DNA of the donor DNA fragment) and for gene
organism to isolate the target cloning (copying genes).
gene
Russel et al. (2021) Biology: The Dynamic Science, 5th Edition. Cengage
HOW IS GOLDEN RICE DEVELOPED?
Golden Rice Technology. The Golden Rice Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2022, from https://www.isaaa.org/kc/inforesources/biotechcrops/the_golden_rice_technology.htm

ZmPSY1 gene
Zea mays
CRTI gene
Pantoea ananatis

PMI gene
Product: Rice with
Escherichia coli
Beta Carotene

Gene The genes are inserted into a The recombinant

Identification, bacterial plasmid (circular DNA). Agrobacterium, capable of
Isolation, and These are edited within a species gene transfer, is then used to
Extraction called Agrobacterium tumefaciens. infect rice embryos.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
You are a geneticist working on the GFP gene of
the bio-florescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria.
Before inserting it into another organism, you
took the GFP gene from the jellyfish genome
and created hundreds of copies. What steps did
you take in this procedure?

A. replication, isolation, and extraction

B. isolation, extraction, and replication
C. identification, isolation, and replication
D. identification, replication, and insertion
Zou, Yawen, "Green Fluorescent Protein". Embryo Project Encyclopedia (2014-06-11). ISSN: 1940-5030 http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/7903.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Why is Agrobacterium tumefaciens used
in plant genetic engineering?

A. it transfers diseases to its plant host

B. it receives the edited plasmid
C. it isolates the target gene from the plant
D. it transfers the recombinant DNA into
the target plant
WHAT OTHER GMOS
DO YOU KNOW OF?
PEST RESISTANCE, TRANSGENIC BT CORN

Image Source: http://bio1100.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch07/Bt.html

MASS PRODUCTION OF INSULIN USING GMO

Transgenic bacteria which contain the human INS gene, for

insulin production, are cultured in large fermentation tanks.
The insulin is harvested from the transgenic bacteria and then
purified for our medical needs.
 OTHER GMO PRODUCTS APPROVED IN THE PHILIPPINES
(may be for import or commercial use)

Alfalfa Argentine Canola Cotton Maize Corn Potato

Medicago sativa Brassica napus Gossypium hirsutum Zea mays Solanum tuberosum

ISAA. (n.d.). GM crop events approved in Philippines. GM Crop Events approved inPhilippines| GM Approval Database - ISAAA.org. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from
https://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/approvedeventsin/default.asp?CountryID=PH
 Why are GMOs not as widely available?

1. Is it truly necessary?
2. potential allergies (health)
3. antibiotic resistance
4. spreading of GMO genes with natural
organisms through crossbreeding
5. uknown effect on biodiversity

GMO ETHICAL 6. may spread unwanted pesticide or

herbicide resistance

CONCERNS 7. possible socio-economic effects due to

the cost of GMOs

Genetically modified organisms: The Golden Rice Debate. NYU Langone Health. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2022, from
https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/population-health/divisions-sections-centers/medical-ethics/education/high-school-
bioethics-project/learning-scenarios/gmos-the-golden-rice-debate
QUESTIONS?
TOPICS FOR NEXT SESSION
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
CRISPR CAS-9